Erityistä tukea tarvitsevien lasten polut esiopetuksesta alkuopetukseen : tukitoimet ja suoriutuminen

The purpose of this follow-up study is to analyse stages of learning and teaching of children with special needs in pre-school and the first two grades of elementary school. The target group included 270 children with special needs. The three year follow-up period for each child began during the pre-school year, and continued until the spring of the second grade in elementary school. Various diagnoses were detected among children in the study group. The disorders were categorised in six classes: the developmentally delayed, children with language development disorder, children with emotional and behavioural disorders, children with attention deficit, children with other non-cognitive disorders and children with extensive developmental disorders. The study's starting point was the situation in pre-school: how the children were placed in pre-school, and what kinds of support they were offered? The purpose of the study was to describe how children with special needs move from different types of groups in pre-school to the different types of classes in the first two grades of elementary school. I also examined how well the children with special needs succeeded in the first two grades of elementary school. An additional purpose was to find out what connections there may be between the paths taken by children with special needs when they move from pre-school to elementary school, the types of support they get, and how they succeed academically in elementary school. The data were gathered mainly by means of questionnaires. In addition the children were studied by means of tests designed to estimate their academic skills at the end of the second grade. In analysing the data I used both quantitative and qualitative methods. Six paths were identified among the children in the study group, based on whether a child was in a group or a class given special teaching or in an ordinary group or class during pre-school and the first two grades of elementary school. In this study, about 53% of the children with special needs moved from pre-school to a regular class in elementary school, and about 47% of the children received special education in elementary school. Among the ordinary groups (n = 69) in pre-school the majority of children (73 %) moved to a regular class in elementary school. Among the children receiving special education (n = 201) in pre-school, 46% moved to a regular class in elementary school. That path turned out to be the one followed by the greatest number of children. Only rarely did children move from an ordinary group in pre-school to a special education class in elementary school. Examination of the results according to the children's transition paths also links together with the viewpoint of integration and segregation. This study indicates that in pre-school special education groups, a significantly greater number of methods supporting children's development were used than in the conventional education groups. The difference was at its greatest inconnection with the use of so-called special rehabilitation methods. A quite wide range of variation was observed in how the children succeeded in elementary school. Success in the tests designed to estimate the children's academic skills was poor for 31% of the children (n = 230) in the first grade study group. For 69 % of the children, however, success in the tests was at least satisfactory. In the second grade study group 34 % of the children (N = 216) got through all the three tests estimating academic skills acceptably. According to this study, a number of children with special needs require special support throughout pre-school and the first two grades of elementary school. The results show that if the children received special support during the pre-school year, a number were able to participate in regular education in elementary school. Keywords: a child with special needs, measures of support, transitions, achievements in school

Molecular pathogenesis of human parechovirus 1 infection

The Parechoviruses (HPEV) belong to the family Picornaviridae of positive-stranded RNA viruses. Although the parechovirus genome shares the general properties of other picornaviruses, the genus has several unique features when compared to other family members. We found that HPEV1 attaches to αv integrins on the cell surface and is internalized through the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. During he course of the infection, the Golgi was found to disintegrate and the ER membranes to swell and loose their ribosomes. The replication of HPEV1 was found to take place on small clusters of vesicles which contained the trans-Golgi marker GalT as well as the viral non-structural 2C protein. 2C was additionally found on stretches of modified ER-membranes, seemingly not involved in RNA replication. The viral non-structural 2A and 2C proteins were studied in further detail and were found to display several interesting features. The 2A protein was found to be a RNA-binding protein that preferably binds to positive sense 3 UTR RNA. It was found to bind also duplex RNA containing 3 UTR(+)-3 UTR(-), but not other dsRNA molecules studied. Mutagenesis revealed that the N-terminal basic-rich region as well as the C-terminus, are important for RNA-binding. The 2C protein on the other hand, was found to have both ATP-diphosphohydrolase and AMP kinase activities. Neither dATP nor other NTP:s were suitable substrates. Furthermore, we found that as a result of theses activities the protein is autophosphorylated. The intracellular changes brought about by the individual HPEV1 non-structural proteins were studied through the expression of fusion proteins. None of the proteins expressed were able to induce membrane changes similar to those seen during HPEV1 infection. However, the 2C protein, which could be found on the surface of lipid droplets but also on diverse intracellular membranes, was partly relocated to viral replication complexes in transfected, superinfected cells. Although Golgi to ER traffic was arrested in HPEV1-infected cells, none of the individually expressed non-structural proteins had any visible effect on the anterograde membrane traffic. Our results suggest that the HPEV1 replication strategy is different from that of many other picornaviruses. Furthermore, this study shows how relatively small differences in genome sequence result in very different intracellular pathology.

