Design of linear systems for decoupling and disturbance rejection

The question of achieving decoupling and asymptotic disturbance rejection in time-invariant linear multivariable systems subject to unmeasurable arbitrary disturbances of a given class is discussed. A synthesis procedure which determines a feedback structure, incorporating an integral compensator, is presented.

Robust fixed order lateral H-2 controller for micro air vehicle

This paper presents a robust fixed order H-2 controller design using Strengthened discrete optimal projection equations, which approximate the first order necessary optimality condition. The novelty of this work is the application of the robust H-2 controller to a micro aerial vehicle named Sarika2 developed in house. The controller is designed in discrete domain for the lateral dynamics of Sarika2 in the presence of low frequency atmospheric turbulence (gust) and high frequency sensor noise. The design specification includes simultaneous stabilization, disturbance rejection and noise attenuation over the entire flight envelope of the vehicle. The resulting controller performance is comprehensively analyzed by means of simulation.

Robust Fixed Order Lateral H2 Controller for Micro Air Vehicle

This paper presents a robust fixed order H2controller design using strengthened discrete optimal projection equations, which approximate the first order necessary optimality condition. The novelty of this work is the application of the robust H2controller to a micro aerial vehicle named Sarika2 developed in house. The controller is designed in discrete domain for the lateral dynamics of Sarika2 in the presence of low frequency atmospheric turbulence (gust) and high frequency sensor noise. The design specification includes simultaneous stabilization, disturbance rejection and noise attenuation over the entire flight envelope of the vehicle. The resulting controller performance is comprehensively analyzed by means of simulation

Discrete control algorithms for a tubular ammonia reactor

The specific objective of this paper is to develop direct digital control strategies for an ammonia reactor using quadratic regulator theory and compare the performance of the resultant control system with that under conventional PID regulators. The controller design studies are based on a ninth order state-space model obtained from the exact nonlinear distributed model using linearization and lumping approximations. The evaluation of these controllers with reference to their disturbance rejection capabilities and transient response characteristics, is carried out using hybrid computer simulation.

FSK bursts for efficient clutter rejection

The clutter-rejection properties of compact f.s.k. bursts with amplitude modulation are investigated. A procedure for computer-aided design of such signals is given. The loss of clutter performance on constraining the individual pulse amplitudes to be equal is evaluated.

Compact AM Signals for Maximum Clutter Rejection

The transmitted signal is assumed to consist of a close succession of rectangular pulses of equal width. A matched filter scheme is employed and a theory is developed for a computer-aided optimization of the envelope of monotone compact signals for maximum rejection of dense clutter of any given distribution in range. Specific results are presented and indeterminate cases are discussed.

Structure of ant assemblages in Western Ghats, India: role of habitat, disturbance and introduced species

1. Habitat fragmentation, anthropogenic disturbance and the introduction of invasive species are factors thought to structure ant assemblages. To understand responses of the ant community to changes in the environment, ants are commonly categorised into functional groups, a scheme developed and based on Australian ants. 2. Behaviourally dominant and aggressive ants of the dominant dolichoderinae functional group have been suggested to structure the ant assemblages in arid and semi-arid habitats of these regions. Given the limited geographical distribution of dominant dolichoderinae, it is crucial to determine the responses of the ant community to changes in the environment in their absence. 3. This study addresses this less studied aspect by considering the associations of ants of Western Ghats, India, with habitat, anthropogenic disturbance and introduced ants. We determined how ant functional groups respond to these factors in this region, where dominant dolichoderines are naturally absent, and whether responses are consistent with predictions derived from the ant functional group scheme. 4. This study provides new information on ant assemblages in a little-studied region. As in other parts of the world, ant assemblages in Western Ghats were strongly influenced by habitat and disturbance, with different functional groups associated with different habitats and levels of disturbance. 5. No functional group showed evidence of being influenced by the abundance of introduced species. In addition, predictions of negative interactions between functional groups were not supported. Our findings suggest that abiotic factors are universal determinants of ant assemblage structure, but that competitive interactions may not be.

Plant Diversity in the Sharavathi River Basin in Relation to Human Disturbance

Changes in vegetation are taking place due to anthropogenic activities since the colonization of the evergreen forest zone of Western Ghats. The forests of the Western Ghats were contiguous and uniformly rich in endemism within each climatic and physiographic regime. The region continues to be one of the biodiversity hot spots of the world. However unplanned developmental activities are altering the balance of the ecosystem. This study focuses on the floristic structure, composition and diversity of forests with varying degree of human disturbances. Based on the investigations, various strategies for conservation and sustainable utilization of forest resources were proposed.

Rejection of technology

It is well accepted that technology plays a critical role in socio-technical transitions, and sustainable development pathways. A society‘s amenability to the intervening (sustainable) technology is fundamental to permit these transitions. The current age is at a juncture wherein technological advancements and capacities provide the common individual with affordable and unlimited choice. Technological advancement and complexity can either remain simple and unseen to the user or may daunt him to keep away, in which case the intended pathways remain unexploited. The current paper explores the reasons behind rejection of technology and proposes a solution model to address these factors in accommodating socio-technical transitions. The paper begins with structuring the societal levels at which technological rejection occurs and proceeds to discuss technology rejection at the individual user (niche)level. The factors influencing decisions regarding technology rejection are identified and discussed with particular relevance to the progressive world (Asia).

