9 resultados para new public management

em Helda - Digital Repository of University of Helsinki


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In the beginning of the 1990s the legislation regarding the municipalities and the system of central government transfers were reformed in Finland. This resulted in a move from detailed governmental control to increased municipal autonomy. The purpose of this decentralization was to enable the municipalities to better adapt their administration and service supply to local needs. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of the increased municipal autonomy on the organization of services for people with intellectual disabilities. Did the increased autonomy cause the municipalities to alter their service supply and production and did the services become more adapted to local needs? The data consists of statistical information on service use and production, and also of background data such as demographics, economics and political elections on 452 municipalities in Finland from the years 1994 and 2000. The methods used are cluster analysis, discriminant analysis and factor analysis. The municipalities could be grouped in two categories: those which offered mainly one kind of residential services and others which had more varied mixes of services. The use of institutional care had decreased and municipalities which used institutional care as their primary form of service were mostly very small municipalities in 2000. The situation had changed from 1994, when institutional care was the primary service for municipalities of all sizes. Also the service production had become more differentiated and the municipalities had started using more varied ways of production. More municipalities had started producing their own services and private production had increased as well. Furthermore, the increase in local autonomy had opened up possibilities for local politics to influence both the service selection and methods of production. The most significant motive for changes in the service structure was high unemployment and an increasing share of elderly people in the population, particularly in sparsely populated areas. Municipalities with a low level of resources had made more changes in their service organization while those with more resources had been able to carry on as before. Key words: service structure, service for people with intellectual disabilities, municipalities, contingency theory, New Public Management

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This study explores strategic political steering after the New Public Management (NPM) reforms, with emphasis on the new role assigned to Government ministers in Finland. In the NPM model, politicians concentrate on broad, principal issues, while agencies have discretion within the limits set by politicians. In Finland, strategic steering was introduced with Management by Results (MBR), but the actual tools for strategic political steering have been the Government Programme, the Government Strategy Portfolio (GSP) and Frame Budgeting. This study addresses these tools as means of strategic steering conducted by the Cabinet and individual ministers within their respective ministries. The time frame of the study includes the two Lipponen Cabinets between 1995 and 2003. Interviews with fourteen ministers as well as with fourteen top officials were conducted. In addition, administrative reform documents and documents related to strategic steering tools were analysed. The empirical conclusions of the study can be summarised as follows: There were few signs of strategic political steering in the Lipponen Cabinets. Although the Government Programmes of both Cabinets introduced strategic thinking, the strategic guidelines set forth at the beginning of the Programme were not linked to the GSP or to Frame Budgeting. The GSP could be characterised as the collected strategic agendas of each ministry, while there was neither the will nor the courage among Cabinet members to prioritise the projects and to make selections. The Cabinet used Frame Budgeting mainly in the sense of spending limits, not in making strategic allocation decisions. As for the GSP at the departmental level, projects were suggested by top officials, and ministers only approved the suggested list. Frame Budgeting at the departmental level proved to be the most interesting strategic steering tool from ministers viewpoint: they actively participated in defining which issues would need extra financing. Because the chances for extra financing were minimal, ministers had an effect only on a marginal share of the budget. At the departmental level, the study shows that strategic plans were considered the domain of officials. As for strategies concerning specific substances, there was variation in the interest shown by the ministers. A few ministers emphasised the importance of strategic work and led strategy processes. In most cases, however, officials led the process while ministers offered comments on the drafts of strategy documents. The results of this study together with experiences reported in other countries and local politics show that political decision-makers have difficulty operating at the strategic level. The conclusion is that politicians do not have sufficient incentive to perform the strategic role implied by the NPM type of reforms. Overall, the empirical results of the study indicate the power of politics over management reforms.