From a tree to a stand in Finnish boreal forests: biomass estimation and comparison of methods

There is an increasing need to compare the results obtained with different methods of estimation of tree biomass in order to reduce the uncertainty in the assessment of forest biomass carbon. In this study, tree biomass was investigated in a 30-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) (Young-Stand) and a 130-year-old mixed Norway spruce (Picea abies)-Scots pine stand (Mature-Stand) located in southern Finland (61º50' N, 24º22' E). In particular, a comparison of the results of different estimation methods was conducted to assess the reliability and suitability of their applications. For the trees in Mature-Stand, annual stem biomass increment fluctuated following a sigmoid equation, and the fitting curves reached a maximum level (from about 1 kg/yr for understorey spruce to 7 kg/yr for dominant pine) when the trees were 100 years old. Tree biomass was estimated to be about 70 Mg/ha in Young-Stand and about 220 Mg/ha in Mature-Stand. In the region (58.00-62.13 ºN, 14-34 ºE, ≤ 300 m a.s.l.) surrounding the study stands, the tree biomass accumulation in Norway spruce and Scots pine stands followed a sigmoid equation with stand age, with a maximum of 230 Mg/ha at the age of 140 years. In Mature-Stand, lichen biomass on the trees was 1.63 Mg/ha with more than half of the biomass occurring on dead branches, and the standing crop of litter lichen on the ground was about 0.09 Mg/ha. There were substantial differences among the results estimated by different methods in the stands. These results imply that a possible estimation error should be taken into account when calculating tree biomass in a stand with an indirect approach.

Phosphorus in agricultural soils of Finland - characterization of reserves and retention in mineral soil profiles

An overwhelming majority of all the research on soil phosphorus (P) has been carried out with soil samples taken from the surface soils only, and our understanding of the forms and the reactions of P at a soil profile scale is based on few observations. In Finland, the interest in studying the P in complete soil profiles has been particularly small because of the lack of tradition in studying soil genesis, morphology, or classification. In this thesis, the P reserves and the retention of orthophosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) were examined in four cultivated mineral soil profiles in Finland (three Inceptisols and one Spodosol). The soils were classified according to the U.S. Soil Taxonomy and soil samples were taken from the genetic horizons in the profiles. The samples were analyzed for total P concentration, Chang and Jackson P fractions, P sorption properties, concentrations of water-extractable P, and for concentrations of oxalate-extractable Al and Fe. Theoretical P sorption capacities and degrees of P saturation were calculated with the data from the oxalate-extractions and the P fractionations. The studied profiles can be divided into sections with clearly differing P characteristics by their master horizons Ap, B and C. The C (or transitional BC) horizons below an approximate depth of 70 cm were dominated by, assumingly apatitic, H2SO4-soluble P. The concentration of total P in the C horizons ranged from 729 to 810 mg kg-1. In the B horizons between the depths of 30 and 70 cm, a significant part of the primary acid-soluble P has been weathered and transformed to secondary P forms. A mean weathering rate of the primary P in the soils was estimated to vary between 230 and 290 g ha-1 year-1. The degrees of P saturation in the B and C horizons were smaller than 7%, and the solubility of PO4-P was negligible. The P conditions in the Ap horizons differed drastically from those in the subsurface horizons. The high concentrations of total P (689-1870 mg kg-1) in the Ap horizons are most likely attributable to long-term cultivation with positive P balances. A significant proportion of the P in the Ap horizons occurred in the NH4F- and NaOH-extractable forms and as organic P. These three P pools, together with the concentrations of oxalate-extractable Al and Fe, seem to control the dynamics of PO4-P in the soils. The degrees of P saturation in the Ap horizons were greater (8-36%) than in the subsurface horizons. This was also reflected in the sorption experiments: Only the Ap horizons were able to maintain elevated PO4-P concentrations in the solution phase − all the subsoil horizons acted as sinks for PO4-P. Most of the available sorption capacity in the soils is located in the B horizons. The results suggest that this capacity could be utilized in reducing the losses of soluble P from excessively fertilized soils by mixing highly sorptive material from the B horizons with the P-enriched surface soil. The drastic differences in the P characteristics observed between adjoining horizons have to be taken into consideration when conducting soil sampling. Sampling of subsoils has to be made according to the genetic horizons or at small depth increments. Otherwise, contrasting materials are likely to be mixed in the same sample; and the results of such samples are not representative of any material present in the studied profile. Air-drying of soil samples was found to alter the results of the sorption experiments and the water extractions. This indicates that the studies on the most labile P forms in soil should be carried out with moist samples.

