Sisustaminen on kuin käsialaa : Carin Bryggman ja Lasse Ollinkari sisustusarkkitehdin ammatissa 1940- ja 1950-luvulla

"Interior Design is Like Handwriting." Carin Bryggman and Lasse Ollinkari as Interior Designers in the 1940s and 1950s My dissertation deals with the emergence of the interior designer's profession in Finland with focus on the 1940s and 1950s, the postwar years of reconstruction and modernism, as the historical context. The topic is addressed at both the collective and individual levels. Specific subjects of study are the training of interior designers (also known as interior architects), the association of Finnish interior architects (Sisustusarkkitehdit SIO), the professional field and its public image and two leading designers, Carin Bryggman (1920 1993) and Lasse Ollinkari (1921 1993). Though respected figures within the field, Bryggman and Ollinkari have otherwise remained little known and studied. My study presents a great deal of new empiria. The main materials consist of the documents of related institutions and the archives of Bryggman and Ollinkari, in which drawings and photographs figure prominently. The drawings illustrate in a new way the variety of professional tasks in the field. My results are also based on a large body of interviewed material. The materials are approached from two theoretical perspectives, with gender and margins as core concepts from the perspective of women's studies. The even gender division of Finnish interior designers revealed a difference with regard to neighbouring occupations and other countries. I claim that the division of tasks was not defined by gender. The second theoretical basis is the sociological study of professions. The high professional status achieved by interior designers is shown by the fact that of the many related titles in Finnish and Swedish, such as "furniture draughtsman" or "interior artist", interior architect became the established one, despite opposition from architects. My hypothesis that the professionalization of interior designers took place during the two postwar decades proved to be correct. The profession emerged through specialized education and became established with the founding of its own professional organization. From the outset, the goal was to mark a distinction between professionals of interior and furniture design and other designers and architects. Interior designers became a strong and successful modern professional group, involved in a wide range of projects from objects to interiors. Keywords: interior designers, interior architects, interior art, occupations, gender, professions, interior design, furniture, home, public space, Carin Bryggman, Lasse Ollinkari, the Sisustusarkkitehdit SIO association, 1940s and 1950s, reconstruction, modernism.

Across the Oceans : Development of Overseas Business Information Transmission, 1815-1875

Earlier studies have shown that the speed of information transmission developed radically during the 19th century. The fast development was mainly due to the change from sailing ships and horse-driven coaches to steamers and railways, as well as the telegraph. Speed of information transmission has normally been measured by calculating the duration between writing and receiving a letter, or between an important event and the time when the news was published elsewhere. As overseas mail was generally carried by ships, the history of communications and maritime history are closely related. This study also brings a postal historical aspect to the academic discussion. Additionally, there is another new aspect included. In business enterprises, information flows generally consisted of multiple transactions. Although fast one-way information was often crucial, e.g. news of a changing market situation, at least equally important was that there was a possibility to react rapidly. To examine the development of business information transmission, the duration of mail transport has been measured by a systematic and commensurable method, using consecutive information circles per year as the principal tool for measurement. The study covers a period of six decades, several of the world's most important trade routes and different mail-carrying systems operated by merchant ships, sailing packets and several nations' steamship services. The main sources have been the sailing data of mail-carrying ships and correspondence of several merchant houses in England. As the world's main trade routes had their specific historical backgrounds with different businesses, interests and needs, the systems for information transmission did not develop similarly or simultaneously. It was a process lasting several decades, initiated by the idea of organizing sailings in a regular line system. The evolution proceeded generally as follows: originally there was a more or less irregular system, then a regular system and finally a more frequent regular system of mail services. The trend was from sail to steam, but both these means of communication improved following the same scheme. Faster sailings alone did not radically improve the number of consecutive information circles per year, if the communication was not frequent enough. Neither did improved frequency advance the information circulation if the trip was very long or if the sailings were overlapping instead of complementing each other. The speed of information transmission could be improved by speeding up the voyage itself (technological improvements, minimizing the waiting time at ports of call, etc.) but especially by organizing sailings so that the recipients had the possibility to reply to arriving mails without unnecessary delay. It took two to three decades before the mail-carrying shipping companies were able to organize their sailings in an optimal way. Strategic shortcuts over isthmuses (e.g. Panama, Suez) together with the cooperation between steamships and railways enabled the most effective improvements in global communications before the introduction of the telegraph.

