Christianity and Christian Identity in the Gospel of Philip (NHC II,3)

Previous scholarship has often maintained that the Gospel of Philip is a collection of Valentinian teachings. In the present study, however, the text is read as a whole and placed into a broader context by searching for parallels from other early Christian texts. Although the Valentinian Christian identity of the Gospel of Philip is not questioned, it is read alongside those texts traditionally labelled as "mainstream Christian". It is obvious from the account of Irenaeus that the boundaries between the Valentinians and other Christians were not as clear or fixed as he probably would have hoped. This study analyzes the Valentinian Christian Gospel of Philip from two points of view: how the text constructs the Christian identity and what kind of Christianity it exemplifies. Firstly, it is observed how the author of the Gospel of Philip places himself and his Christian readers among the early Christianities of the period by emphasizing the common history and Christian features but building especially on particular texts and traditions. Secondly, it is noted how the Christian nature of an individual develops according to the Gospel of Philip. The identity of an individual is built and strengthened through rituals, experiences and teaching. Thirdly, the categorizations, attributes, beliefs and behaviour associated on the one hand with the "insiders", the true Christians, and, on the other, with outsiders in the Gospel of Philip, are analyzed using social identity theory the insiders and outsiders are described through stereotyping in the text. Overall, the study implies that the Gospel of Philip strongly emphasizes spiritual progress and transformation. Rather than depicting the Valentinians as the perfect Christians, it underlines their need for constant change and improvement. Although the author seeks to clearly distinguish the insiders from the outsiders, the boundaries of the categories are in fact fluid in the Gospel of Philip. Outsiders can become insiders and the insiders are also in danger of falling out again.

Visual Impairment in Finnish Children : Prevalence, causes and morbidity of full-term and preterm children with visual impairment born from 1972 through 1989

The prevalence and the causes of childhood visual impairment in Finland during the 1970s and the 1980s were investigated, with special attention to risk factors and further prevention of visual impairment in children. The primary data on children with visual impairment were obtained from the Finnish Register of Visual Impairment, one of the patient registers kept up by the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (Stakes). The data were supplemented from other registers in Stakes and from patient records of the children in Finnish central hospitals. Visual impairment had been registered in 556 children from a population of 1,138,326 children between ages 0-17, born from 1972 through 1989. The age-specific prevalence of registered visual impairment was 49/100,000 in total. Of them, 23/100,000 were blind children and 11/100,000 were children born prematurely. Boys were impaired more often and more severely than girls. Congenital malformations (52%), systemic diseases (48%), and multiple impairments (50%) were common. The main ophthalmic groups of visual impairment were retinal diseases (35%), ocular malformations (29%), and neuro-ophthalmological disorders (29%). Optic nerve atrophy was the most common diagnosis of visual impairment (22%), followed by congenital cataract (11%), retinopathy of prematurity (10%), and cerebral visual impairment (8%). Genetic factors (42%) were the most common etiologies of visual impairment, followed by prenatal (30%) and perinatal (21%) factors. The highest rates of blindness were seen in cerebral visual impairment (83%) and retinopathy of prematurity (82%). Retinopathy of prematurity had developed in the children born at a gestational age of 32 weeks or earlier. Significant risks for visual impairment were found in the association with preterm births, prenatal infections, birth asphyxia, neonatal respiratory difficulties, mechanical ventilation lasting over two weeks, and hyperbilirubinemia. A rise in blind and multi-impaired children was seen during the study period, associating with increases in the survival of preterm infants with extremely low birth weight. The incidence of visual impairment in children born prematurely was seven times higher than in children born at full term. A reliable profile of childhood visual impairment was obtained. The importance of highly qualified antenatal, neonatal, and ophthalmological care was clearly proved. The risks associated with pre- and perinatal disorders during pregnancy must be emphasized, e.g. the risks associated with maternal infections and the use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs during pregnancy. Obvious needs for gene therapies and other new treatments for hereditary diseases were also proved.

Veneliikenteen määrä Suomessa vuosina 1971 ja 1972

Sammandrag: Båttrafikmängder i Finland under åren 1971 och 1972

Viemärilaitokset 31.12.1972

Water works and sewage plants 31.12.1974.

Vesilaitokset 31.12.1972

Water utilities 31.12.1972

Vesilaitosten veden laatu vuonna 1972

Water quality in water utilities in 1972.

Öljypitoisuuksien kartoitustutkimus Suomea ympäröivillä merialueilla vuosina 1971 ja 1972

The study of the occurance of non-polar hydrocarbons in the Finnish coastal waters in 1971-1972.

Bridging East and West : The Establishment of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in the United States Foreign Policy of Bridge Building, 1964-1972.