The kinetics and reactivity of several polyatomic free radicals in reactions with NO2, O2, Cl2, and HCl

In this thesis, the kinetics of several alkyl, halogenated alkyl, and alkenyl free radical reactions with NO2, O2, Cl2, and HCl reactants were studied over a wide temperature range in time resolved conditions. Laser photolysis photoionisation mass spectrometer coupled to a flow reactor was the experimental method employed and this thesis present the first measurements performed with the experimental system constructed. During this thesis a great amount of work was devoted to the designing, building, testing, and improving the experimental apparatus. Carbon-centred free radicals were generated by the pulsed 193 or 248 nm photolysis of suitable precursors along the tubular reactor. The kinetics was studied under pseudo-first-order conditions using either He or N2 buffer gas. The temperature and pressure ranges employed were between 190 and 500 K, and 0.5 45 torr, respectively. The possible role of heterogeneous wall reactions was investigated employing reactor tubes with different sizes, i.e. to significantly vary the surface to volume ratio. In this thesis, significant new contributions to the kinetics of carbon-centred free radical reactions with nitrogen dioxide were obtained. Altogether eight substituted alkyl (CH2Cl, CHCl2, CCl3, CH2I, CH2Br, CHBr2, CHBrCl, and CHBrCH3) and two alkenyl (C2H3, C3H3) free radical reactions with NO2 were investigated as a function of temperature. The bimolecular rate coefficients of all these reactions were observed to possess negative temperature dependencies, while pressure dependencies were not noticed for any of these reactions. Halogen substitution was observed to moderately reduce the reactivity of substituted alkyl radicals in the reaction with NO2, while the resonance stabilisation of the alkenyl radical lowers its reactivity with respect to NO2 only slightly. Two reactions relevant to atmospheric chemistry, CH2Br + O2 and CH2I + O2, were also investigated. It was noticed that while CH2Br + O2 reaction shows pronounced pressure dependence, characteristic of peroxy radical formation, no such dependence was observed for the CH2I + O2 reaction. Observed primary products of the CH2I + O2 reaction were the I-atom and the IO radical. Kinetics of CH3 + HCl, CD3 + HCl, CH3 + DCl, and CD3 + DCl reactions were also studied. While all these reactions possess positive activation energies, in contrast to the other systems investigated in this thesis, the CH3 + HCl and CD3 + HCl reactions show a non-linear temperature dependency on the Arrhenius plot. The reactivity of substituted methyl radicals toward NO2 was observed to increase with decreasing electron affinity of the radical. The same trend was observed for the reactions of substituted methyl radicals with Cl2. It is proposed that interactions of frontier orbitals are responsible to these observations and Frontier Orbital Theory could be used to explain the observed reactivity trends of these highly exothermic reactions having reactant-like transition states.

Helluntailiikkeen spiritualiteetti : Tilastollinen tutkimus Helsingin Saalem-seurakunnan tilaisuuksiin osallistuvien spiritualiteetista