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Evaluation practices have pervaded the Finnish society and welfare state. At the same time the term effectiveness has become a powerful organising concept in welfare state activities. The aim of the study is to analyse how the outcome-oriented society came into being through historical processes, to answer the question of how social policy and welfare state practices were brought under the governance of the concept of effectiveness . Discussions about social imagination, Michel Foucault s conceptions of the history of the present and of governmentality, genealogy and archaeology, along with Ian Hacking s notions of dynamic nominalism and styles of reasoning, are used as the conceptual and methodological starting points for the study. In addition, Luc Boltanski s and Laurent Thévenot s ideas of orders of worth , regimes of evaluation in everyday life, are employed. Usually, evaluation is conceptualised as an autonomous epistemic culture and practice (evaluation as epistemic practice), but evaluation is here understood as knowledge-creation processes elementary to different epistemic practices (evaluation in epistemic practices). The emergence of epistemic cultures and styles of reasoning about the effectiveness or impacts of welfare state activities are analysed through Finnish social policy and social work research. The study uses case studies which represent debates and empirical research dealing with the effectiveness and quality of social services and social work. While uncertainty and doubts over the effects and consequences of welfare policies have always been present in discourses about social policy, the theme has not been acknowledged much in social policy research. To resolve these uncertainties, eight styles of reasoning about such effects have emerged over time. These are the statistical, goal-based, needs-based, experimental, interaction-based, performance measurement, auditing and evidence-based styles of reasoning. Social policy research has contributed in various ways to the creation of these epistemic practices. The transformation of the welfare state, starting at the end of 1980s, increased market-orientation and trimmed public welfare responsibilities, and led to the adoption of the New Public Management (NPM) style of leadership. Due to these developments the concept of effectiveness made a breakthrough, and new accountabilities with their knowledge tools for performance measurement and auditing and evidence-based styles of reasoning became more dominant in the ruling of the welfare state. Social sciences and evaluation have developed a heteronomous relation with each other, although there still remain divergent tendencies between them. Key words: evaluation, effectiveness, social policy, welfare state, public services, sociology of knowledge

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Tämä pro gradu –tutkielma tarkastelee kuntien itselleen asettamia vaikuttavuustavoitteita lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityössä. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa selvitetään, mitä tulos- ja tavoiteohjaus, tuloksellisuus ja vaikuttavuus tarkoittavat kuntien lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityössä. Julkishallinnon New Public Management-reformin pohjalta syntynyt kuntalaki painottaa organisaatioiden tehokkuutta ja tuloksellisuutta. Tuloksellisuudella tarkoitetaan toimintojen taloudellisuutta ja vaikuttavuutta. Tällaiseen tulos- ja tavoiteohjaukseen siirtyminen on edellyttänyt arvioinnin kehittämistä. Keskeisiä käsitteitä tässä tutkimuksessa ovat: toiminta-ajatus, päämäärä, tavoite, vaikuttavuus, vaikuttavuustavoite, vaikutus ja arviointi. Teoreettista kirjallisuutta konkretisoidaan lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityön arkipäivään liittyvin sovelluksin ja esimerkein. Tutkielman aineistona on 12 kuntien tuottamaa, vuoden 2008 alussa lakisääteiseksi tullutta lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointisuunnitelmaa, joiden tehtävänä on toimia lasten ja nuorten hyvinvoinnin edistämiseksi sekä lastensuojelun järjestämiseksi ja kehittämiseksi kunnissa. Aineiston kvalitatiivisen eli laadullisen analyysin menetelmänä käytetään teemoittelua. Tarkastelu paljastaa, että kunnat ovat asettaneet varsin vähän konkreettisia ja mitattavissa olevia vaikuttavuustavoitteita laatiessaan lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointisuunnitelmia. Kuntien asettamat tavoitteet voidaan jakaa seuraaviin teemoihin: määrälliset ja ”joko tai” –tavoitteet, ehdotusmuotoiset tavoitteet, ”kehitetään, edistetään, panostetaan, vahvistetaan” –tavoitteet, tavoitteet jatkuvana resurssitaisteluna sekä ”oikein vai väärin” –tyyppiset tavoitteet. Edellä esitetyt tavoitetyypit voidaan jakaa vielä karkeasti kahdenlaisiin kategorioihin: kunnallisen lasten ja nuorten palvelujärjestelmän kehittämiseen keskittyvät tavoitteet ja oikeaa ja väärää kuvaavat, moraalis-eettiset tavoitteet. Koko aineiston kattavana havaintona esitetään, että kunnat tuntuvat välttelevän täsmällisten, konkreettisten ja mitattavissa olevien tavoitteiden esittämistä lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointisuunnitelmissa ja ilmaisevan tavoitteiden sijaan mielellään palvelujärjestelmää kuvaavia ja kehittäviä päämääriä.