ELEVATION OF HEAT REJECTION TEMPERATURE IN TRANSCRITICAL CONDENSING CYCLES USING CO2+PROPANE MIXTURES

In this paper, a detailed thermodynamic performance analysis of a transcritical condensing (TC) cycle is performed with pure CO2 and a blend of 48.5 % propane with 51.5 % CO2 as working fluids. A realistic thermodynamic model is used incorporating irreversibilities in turbo-machineries and heat exchangers. The Key finding is that the addition of propane elevates the heat rejection temperature, but does not impair any of the performance indicators. Such a fluid may be useful for power generation in concentrated solar power applications by using which a hike of up to 2 % can be realized in the thermal efficiency of a power plant.

Vegetation structure and composition of tropical evergreen and deciduous forests in Uttara Kannada District, Western Ghats under different disturbance regimes

In the present paper, we present the structure and composition of tropical evergreen and deciduous forests in the Western Ghats monitored under a long-term programme involving Indian Institute of Science, Earthwatch and volunteer investigators from HSBC. Currently, there is limited evidence on the status and dynamics of tropical forests in the context of human disturbance and climate change. Observations made in this study show that the `more disturbed' evergreen and one of the deciduous plots have low species diversity compared to the less-disturbed forests. There are also variations in the size class structure in the more and `less disturbed' forests of all the locations. The variation is particularly noticeable in the DBH size class 10 - 15 cm category. When biomass stock estimates are considered, there was no significant difference between evergreen and deciduous forests. The difference in biomass stocks between `less disturbed' and `more disturbed' forests within a forest type is also low. Thus, the biomass and carbon stock has not been impacted despite the dependence of communities on the forests. Periodic and long-term monitoring of the status and dynamics of the forests is necessary in the context of potential increased human pressure and climate change. There is, therefore, a need to inform the communities of the impact of extraction and its effect on regeneration so as to motivate them to adopt what may be termed as ``adaptive resource management'', so as to sustain the flow of forest products.

Defect-selective photothermal imaging: a sensitive tool for damage mapping in optical coatings

A defect-selective photothermal imaging system for the diagnostics of optical coatings is demonstrated. The instrument has been optimized for pump and probe parameters, detector performance, and signal processing algorithm. The imager is capable of mapping purely optical or thermal defects efficiently in coatings of low damage threshold and low absorbance. Detailed mapping of minor inhomogeneities at low pump power has been achieved through the simultaneous action of a low-noise fiber optic photothermal beam defection sensor and a common-mode-rejection demodulation (CMRD) technique. The linearity and sensitivity of the sensor have been examined theoretically and experimentally, and the signal to noise ratio improvement factor is found to be about 110 compared to a conventional bicell photodiode. The scanner is so designed that mapping of static or shock sensitive samples is possible. In the case of a sample with absolute absorptance of 3.8 x 10(-4), a change in absorptance of about 0.005 x 10(-4) has been detected without ambiguity, ensuring a contrast parameter of 760. This is about 1085% improvement over the conventional approach containing a bicell photodiode, at the same pump power. The merits of the system have been demonstrated by mapping two intentionally created damage sites in a MgF2 coating on fused silica at different excitation powers. Amplitude and phase maps were recorded for thermally thin and thick cases, and the results are compared to demonstrate a case which, in conventional imaging, would lead to a deceptive conclusion regarding the type and location of the damage. Also, a residual damage profile created by long term irradiation with high pump power density has been depicted.

Higher-Order Nonlinearity In Accretion Disks: Quasi-Periodic Oscillations Of Black Hole And Neutron Star Sources And Their Spin

We propose a unified model to explain Quasi-Periodic Oscillation (QPO), particularly of high frequency, observed from black hole and neutron star systems globally. We consider accreting systems to be damped harmonic oscillators exhibiting epicyclic oscillations with higher-order nonlinear resonance to explain QPO. The resonance is expected to be driven by the disturbance from the compact object at its spin frequency. The model explains various properties parallelly for both types of the compact object. It describes QPOs successfully for ten different compact sources. Based on this, we predict the spin frequency of the neutron star Sco X-1 and specific angular momentum of black holes GRO J1655–40, XTE J1550–564, H1743–322, and GRS 1915+105.

Ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopy

This paper deals with a new form of nonlinear Raman spectroscopy called `ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopy (URLS)'. URLS is analogous to stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS) but is much more sensitive than SRS. The signals are background (noise) free unlike in coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) and it provides natural fluorescence rejection, which is a major problem in Raman spectroscopy. In addition, being a self-phase matching process, the URLS experiment is much easier than CARS, which requires specific phase matching of the laser pulses. URLS is expected to be alternative if not competitive to CARS microscopy, which has become a popular technique in applications to materials, biology and medicine.

Dynamic analysis and simulation of a VSC based Back-to-Back HVDC link

This paper presents the modeling and analysis of a voltage source converter (VSC) based back-to-back (BTB) HVDC link. The case study considers the response to changes in the active and reactive power and disturbance caused by single line to ground (SLG) fault. The controllers at each terminal are designed to inject a variable (magnitude and phase angle) sinusoidal, balanced set of voltages to regulate/control the active and reactive power. It is also possible to regulate the converter bus (AC) voltage by controlling the injected reactive power. The analysis is carried out using both d-q model (neglecting the harmonics in the output voltages of VSC) and three phase detailed model of VSC. While the eigenvalue analysis and controller design is based on the d-q model, the transient simulation considers both models.