Yleisellä tasolla tutkimuksen kohteena oli Suomen helluntailiikkeen spiritualiteetti. Tutkimuksen kehysperusjoukkona oli Helsingin Saalem-seurakunnan tilaisuuksiin osallistuvat ihmiset. Aineisto kerättiin kyselylomakkeilla syksyllä 2004 Saalem-seurakunnan tilaisuuksissa. Täytettyjä lomakkeita kertyi 230. Vastaajien ikä vaihteli 13-87 vuoteen ja heistä 36% olimiehiä. 70% kuului Saalem-seurakuntaan ja 17% johonkin toiseen helluntaiseurakuntaan. Ei-helluntailaisia oli 13% vastaajista. Rajoittuneelta osin käytössä oli myös 500 vastaajan vertailuaineisto Kallion kaupunginosan alueelta. Tämän niinsanotun Case Kallio -aineiston vastaajat olivat pääsääntöisesti heikosti sitoutuneita kristinuskon oppeihin sekä hartaudenharjoittamiseen. Vastaajista 50% oli miehiä. Ikä vaihteli 18-39-uoden välillä. Teoreettisena lähtökohtana tutkimukselle toimi yhdysvaltalaisen Daniel Albrechtin empiirinen tutkimus helluntailais-karismaattisesta spiritualiteetista. Hän määrittelee helluntailais-karismaattisen spiritualiteetin muodostuvan kolmesta tekijästä: uskomuksista, käytännöistä sekä niin sanotuista sensibiliteeteistä. Sensibiliteeteillä tarkoitettaan asennoitumista toimintaa kohti. Albrechtin luomien kategorioiden pohjalta laadittiin kyselylomakkeeseen kaksi mittaria. Toinen mittasi koko helluntailaisen spiritualiteetin kenttää kuvaavia perustekijöitä, joihin sisältyivät uskomukset, käytännöt sekä sensibiliteetit. Toinen mittari keskittyi mittaamaan vain yhtä spiritualiteettimääritelmän osaa, sensibiliteettejä. Helluntailaisuuteen painottuvan näkökulman lisäksi tutkimuksessa käytettiin hyväksi David Hayn spiritualiteettinäkemystä. Hän määrittelee spiritualiteetin arkitodellisuuden ylittäväksi tietoisuudeksi. Hayn laatimien kategorioiden avulla kartoitettiin yleisinhimillistä spiritualiteettia. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää Saalem-seurakunnan spiritualiteetin ilmenemismuotoja ja eroavaisuuksia suhteessa taustoihin. Lisäksi verrattiin Saalemista kerättyä aineistoa vertailuaineistoon (Case Kallio) sekä selvitettiin kahden erilaisesta lähtökohdasta nousevan spiritualitteettinäkemyksen yhteyttä toisiinsa. Tutkimus oli luonteeltaan kvantitatiivinen. Tutkimusmenetelminä käytettiin tilastollisia testejä sekä faktorianalyysiä. Faktorianalyysin rinnalla käytettiin niin kutsutta Bayes-mallinnusta, jolla ei ole parametrisille menetelmille asetettuja tiukkoja käyttöehtoja. Saalem-seurakunnasta tutkimustulokseksi saatiin 11 eritasoista spiritualiteettiulottuvuutta. Albrechtin esittämät seitsemän sensibiliteettikategoriaa löytyivät lähes sellaisenaan aineistosta, kun taas helluntailaisen spiritualiteetin perustekijöiden sekä yleisinhimillisen spiritualiteetin kohdalla käytössä olleet mittarit eivät toimineet täysin odotetulla tavalla. Kahta erilaista aineistoa voitiin vertailla yleisinhimillisen spiritualiteetin osalta. Yleisinhimillinen spiritualiteetti ei ollut vieras ilmiö kristillisestä opista ja hartaudenharjoittamisesta vieraantuneille vastaajille. Kuitenkin se sai korkeampia vastauspistemääriä helluntailaisten parissa. Kyseistä spiritualiteettia eriytyi kuvaamaan kaksi ulottuvuutta: yhteisöllinen altruismi sekä arjen kauneus. Pelkästään Saalem-seurakunnasta kerätystä aineistosta eriytyi lisäksi kolme helluntailaisen spiritualiteetin perustekijää: sana ja missio, johtajakeskeisyys sekä ylistys -ulottuvuudet. Samasta aineistosta nousi kuusi sensibiliteettiulottuvuutta: ylistys,yleinen puhdistuminen, seremoniallisuus, armolahjat, tavoitteellisuus sekä hengellinen puhdistuminen ja muutos. Toinen ylistysulottuvuus kuvasi ylistyksen merkitystä, toinen ylistystapaa. Saalem-seurakunnasta kerätyn aineiston keskiöön asettui sanaa ja missiota kuvaava ulottuvuus. Korkeimman vastauskeskiarvon sai tavoitteellisuusulottuvuus, samoin kuin molemmat yleisinhimillistä spiritualiteettia kuvastaneet ulottuvuudet saivat korkeita vastauskeskiarvoja. Helluntailaisen spiritualiteetin ulottuvuudet korreloivat positiivisesti yleisinhimillisen spiritualiteetin ulottuvuuksien kanssa. Tulokset voitiin yleistää koskemaan Helsingin Saalem-seurakunnan jäsenistöä sekä pääkaupunkiseudun helluntailaisuutta. Koko Suomen helluntailiikkeen kohdalla tuloksia voitiin pitää suuntaa-antavina. Avainsanat: helluntailiike, spiritualiteetti, Saalem, kvantitatiivinen tutkimus, monimuuttujamenetelmät, Bayes-mallinnus, Daniel Albrecht, David Hay