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In Finland the organising of defence is undergoing vast restructuring. Recent legislation has redefined the central tasks of the Finnish Defence Forces. At the same time, international security cooperation, economic pressures and new administrative paradigms have steered the military towards new ways of organising. National defence is not just politics and principles; to a large extent it is also enacted in day-to-day life in organisations. The lens through which these realities of defence are analysed in this study is gender. How is the security sector – and national defence as part of it – organised in the changing security environment? What is the new division of labour between different societal actors in the face of security challenges? What happens ‘at work’ within the military and the defence sector more broadly? How does gender affect the way in which defence is organised and understood, and how do the changes in the organising of security affect gender relations? The thesis searches for answers to these questions in the context of two organisational settings in the male-dominated defence sector. The case study on a Finnish peacekeeping unit in the Balkans opens a critical view on men’s social practices and the everyday life of crisis management organisations. In the second case study, reorganising of provisioning in the Finnish Defence Forces turns out to be a complicated process where different power relations and social divisions intermingle. Tallberg’s extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the two focal organisations has produced a detailed set of data that lays the basis for critical analysis and policy development in terms of defence organising, cooperation around peace and security issues, and gender equality in organisations. Observations and results are provided for understanding social networks, militarisation, authority relations, care, public-private partnerships, personnel policies, career planning, and humour.

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Tämä pro gradu –tutkielma tarkastelee kuntien itselleen asettamia vaikuttavuustavoitteita lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityössä. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa selvitetään, mitä tulos- ja tavoiteohjaus, tuloksellisuus ja vaikuttavuus tarkoittavat kuntien lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityössä. Julkishallinnon New Public Management-reformin pohjalta syntynyt kuntalaki painottaa organisaatioiden tehokkuutta ja tuloksellisuutta. Tuloksellisuudella tarkoitetaan toimintojen taloudellisuutta ja vaikuttavuutta. Tällaiseen tulos- ja tavoiteohjaukseen siirtyminen on edellyttänyt arvioinnin kehittämistä. Keskeisiä käsitteitä tässä tutkimuksessa ovat: toiminta-ajatus, päämäärä, tavoite, vaikuttavuus, vaikuttavuustavoite, vaikutus ja arviointi. Teoreettista kirjallisuutta konkretisoidaan lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointityön arkipäivään liittyvin sovelluksin ja esimerkein. Tutkielman aineistona on 12 kuntien tuottamaa, vuoden 2008 alussa lakisääteiseksi tullutta lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointisuunnitelmaa, joiden tehtävänä on toimia lasten ja nuorten hyvinvoinnin edistämiseksi sekä lastensuojelun järjestämiseksi ja kehittämiseksi kunnissa. Aineiston kvalitatiivisen eli laadullisen analyysin menetelmänä käytetään teemoittelua. Tarkastelu paljastaa, että kunnat ovat asettaneet varsin vähän konkreettisia ja mitattavissa olevia vaikuttavuustavoitteita laatiessaan lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointisuunnitelmia. Kuntien asettamat tavoitteet voidaan jakaa seuraaviin teemoihin: määrälliset ja ”joko tai” –tavoitteet, ehdotusmuotoiset tavoitteet, ”kehitetään, edistetään, panostetaan, vahvistetaan” –tavoitteet, tavoitteet jatkuvana resurssitaisteluna sekä ”oikein vai väärin” –tyyppiset tavoitteet. Edellä esitetyt tavoitetyypit voidaan jakaa vielä karkeasti kahdenlaisiin kategorioihin: kunnallisen lasten ja nuorten palvelujärjestelmän kehittämiseen keskittyvät tavoitteet ja oikeaa ja väärää kuvaavat, moraalis-eettiset tavoitteet. Koko aineiston kattavana havaintona esitetään, että kunnat tuntuvat välttelevän täsmällisten, konkreettisten ja mitattavissa olevien tavoitteiden esittämistä lasten ja nuorten hyvinvointisuunnitelmissa ja ilmaisevan tavoitteiden sijaan mielellään palvelujärjestelmää kuvaavia ja kehittäviä päämääriä.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze and explicate the ideological content, which is often implicit, in the health care rationing discussion. The phrase "ideological content" refers to viewpoints and assumptions expressed in the rationing discussion that may be widespread and accepted, but without clear evidential support. The study method is philosophical text analysis. The study begins by exploring the literature from the 1970s that affects the present-day rationing discussion. Since ideological contents may have different emphases in realm of health care, three representative cases were studied. The first was a case study of the first and best-known rationing experiment in the American state of Oregon, namely, an experimental rationing plan within the public health program Medicaid, which is designed to provide care for the poor and underprivileged. The second was a study of the only national-level public priority setting that has been conducted in New Zealand. The third examined the Finnish Care Guarantee plan introduced in March 2005. The findings show that several problematic and scientifically mostly unproven concepts have remained largely uncontested in the debate about public health care rationing. Some of these notions already originated decades ago in studies that relied on outdated data or research paradigms. The problematic ideological contents have also been taken up from one publication into another, thereby affecting the rationing debate. The study suggests that before any new public health care rationing experiments are undertaken, these ideological factors should be properly examined, especially in order to avoid repetitious research and perhaps erroneous rationing decisions.

