En förutbestämd sanning : Barnamord och delaktighet i 1700-talets Finland belysta genom kön, kropp och social kontroll

The study analyses the prevention or endorsing of the crime of infanticide in Finland 1702 1807, rather than the result. Also the impacts of the female body, biology of childbirth and experiences of pregnancy are examined, together with insights from modern medical research. Circumstances are reconstructed by a critical reading of judicial records on all levels of the judicial system. In all 269 cases of infanticide and 142 accessory crimes within the jurisdiction of the Turku court of appeal are studied, with particular focus on exceptionally well recorded cases of 83 accused women and 41 women and men accused of being party to the crime. Secondary sources are medical and jurisprudential writings, the public debate on infanticide, broadsheets and letters asking the King for pardon. Infanticide was considered murder by law. Unmarried women were predetermined as the main culprits. Nevertheless, deliberate infanticides were rare and committed mostly in accomplice. The majority of the infanticides studied were cases where inexperienced and unmarried women accidentally had given birth alone and usually to a dead child. Unaware that the pain they were experiencing was in fact a labour, the accused women instinctively sought solitude to push out the child. Some misunderstood the birth as an urgent need to defecate. The unexpected delivery ended in hiding the baby without remorse. This crime was promoted by several factors in Finnish rural culture, amongst others that also married women hid their pregnancy. The immediate household members did not necessarily know about the childbirth and failed to help the woman. This typical pattern in most cases of infanticide in 18th century Finland is also recorded in modern cases of unknown pregnancies. Fear of accountability prevented witnesses testifying to the actual course of events. The truth remained elusive. With only a few exceptions, the women were sentenced to death or imprisonment. The majority of those accused of accomplice were acquitted. However, too harsh sentences for accidents affected the reporting of the crime. Criminal politics failed to curtail infanticide as the crime was unsatisfactorily addressed by law, society and the judicial system.

Konstruktioner i interaktion. : de e som resurs i samtal

This study concerns the most common word pair in spoken Swedish, de e (it is, third person pronoun + copula-verb in present tense). The aim of the study is twofold, with an empirical aim and a theoretical aim. The empirical aim is to investigate if and how the string de e can be understood and described as a construction in its own right with characteristics that distinguishes it from other structures and resources in spoken Swedish. The theoretical aim is to test how two different linguistic theories and methods, interactional linguistics and construction grammar, can be combined and used to describe and explain patterns in languaging that traditional grammar does take into account. The empirical analysis is done within the interactional linguistic framework with sequence analyses of excerpts from authentic conversation data. The data consists of approximately ten hours of recorded conversation from Finland and Sweden. The sequence analysis suggests that the string de e really is used as a resource in its own right. In most cases, the string is also used in ways consistent with abstract grammatical patterns described by traditional grammar. Nevertheless, there are instances where de e is used in ways not described before: with numerals and infinitive phrases as complements, without any complements at all and together with certain complements (bra, de) in idiomatic ways. Furthermore, in the instances where de e is used according to known grammatical patterns the function of the particular string de e is clearly contextually specific and in various ways linked to the micro-context in which it is used. A new model is suggested for understanding and concluding the results from the sequence analyses. It consists of two different types of constructions grammatical and interactional. The grammatical constructions show how the string is used in eleven structurally different ways. The interactional constructions show seven different sequential positions and functions in which the string occurs. The two types of constructions are also linked to each other as potentials. This is a new way to describe how interactants use and responds to a concrete string like de e in conversation.

EU:n nimisuojajärjestelmän hyödyntäminen Suomessa

Tämä Pro Gradu tutkimus on osa Helsingin yliopiston Ruralia-instituutin toteuttamaa hanketta, jossa selvitetään EU:n nimisuojan käyttöä Suomessa. Tutkimusmenetelmänä on kvalitatiivinen ja työssä on käytetty teemahaastattelua. Tutkimuksessa on haastateltu suomalaisten nimisuojatuotteiden taustatahot ja haastatteluaineistosta tutkimusteemoiksi nousivat: hakuprosessi, yhteistyö toimijoiden kesken, nimisuoja kilpailuetuna sekä nimisuojan hyödyntäminen yleisesti nyt ja tulevaisuudessa. Tutkimustulostenperusteella EU:n nimisuojajärjestelmän tuomaa lisäarvoa elintarvikkeille ei ole Suomessa hyödynnetty toistaiseksi kovin paljon. Tällä hetkellä varsin harvat tuottajat Suomessa käyttävät nimisuojaa, vaikka se olisi mahdollista. Tietoisuus järjestelmästä on puutteellista eivätkä tuottajat ole saaneet nimisuojatuotteistaan korkeampaa hintaa. Tämä voi olla osasyy tuottajien kiinnostuksen vähäisyyteen, minkä lisäksi muita laatua osoittavia pakkausmerkintöjä on paljon. Vaikka nimisuojaa käyttäville suomalaisille tuottajille ei ole ollut taloudellista hyötyä merkin käytöstä, nähdään nimisuojat kuitenkin laatumerkkinä sekä mahdollisuutena erottautua kilpailijoista. Nimisuojan käyttäminen on vähentänyt tuotenimen väärinkäyttöä, mutta tehokkaampaa ja organisoidumpaa valvontajärjestelmää toivotaan kilpailuedun vahvistamiseksi. Tuottajilla ei ole resursseja markkinoida nimisuojaa, jonka edistämiseksi kaivataan enemmän kansallista panostusta niin markkinointiin kuin suomalaisen ruokakulttuurin ja ruoan arvostuksen kohottamiseen. Tuottajien puolelta toivotaan myös sujuvampaa hakuprosessia, sillä prosessi on kestänyt kaikilla hakijoilla vähintään neljä vuotta. Tulevaisuudessa nimisuojan nähdään osaltaan rakentavan alueen symbolista arvoa ja potentiaalisia suomalaisia nimisuojatuotteita uskotaan löytyvän esimerkiksi kala- ja leipätuoteryhmistä.