A study of the nanostructure of the cell wall of the tracheids of conifer xylem by x-ray scattering

The purpose of this study was to develop practical and reliable x-ray scattering methods to study the nanostructure of the wood cell wall and to use these methods to systematically study the nanostructure of Norway spruce and Scots pine grown in Finland and Sweden. Methods to determine the microfibril angle (MFA) distribution, the crystallinity of wood, and the average size of cellulose crystallites using wide-angle x-ray scattering were developed and these parameters were determined as a function of the number of the year ring. The mean MFA in Norway spruce decreases rapidly as a function of the number of the year ring and after the 7th year ring it varies between 6° and 10°. The mean MFA of Scots pine behaves the same way as the mean MFA of Norway spruce. The thickness of cellulose crystallites for Norway spruce and Scots pine appears to be constant as a function of the number of the year ring. The obtained mean values are 32 Å for Norway spruce and 31 Å for Scots pine. The length of the cellulose crystallites was also quite constant as a function of the year ring. The mean length of the crystallites for Norway spruce was 364 Å, while the standard deviation was 27 Å. The mass fraction of crystalline cellulose in wood is the crystallinity of wood and the intrinsic crystallinity of cellulose is the crystallinity of cellulose. The crystallinity of wood increases from the 2nd year ring to the 10th year ring from the pith and is constant after the 10th year ring. The crystallinity of cellulose obtained using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was 52% for both species. The crystallinity of wood and the crystallinity of cellulose behave the same way in Norway spruce and Scots pine. The methods were also applied to studies on thermally modified Scots pine wood grown in Finland. Wood is modified thermally by heating and steaming in order to improve its properties such as biological resistance and dimensional stability. Modification temperatures varied from 100 °C to 240 °C. The thermal modification increases the crystallinity of wood and the thickness of cellulose crystallites but does not influence the MFA distribution. When the modification temperature was 230 °C and time 4 h, the thickness of the cellulose crystallites increased from 31 Å to 34 Å.

Kulutus, tieto, hallinta : Kulutuksen tilastoinnin muutokset 1900-luvun Suomessa

The aim of the study was to find out how the consumption of the population in Finland became a target of social interest and production of statistical data in the early 20th century, and what efforts have been made to influence consumption with social policy measures at different times. Questions concerning consumption are examined through the practices employed in the compilation of statistics on it. The interpretation framework in the study is Michael Foucault s perspective of modern liberal government. This mode of government is typified by pursuit of efficiency and search of equilibrium between economic government and a government of the processes of life. It shows aspirations towards both integration and individualisation. The government is based on freedom practices. It also implies knowledge-based ways of conceptualising reality. Statistical data are of specific significance in this context. The connection between the government of consumption and the compilation of statistics on it is studied through the theoretical, socio-political and statistical conceptualisation of consumption. The research material consisted of Finnish and international documentation on the compilation of statistics on consumption, publications of social programmes, and reports of studies on consumption. The analysis of the material focused especially on the problematisations related to consumption found in these documents and on changes in them over history. There have been both clearly observable changes and as well as historical stratification and diversity in the rationalities and practices of consumption government during the 20th century. Consumption has been influenced by pluralistic government, based at different times and in varying ways on the logics of solidarity and markets. The difference between these is that in the former risks are prepared for collectively while in the latter risks are individualised. Despite the differences, the characteristic that is common to these logics is certain kind of contractuality. They are both permeated by the household logic which differs from them in that it is based on the normative and ethical demands imposed on an individual. There has been a clear interactive connection between statistical data and consumption government. Statistical practices have followed changes in the way consumption has been conceptualised in society. This has been reflected in the statistical phenomena of interest, concepts, classifications and indicators. New ways of compiling statistics have in their turn shaped perceptions of reality. Statistical data have also facilitated a variety of rational calculations with which the consequences of the population s consumption habits have been evaluated at the levels of economy at large and individuals.

Search for the Production of Scalar Bottom Quarks in pp̅ Collisions at √s=1.96 TeV

We report on a search for direct scalar bottom quark (sbottom) pair production in $p \bar{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=1.96$~TeV, in events with large missing transverse energy and two jets of hadrons in the final state, where at least one of the jets is required to be identified as originating from a $b$ quark. The study uses a CDF Run~II data sample corresponding to 2.65~fb${}^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity. The data are in agreement with the standard model. In an R-parity conserving minimal supersymmetric scenario, and assuming that the sbottom decays exclusively into a bottom quark and a neutralino, 95$\%$ confidence-level upper limits on the sbottom pair production cross section of 0.1~pb are obtained. For neutralino masses below 70~GeV/$c^2$, sbottom masses up to 230~GeV/$c^2$ are excluded at 95$\%$ confidence level.