Makt, konst, elit - konstfältets positioner, relationer och resurser i 1940- och 1950-talens Helsingfors

The dissertation examines the power mechanisms and institutional power hierarchies of the 1940s-1950s era arts elite in Helsinki and their influence on issues of taste in the visual arts. For the purposes of this study, the elite is understood to consist mainly of the board members of the principal elected bodies in the field of the arts. The theoretical framework employed is based on Pierre Bourdieu s field theory and the network perspective. The author has examined what the key, pervasive valuations were that governed the exercising of power by the arts elite in issues of taste, involving determination of who was an acknowledged artist and what was good art. The dissertation demonstrates that this exercising of power was governed by certain collective practices which maintained the illusion that the exercising of power was democratic and based on artistic quality. These practices were the corporate system, using artistic arguments in issues of taste, and using networks in the exercising of power. The struggle in the field of the arts was about who ultimately was entitled to define the value of contemporary art; the issue did not arise regarding historical art. Artists managed to gain a leading position as gatekeepers in issues regarding contemporary art. The author discusses a number of conflicts in the field of the arts that highlight the institutional hierarchies and the capital held by the various players. The structural changes that occurred in administration in the field of cultural production in the 1950s led to the separation of bureaucratic competence on the one hand and aesthetic competence on the other. There was a hierarchy in the field of the arts between institutions, between instruments of legitimisation, and between the symbolic and social capital of players in the field. The hierarchy in the arts ultimately depended on how well the elite could influence tastes through the instruments at their disposal. The various instruments of legitimisation grants, purchases, etc. were ranked differently in the evaluation of acknowledged artists and good art. The dissertation discusses what values, in the form of types of symbolic capital, the arts elite embraced and what role these played in the elite s exercising of power, with particular focus on gender, language, region and economic capital. The aesthetic capital of an artist was of only minor importance in the exercising of power by the arts elite. The dissertation further discusses the points of contact between the arts elite and players in other fields, such as the economic, media and consumer fields. When the arts elite, through the Academy of Fine Arts, became an active player in the art market, this led to a hierarchy where the division between acknowledged and not-acknowledged galleries became sharper.

Kansakunnan parhaaksi. : Suomalaiset naisten- ja lastensairaalat 1920 1940-luvulla arkkitehtonisena, lääketieteellisenä ja yhteiskunnallisena suunnittelukohteena

This dissertation addresses the modernization process of Finnish hospital architecture between the First and Second World War, with focus on facilities explicitly designed for women and children, which as special hospitals reflect specialization, a distinct feature of the modern era. The facilities considered in the study are the Salus hospital, Dr. Länsimäki s women s hospital, the Folkhälsan in Svenska Finland association s child-care institute, the Helsinki Women s Clinic, the Viipuri Women s Hospital, the Helsinki Children s Clinic and the Children's Castle (Lastenlinna) in Helsinki. The study considers hospital architecture as an architectural, medical and social object of design. The theoretical starting point and perspective are the views of the French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault (1925 1983) concerning the relationship of bio-power and architecture. Underlying the construction of health-care facilities for women and children were not only the desire to help but also issues of population policy, social policies, training and professionalization. In this study, hospital architecture is interpreted as reflecting developments in medicine, while also producing and reinforcing discourses associated with the ideologies of the time of design and construction. The results of the present research provide new information on the field of hospital design. The design of hospitals was no longer the sole prerogative of architects. Instead, modern hospital design involved the collaboration and networking of experts in various fields. During the period studied, the pavilion system was incorporated in hospital architecture in the block system, which was regarded as a rational. Rationalization was implemented upon the conditions of medical work. This led to spatial design in accordance with medical practices, through which norms were reinforced and created. An important aspect of the material is that the requirements of light, air, openness and hygiene created architecture in glass of an x-ray character, strongly associated with the element of discipline. The alliance of hygiene and architecture became a strategy for controlling the behaviour and encounters of people, for producing pedagogical and moral hygiene, and for reinforcing class hygiene. The modern hospital building also had to meet the requirements of aesthetic hygiene. Health-care facilities designed for women and children became production-oriented machinery, instruments for producing a healthy population and for reinforcing medical discourses.