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Tutkielman tutkimusongelmana on hallinnonalariippumattoman palvelumallin toteuttaminen julkisessa hallinnossa. Hallinnonalariippumattomalle palvelumallille määritellään tutkielmassa kolme teoreettista lähtökohtaa, jotka ovat toimivalta, asiakkuus ja hallinnon kehittäminen. Tutkimusongelmaan vastataan ottamalla suomalainen yhteispalvelumalli empiirisen ja aineistolähtöisen tutkimuksen kohteeksi ja peilaamalla siitä saatuja kokemuksia määriteltyihin teoreettisiin lähtökohtiin. Samassa yhteydessä tutkimuksen kohteena oleva suomalainen yhteispalvelumalli asettuu osaksi laajempaa hallinnon tutkimuksen viitekehystä ja teoreettista keskustelua. Tutkielman teoreettisia lähtökohtia koskien aineistona on tutkielmassa tarkemman tarkastelun kohteiksi valittuja käsitteitä käsittelevä hallinto- ja organisaatlotieteellinen kirjallisuus. Empiirinen tutkimuskohde, yhteispalvelu, määritellään hallinnon tuottamia virallisasiakirjoja ja voimassa olevaa lainsäädäntöä aineistona käyttäen. Tutkimuskohteen empiirisen analyysin edellyttämän aineiston keräämisen metodina on sovellettu teemahaastattelua. Haastatteluja on tehty yhteensä kuusi tutkimuskohteena olevan aiheen asiantuntijoille, ja haastatellut edustavat kuntakenttää sekä valtion keskus- ja paikallishallintoa. Empiirisen aineiston analyysissa sovelletaan aineistolähtöisen kuvan muodostamiseksi grounded theorya. Tutkielman johtopäätökset muodostuvat tarkasteltaessa tutkimusongelman teoreettisia lähtökohtia yhteispalvelusta aineistolähtöisesti ja ilman teoriaohjautuvuutta muodostuneen kuvan valossa. Toimivaltaa koskien keskeinen johtopäätös on, että kun tavoitellaan kokonaisvaltaista ja laajasti sovellettavaa hallinnonalariippumatonta palvelumallia, ei toimivallan kysymystä voida jättää huomiotta. Yhtenä ratkaisumahdollisuutena on määritellä perinteisen asiallisen toimivallan ohella hallinnonalariippumattomalle palvelujen tarjoamisen menetelmälle toimivaltainen ja keskitetty omistaja- ja vastuutaho. Asiakkuutta koskien hallinnonalariippumaton palvelumalli edellyttää kokonaisvaltaista Citizen Relationship Management -käsitteen kaltaista ymmärrystä asiakkuuksista ja asiakaslähtöisyydestä. Näin ollen New Public Managementin mukainen kulttuurinen siirtymä pois perinteisestä julkisen hallinnon paradigmasta ei ole riittävä, vaan asiakkuuden suhteen olisi huomioitava myös organisaatio-, teknologia- ja prosessinäkökulmat. Hallinnon kehittämisestä voidaan todeta sen sisältyvän implisiittisesti ajatukseen hallinnonalariippumattomasta palvelumallista. Tämä koskee erityisesti eGovemment -käsitteen mukaista informaatioteknologian hyödyntämistä. Vasta informaatioteknologian kehitys on mahdollistanut hallinnonalariippumattoman palvelumallin visioimisen ja tavoittelemisen käytännössä. Samalla hallinnon kehittäminen kohtaa toimintana kuitenkin monia haasteita, joista hallinnonalariippumattoman palvelumallin tapauksessa erityisen relevantteja ovat yhteispalvelusta saatujen kokemusten perusteella rakenteelliset, kulttuuriset ja toiminnalliset haasteet.