Lakimuutos toi lisää vammaisetuuksien saajia

Hoitotukea saa jo 230 000 eläkeläistä Vuoden 2010 alusta tuli voimaan uusi laki, jonka perusteella vammaisetuuksia (eläkkeensaajan hoitotuki, lapsen ja aikuisen vammaistuki sekä ruokavaliokorvaus) alettiin maksaa myös niille, joiden hoitojakso julkisessa hoitolaitoksessa kestää yli kolme kuukautta. Lakimuutoksen seurauksena eläkkeensaajan hoitotuen saajien määrä kasvoi noin 10 %. Muita vammaisetuuksia saavien määrä pysyi lähes ennallaan.

Corporate Environmental Responsibility in Demand Networks (summary section only)

Research on corporate responsibility has traditionally focused on the responsibilities of companies within their corporate boundaries only. Yet this view is challenged today as more and more companies face the situation in which the environmental and social performance of their suppliers, distributors, industry or other associated partners impacts on their sales performance and brand equity. Simultaneously, policy-makers have taken up the discussion on corporate responsibility from the perspective of globalisation, in particular of global supply chains. The category of selecting and evaluating suppliers has also entered the field of environmental reporting. Companies thus need to tackle their responsibility in collaboration with different partners. The aim of the thesis is to further the understanding of collaboration and corporate environmental responsibility beyond corporate boundaries. Drawing on the fields of supply chain management and industrial ecology, the thesis sets out to investigate inter-firm collaboration on three different levels, between the company and its stakeholders, in the supply chain, and in the demand network of a company. The thesis is comprised of four papers: Paper A discusses the use of different research approaches in logistics and supply chain management. Paper B introduces the study on collaboration and corporate environmental responsibility from a focal company perspective, looking at the collaboration of companies with their stakeholders, and the salience of these stakeholders. Paper C widens this perspective to an analysis on the supply chain level. The focus here is not only beyond corporate boundaries, but also beyond direct supplier and customer interfaces in the supply chain. Paper D then extends the analysis to the demand network level, taking into account the input-output, competitive and regulatory environments, in which a company operates. The results of the study broaden the view of corporate responsibility. By applying this broader view, different types of inter-firm collaboration can be highlighted. Results also show how environmental demand is extended in the supply chain regardless of the industry background of the company.

Profitable Customer Management: A Study in Retail Banking

The increasing focus of relationship marketing and customer relationship management (CRM) studies on issues of customer profitability has led to the emergence of an area of research on profitable customer management. Nevertheless, there is a notable lack of empirical research examining the current practices of firms specifically with regard to the profitable management of customer relationships according to the approaches suggested in theory. This thesis fills this research gap by exploring profitable customer management in the retail banking sector. Several topics are covered, including marketing metrics and accountability; challenges in the implementation of profitable customer management approaches in practice; analytic versus heuristic (‘rule of thumb’) decision making; and the modification of costly customer behavior in order to increase customer profitability, customer lifetime value (CLV), and customer equity, i.e. the financial value of the customer base. The thesis critically reviews the concept of customer equity and proposes a Customer Equity Scorecard, providing a starting point for a constructive dialog between marketing and finance concerning the development of appropriate metrics to measure marketing outcomes. Since customer management and measurement issues go hand in hand, profitable customer management is contingent on both marketing management skills and financial measurement skills. A clear gap between marketing theory and practice regarding profitable customer management is also identified. The findings show that key customer management aspects that have been proposed within the literature on profitable customer management for many years, are not being actively applied by the banks included in the research. Instead, several areas of customer management decision making are found to be influenced by heuristics. This dilemma for marketing accountability is addressed by emphasizing that CLV and customer equity, which are aggregate metrics, only provide certain indications regarding the relative value of customers and the approximate value of the customer base (or groups of customers), respectively. The value created by marketing manifests itself in the effect of marketing actions on customer perceptions, behavior, and ultimately the components of CLV, namely revenues, costs, risk, and retention, as well as additional components of customer equity, such as customer acquisition. The thesis also points out that although costs are a crucial component of CLV, they have largely been neglected in prior CRM research. Cost-cutting has often been viewed negatively in customer-focused marketing literature on service quality and customer profitability, but the case studies in this thesis demonstrate that reduced costs do not necessarily have to lead to lower service quality, customer retention, and customer-related revenues. Consequently, this thesis provides an expanded foundation upon which marketers can stake their claim for accountability. By focusing on the range of drivers and all of the components of CLV and customer equity, marketing has the potential to provide specific evidence concerning how various activities have affected the drivers and components of CLV within different groups of customers, and the implications for customer equity on a customer base level.