The dissertation examines the foreign policies of the United States through the prism of science and technology. In the focal point of scrutiny is the policy establishing the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and the development of the multilateral part of bridge building in American foreign policy during the 1960s and early 1970s. After a long and arduous negotiation process, the institute was finally established by twelve national member organizations from the following countries: Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), France, German Democratic Republic (GDR), Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Poland, Soviet Union and United States; a few years later Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands also joined. It is said that the goal of the institute was to bring together researchers from East and West to solve pertinent problems caused by the modernization process experienced in industrialized world. It originates from President Lyndon B. Johnson s bridge building policies that were launched in 1964, and was set in a well-contested and crowded domain of other international organizations of environmental and social planning. Since the distinct need for yet another organization was not evident, the process of negotiations in this multinational environment enlightens the foreign policy ambitions of the United States on the road to the Cold War détente. The study places this project within its political era, and juxtaposes it with other international organizations, especially that of the OECD, ECE and NATO. Conventionally, Lyndon Johnson s bridge building policies have been seen as a means to normalize its international relations bilaterally with different East European countries, and the multilateral dimension of the policy has been ignored. This is why IIASA s establishment process in this multilateral environment brings forth new information on US foreign policy goals, the means to achieve these goals, as well as its relations to other advanced industrialized societies before the time of détente, during the 1960s and early 1970s. Furthermore, the substance of the institute applied systems analysis illuminates the differences between European and American methodological thinking in social planning. Systems analysis is closely associated with (American) science and technology policies of the 1960s, especially in its military administrative applications, thus analysis within the foreign policy environment of the United States proved particularly fruitful. In the 1960s the institutional structures of European continent with faltering, and the growing tendencies of integration were in flux. One example of this was the long, drawn-out process of British membership in the EEC, another is de Gaulle s withdrawal from NATO s military-political cooperation. On the other hand, however, economic cooperation in Europe between East and West, and especially with the Soviet Union was expanding rapidly. This American initiative to form a new institutional actor has to be seen in that structural context, showing that bridge building was needed not only to the East, but also to the West. The narrative amounts to an analysis of how the United States managed both cooperation and conflict in its hegemonic aspirations in the emerging modern world, and how it used its special relationship with the United Kingdom to achieve its goals. The research is based on the archives of the United States, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland, and IIASA. The primary sources have been complemented with both contemporary and present day research literature, periodicals, and interviews.

Emergenssi tieteessä ja teologiassa : Huomioita Philip Claytonin emergenssiteoriasta

Tässä työssä tarkastellaan emergenssiä luonnontieteellisenä, metafyysisenä ja teologisena käsitteenä, ja erityisesti Philip Claytonin emergenssiteoriaa. Tutkimuskohteena on Philip Claytonin kirja Mind and Emergence From Quantum to Consciousness ja tutkimusmetodina käsitteellinen analyysi. Kun emergenssiä tarkastellaan metafyysisenä teoriana, se on mahdollista nähdä fysikalismille ja dualismille vaihtoehtoisena filosofisena katsantokantana todellisuuteen. Fysikalismi on havaittavaa todellisuutta koskeva näkemys, jonka mukaan kaikki ilmiöt ovat lopulta palautettavissa fysiikkaan ja selitettävissä fysiikan käsittein. Dualismi taas on näkemys, että erityisesti ihmisen mieli ja tietoisuus ovat jotain fysikaaliseen maailmaan nähden täysin erilaista ja siitä riippumatonta. Emergenssiteoriassa maailman nähdään kehittyvänä kokonaisuutena, jossa kompleksisuuden kasvun myötä syntyy jatkuvasti uusia ominaisuuksia. Nämä ominaisuudet eivät ole palautettavissa niihin rakenteisiin, joiden pohjalta ne ovat syntyneet. Niiden syntymistä ei ole mahdollista luonnontieteellisin tai muinkaan menetelmin ennakoida. Emergenssin heikossa muodossa tämä ennakoimattomuus on vain episteeminen, tiedon mahdollisuuksiin liittyvä rajoitus, ja kausaalisia vaikutuksia esiintyy ainoastaan fysikaalisten objektien tasolla. Metafyysinen teoria edellyttää kuitenkin vahvaa emergenssiä, jossa syntyvillä ominaisuuksilla on fysikaalisesta perustastaan riippumatonta kausaalista vaikutusta. Tätä kutsutaan alaspäin -kausaalisuudeksi. Käsitys todellisuudesta on monistinen ja holistinen. Kaikki olemassa oleva on kehittynyt samasta aineksesta, mutta ei ole palautettavissa siihen. Maailmassa on ontologisesti toisistaan poikkeavia todellisuuden tasoja. Todellisuus on enemmän kuin osiensa summa. Emergenssille on tarjottu myös teologisia sovelluksia. Kun fysikalismissa uskonnolliselle uskolle ei jää tilaa ja dualismi on luonnontieteen näkökulmasta ongelmallinen, emergenssistä on etsitty filosofista viitekehystä, jossa luonnontiede ja uskonto olisivat sovitettavissa yhteen. Ensimmäisessä luvussa käsitellään fysikalismia ja dualismia ja erityisesti filosofista ja luonnontieteellistä kritiikkiä, jota niitä vastaan voidaan esittää. Toisessa luvussa tarkastellaan erilaisia mahdollisuuksia määritellä emergenssin käsite ja esitellään erityisesti Philip Claytonin käsityksiä heikosta ja vahvasta emergenssistä, emergenssistä luonnontieteissä sekä ihmismielestä fysikaaliseen maailmaan nähden emergenttinä ilmiönä. Emergenssi mainitaan monien sellaisten ilmiöiden yhteydessä, joita on pyritty tutkimaan kaaosteorian ja kompleksisuuden tutkimuksen keinoin. Työn kolmannessa luvussa pyritään antamaan kuva emergenssin suhteesta näihin teorioihin ja ylipäätään moderniin fysiikkaan. Philip Clayton on luonut emergenssiteorian pohjalta myös teologisen teorian, jossa käsitys Jumalasta luojana ja Jumalan vaikutus maailmassa pyritään sovittamaan yhteen emergentin todellisuuskäsityksen kanssa. Tätä teologista teoriaa esitellään ja arvioidaan työn neljännessä luvussa.