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This work examines the urban modernization of San José, Costa Rica, between 1880 and 1930, using a cultural approach to trace the emergence of the bourgeois city in a small Central American capital, within the context of order and progress. As proposed by Henri Lefebvre, Manuel Castells and Edward Soja, space is given its rightful place as protagonist. The city, subject of this study, is explored as a seat of social power and as the embodiment of a cultural transformation that took shape in that space, a transformation spearheaded by the dominant social group, the Liberal elite. An analysis of the product built environment allows us to understand why the city grew in a determined manner: how the urban space became organized and how its infrastructure and services distributed. Although the emphasis is on the Liberal heyday from 1880-1930, this study also examines the history of the city since its origins in the late colonial period through its consolidation as a capital during the independent era, in order to characterize the nineteenth century colonial city that prevailed up to 1890 s. A diverse array of primary sources including official acts, memoirs, newspaper sources, maps and plans, photographs, and travelogues are used to study the initial phase of San Jose s urban growth. The investigation places the first period of modern urban growth at the turn of the nineteenth century within the prevailing ideological and political context of Positivism and Liberalism. The ideas of the city s elite regarding progress were translated into and reflected in the physical transformation of the city and in the social construction of space. Not only the transformations but also the limits and contradictions of the process of urban change are examined. At the same time, the reorganization of the city s physical space and the beginnings of the ensanche are studied. Hygiene as an engine of urban renovation is explored by studying the period s new public infrastructure (including pipelines, sewer systems, and the use of asphalt pavement) as part of the Saneamiento of San José. The modernization of public space is analyzed through a study of the first parks, boulevards and monuments and the emergence of a new urban culture prominently displayed in these green spaces. Parks and boulevards were new public and secular places of power within the modern city, used by the elite to display and educate the urban population into the new civic and secular traditions. The study goes on to explore the idealized image of the modern city through an analysis of European and North American travelogues and photography. The new esthetic of theatrical-spectacular representation of the modern city constructed a visual guide of how to understand and come to know the city. A partial and selective image of generalized urban change presented only the bourgeois facade and excluded everything that challenged the idea of progress. The enduring patterns of spatial and symbolic exclusion built into Costa Rica s capital city at the dawn of the twentieth century shed important light on the long-term political social and cultural processes that have created the troubled urban landscapes of contemporary Latin America.