Kaakkois-Suomen lapinraunioiden ikä ja kulttuurikonteksti

Lapinrauniot ovat Järvi-Suomen varhaismetallikautiseen (n. 1900 eaa.-300 jaa.) pyyntiväestöön yhdistettyjä kiviröykkiöitä. Tavallisesti ne esiintyvät yksittäisinä tai korkeintaan muutaman röykkiön ryhminä. Monista lapinraunioita on löytynyt palanutta ihmisen luuta ja joistakin myös hauta-anneiksi tulkittuja esineitä. Osasta ei ole kyetty paikallistaman mitään merkkejä hautauksesta. Jotkut ovat vaikuttaneet löytöjensä perusteella uhriröykkiöiltä. Tässä tutkielmassa selvitellään Etelä-Savon, Etelä-Karjalan ja Pohjois-Kymenlaakson lapinraunioiden ikää ja kulttuuri-kontekstia uusien lapinraunioajoitusten, alueelta aiemmin saatujen luonnontieteellisten ajoitusten ja sijaintitutki-musten avulla. Luonnontieteellisen keskusmuseon ajoituslaboratoriossa teetettiin tutkielmaa varten AMS-ajoitukset tutkimusalueen kolmesta riittävästi luulöytöjä tuottaneesta lapinrauniosta. Sijaintitutkimuksia toteutettiin suorittamalla tilastollisia vertailuja kaikkien tutkimusalueen lapinraunioiden sijoittumisesta suhteessa tekstiilikeramiikkaa (n. 1900-500 eaa.) ja/tai Sär2-keramiikkaa (n. 900 eaa. 300 jaa.) sisältäviin asuinpaikkakohteisiin. AMS-ajoitusten perusteella Iitin Hiidensalmen palanutta luuta, kvartsi-iskoksia ja astiamaisen luonnonkiven sisältänyt lapinraunio on rakennettu 1505-1385 eaa., Ristiinan Haukkavuoren palanutta luuta sisältänyt lapinraunio 1450-1305 eaa. ja Savonlinnan Häyrynjärvi A:n lapinrauniokohteen palanutta luuta, kvartsi-iskoksia sekä Sär2-keramiikan siruja sisältänyt röykkiö kaksi 415-230 eaa. Ajoitustulokset osoittavat, että lapinrauniorakentaminen on omaksuttu Järvi-Suomen kaakkoisosissa jo varhaismetallikauden alussa. Yhdessä aiempien lapinraunioajoitusten kanssa tämä viittaa siihen, että röykkiörakentaminen ei ole levinnyt Järvi-Suomen alueelle lounaisen Suomen pronssikautisesta rannikkokulttuurista (n. 1500-500 eaa), vaan sen taustalta löytyy luultavammin Perämeren rannikolla jo kivikaudella harjoitettu röykkiörakentaminen, jota ei ole kyetty yhdistämään minkäänlaisiin hautausrituaaleihin. Ajoitukset myös vahvistavat hypoteesia, jonka mukaan lapinrauniotradition varhaisvaiheisiin ei ole kuulunut esineiden eikä keramiikan laittaminen röykkiöihin. Ajoitusten vertailu tutkimusalueen aiempiin arkeologisiin ajoituksiin osoittaa, että lapinrauniot eivät ainakaan heti korvanneet maalauskallioita rituaalipaikkoina, vaan kalliomaalausten luona suoritettiin uhrirituaaleja vielä lapinrauniotradition omaksumisen jälkeen. Pienimuotoista kaskiviljelyä on harjoitettu alueella jo ennen lapinrauniorakentamisen omaksumista, mutta pyynti pysyi alueen pääelinkeinona ilmeisesti koko varhaismetallikauden. Varhaismetallikautiset asuinpaikat ovat alueella tyypillisesti leirimäisiä, mikä viittaa harvaan ja liikkuvaan asutukseen. Tutkimusalueen lapinrauniot ja tekstiilikeramiikkaa/Sär2-keramiikkaa sisältävät asuinpaikat ovat tässä tutkielmassa suoritettujen sijaintitutkimusten perusteella keskittyneet toistensa läheisyyteen, vaikka kaikkien lapinraunioiden läheisyydestä ei varhaismetallikautista asuinpaikkaa löydykään. Erityisen usein lapinraunioiden läheisyydessä näyttävät sijaitsevan asuinpaikat, joista on löydetty sekä tekstiilikeramiikkaa että Sär2-keramiikkaa. Tämä viittaa siihen, että lapinraunioiden luokse on palattu yhä uudelleen ja uudelleen. Ne ovat ilmeisesti toimineet rituaalisina kiinnekohtina liikkuvaa elämää viettäville yhteisöille. Roomalaiselle rautakaudelle (0-400 jaa.) ajoitetuista lapinraunioista on muualla Suomessa tyypillisesti löydetty metalliesineitä. Tutkimusalueen lapinrauniosta ei ole tehty yhtäkään metalliesinelöytöä. Tämän perusteella on mahdollista, että lapinrauniotradition myöhäisimpiä kehitysvaiheita ei ole alueella koskaan omaksuttu.