Museo yhteiskunnan peilinä? - pääkaupunkiseudulle perustetut kulttuurihistorialliset museot 1875-2010

Tässä pro gradu –tutkielmassa tarkastellaan museoita osana yhteiskunnan historiakulttuuria; niitä tapoja joiden pohjalta käsityksiä menneestä tuotetaan ja käytetään. Aihetta lähestytään kysymällä millaisia kulttuurihistoriallisia museoita pääkaupunkiseudulle on perustettu ja millaiset teemat eivät ole olleet museon arvoisia. Tutkielmassa selvitetään onko pääkaupunkiseudulle perustetuissa kulttuurihistoriallisissa museoissa havaittavissa ajallista aaltoa sen suhteen millaisille aiheille on perustettu oma museo. Lopuksi pohditaan esimerkkitapausten valossa sitä, miten erilaisia teemoja edustavien museoiden perustamistarvetta on perusteltu omana aikanaan. Etsimällä vastauksia tutkimuskysymyksiin pyritään samalla hahmotetaan sitä, millaista yhteiskunnallista historiakulttuuria museot ovat olleet osa. Työn ensimmäisessä vaiheessa kartoitettiin millaisia kulttuurihistoriallisia museoita pääkaupunkiseudulla on ollut. Museoviraston ja Suomen museoliiton aineistojen avulla on listattu kooste vuosien 1875-2010 välillä pääkaupunkiseudulla olleista museoista. Museoiden perustamiseen ja museokentältä katoamiseen liittyvää koostetta on täydennetty Helsingin matkailuyhdistyksen julkaisujen tiedoilla sekä museoiden omilla tiedonannoilla. Tutkielman museot on luokiteltu edustamiensa teemojen mukaan. Tarkoituksena on ollut hahmotella miten pääkaupunkiseudun kulttuurihistoriallisten museoiden kenttä on muuttunut 135 vuoden aikana. Työn toisessa vaiheessa tarkasteltiin neljän esimerkkitapauksen kautta museokentän ajallista muutosta ja sitä millaisia perusteluita museoiden perustamiselle on annettu sekä millaista keskustelua museon perustamisesta on omana aikanaan käyty. Esimerkkitapausten tarkastelun lähteinä käytettiin arkistomateriaalia, aikakauden lehdissä museoista käytyä keskustelua ja museoista kirjoitettuja historiikkeja. Pääkaupunkiseudun kulttuurihistoriallisissa museoissa on tutkielman mukaan havaittavissa löyhä ajallinen muutos. Kulttuurihistoriallisten museoiden edustamat historian kertomukset ovat muuttuneet ja pirstaloituneet 135 vuoden aikana virallisesta, kansallisesta historian kertomuksesta kohti useita pienempiä historian kertomuksia ja erilaisten ryhmien omaa historiaa. 1800-1900-lukujen taitteessa perustettiin pääosin valtiollisia ja instituutioiden historiaan keskittyneitä museoita sekä suurmiehille omistettuja henkilöhistoriallisia museoita. Valtiolliset ja henkilöhistorialliset teemat näkyvät museoissa läpi koko tutkielman tarkasteluajanjakson. Kansallisen historian katse suuntasi paikalliseen 1900-luvun alussa ja 1980-luvulla, jolloin perustettiin erityisen paljon paikallishistoriallisia ja alueellisia museoita. 1970-1990-luvuilla museokenttää hallitsivat monet tekniikkaan, teollisuuteen ja yrityshistoriaan keskittyneet museot. Tultaessa 2000-luvulle museot edustivat lapsiin, nuoriin, koulutukseen ja monikulttuurisuuteen liittyviä teemoja. Tutkielman toisen vaiheen esimerkkitapausten tarkastelu osoitti, että erilaisia teemoja edustavien museoiden perustamistarvetta perustellaan hyvin samankaltaisesti. Niin 1800-luvun lopussa kuin 1900-luvun lopussa museoiden tarvetta perusteltiin kasvatus- ja sivistystyöllä ja aihealueen arvostuksen kasvulla. Museon perustamisen koettiin osoittavan Suomen kuuluvan osaksi länsimaisia sivistysyhteiskuntia. Museoiden perustamisen taustalla on usein ollut asiaa ajanut yhdistys. Kuitenkin museohanke on ollut vuosikausien projekti ja konkretisoitunut usein vasta kun museon tiloihin ja talouteen liittyvät kysymykset on saatu kuntoon. Tutkielman loppupäätelmien myötä hahmottui monia historiantutkimuksellisen lisätarkastelun arvoisia aiheita museoista osana yhteiskunnan historiakulttuuria. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords kulttuurihistorialliset museot, historiakulttuuri, historiankäyttö, yhteiskunta