Dental identification and aspects of medico-legal investigations of the Finnish victims of the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on 26 December 2004

Tsunami waves of the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on 26 December 2004 claimed approximately 230 000 lives and started the biggest identification operation in Interpol's history. The aim of this study was to resolve methods of the identification and results received. The viewpoint is mainly that of forensic odontology, but also includes other means of identification and results of the medico-legal examination performed in Finland. Of the 5395 victims in Thailand, approximately 2 400 were foreigners from 36 nations including 177 Finnish nationals. Additionally, a Finnish woman perished in Sri Lanka and a severely injured man after the evacuation in a hospital. The final numbers of missing persons and dead bodies registered in the Information Management Centre in Phuket,Thailand, were 3 574 ante-mortem (AM) and 3 681 post-mortem (PM) files. The number of identifications by December 2006 was 3 271 or 89% of the victims registered. Of Finnish victims, 172 have been identified in Thailand and 163 repatriated to Finland. One adult and four children are still missing. For AM data, a list of Finnish missing persons including 178 names was published on 30 December 2004. By February 2005 all useful dental AM data were available. Five persons on the list living in Finland lacked records. Based on the AM database, for the children under age 18 years (n=60) dental identification could be established for 12 (20%). The estimated number for adults (n=112) was 96 (86%). The final identification rate, based on PM examinations in Finland, was 14 (25%) for children (n= 56) and 98 (90%) for adults (n= 109). The number of Finnish victims identified by dental methods, 112 (68%), was high compared to all examined in Thailand (43%). DNA was applied for 26 Finnish children and for 6 adults, fingerprints for 24 and 7, respectively. In 12 cases two methods were applied. Every victim (n=165) underwent in Finland a medico-legal investigation including an autopsy with sampling specimens for DNA, the toxicological and histological investigation. Digital radiographs and computed tomography were taken of the whole body to verify autopsy findings and bring out changes caused by trauma, autolysis, and sampling for DNA in Thailand. Data for identification purposes were also noted. Submersion was the cause of death for 101 of 109 adults (92.7%), and trauma for 8 (7.3%). Injuries were 33 times contributing factors for submersion and 3 times for trauma-based death. Submersion was the cause of death for 51 (92.7%) children and trauma for 4 (7.3%). Injuries were in 3 cases contributing factors in submersion and once in trauma-based death. The success of the dental identification of Finnish victims is mainly based on careful registration of dental records, and on an education program from 1999 in forensic odontology.

Denitrification in the River Estuaries of the Northern Baltic Sea

Estuaries have been suggested to have an important role in reducing the nitrogen load transported to the sea. We measured denitrification rates in six estuaries of the northern Baltic Sea. Four of them were river mouths in the Bothnian Bay (northern Gulf of Bothnia), and two were estuary bays, one in the Archipelago Sea (southern Gulf of Bothnia) and the other in the Gulf of Finland. Denitrification rates in the four river mouths varied between 330 and 905 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1). The estuary bays at the Archipelago Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia had denitrification rates from 90 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1) to 910 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1) and from 230 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1) to 320 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1), respectively. Denitrification removed 3.6-9.0% of the total nitrogen loading in the river mouths and in the estuary bay in the Gulf of Finland, where the residence times were short. In the estuary bay with a long residence time, in the Archipelago Sea, up to 4.5% of nitrate loading and 19% of nitrogen loading were removed before entering the sea. According to our results, the sediments of the fast-flowing rivers and them estuary areas with short residence times have a limited capacity to reduce the nitrogen load to the Baltic Sea.