Practical Proposals for Specifying k-Nearest Neighbours Weights Matrices

In this article we introduce and evaluate testing procedures for specifying the number k of nearest neighbours in the weights matrix of spatial econometric models. The spatial J-test is used for specification search. Two testing procedures are suggested: an increasing neighbours testing procedure and a decreasing neighbours testing procedure. Simulations show that the increasing neighbours testing procedures can be used in large samples to determine k. The decreasing neighbours testing procedure is found to have low power, and is not recommended for use in practice. An empirical example involving house price data is provided to show how to use the testing procedures with real data.

K -shell diagram and hypersatellite spectra of 4d transition elements

The K-shell diagram (K alpha(1,2) and K beta(1,3)) and hypersatellite (HS) (K-h alpha(1,2)) spectra of Y, Zr, Mo, and Pd have been measured with high energy-resolution using photoexcitation by 90 keV synchrotron radiation. Comparison of the measured and ab initio calculated HS spectra demonstrates the importance of quantum electrodynamical (QED) effects for the HS spectra. Phenomenological fits of the measured spectra by Voigt functions yield accurate values for the shift of the HS from the diagram lines, the splitting of the HS lines, and their intensity ratio. Good agreement with theory was found for all quantities except for the intensity ratio, which is dominated by the intermediacy of the coupling of the angular momenta. The observed deviations imply that our current understanding of the variation of the coupling scheme from LS to jj across the periodic table may require some revision.

Valokuvallistettu luonto : I. K. Inhan tuotanto luonnon merkityksellistäjänä

Photographized nature I. K. Inha s work as a signification of nature The dissertation examines, through the work of the Finnish photographer and writer I. K. Inha (formerly Konrad Into Nyström) (1865 1930), the different ways in which the signification of nature is achieved. The principal material consists of Inha s work from 1890 to 1925, from which a number of photographs and texts are considered and upon which the photographization of nature is contemplated. The dissertation addresses the issue of how nature is conceived and how the act of photographizing it can be defined. The methodical context of the study is composed of three thematic baskets that structure the material and which consist of narrations on Finnish national perception, nature conservation and understanding the world. In the first case nature is seen as the natural environment encompassing lakes, seashores, forests, and hills, which at the time were often perceived from a utilitarian viewpoint. By the photographization they generated a pictorial narrative that could be shared. The natural environment was thus turned into landscape by means of photography, following the global pictorial concepts picturesque and sublime, as well as the national canons that had been developed in literature and the visual arts. In the narrations concerning nature conservation, the photographization did not merely occur within the limits of presuppositions, but rather nature was given the opportunity to unfold itself. While the photograph was being established as a basis for supporting nature conservation or to highlight the destruction of nature at the hand of Man, an attempt was made to represent subjects that were difficult to convey in photographs, such as nature s power or the miracle of growth. The thesis suggests, that in the third case the concept of nature broke away from its strict interconnection with the natural environment and led to a contemplation of nature that is perceivable in a person. In this context the photograph and the photographization are interpreted as an attempt to understand a person and his or her very existence in the world, while this same existential wonder is seen as being embodied in Inha s portrait of a rune singer and in his photographs of forest interior and water. Further, the thesis asks whether photographing nature could be interpreted as an action similar to the idea of the phenomenological reduction as a means of bypassing the photographer s prevailing way of being.

Properties of Toeplitz operators on analytic function spaces : from function symbols to distributions

Toeplitz operators are among the most important classes of concrete operators with applications to several branches of pure and applied mathematics. This doctoral thesis deals with Toeplitz operators on analytic Bergman, Bloch and Fock spaces. Usually, a Toeplitz operator is a composition of multiplication by a function and a suitable projection. The present work deals with generalizing the notion to the case where the function is replaced by a distributional symbol. Fredholm theory for Toeplitz operators with matrix-valued symbols is also considered. The subject of this thesis belongs to the areas of complex analysis, functional analysis and operator theory. This work contains five research articles. The articles one, three and four deal with finding suitable distributional classes in Bergman, Fock and Bloch spaces, respectively. In each case the symbol class to be considered turns out to be a certain weighted Sobolev-type space of distributions. The Bergman space setting is the most straightforward. When dealing with Fock spaces, some difficulties arise due to unboundedness of the complex plane and the properties of the Gaussian measure in the definition. In the Bloch-type spaces an additional logarithmic weight must be introduced. Sufficient conditions for boundedness and compactness are derived. The article two contains a portion showing that under additional assumptions, the condition for Bergman spaces is also necessary. The fifth article deals with Fredholm theory for Toeplitz operators having matrix-valued symbols. The essential spectra and index theorems are obtained with the help of Hardy space factorization and the Berezin transform, for instance. The article two also has a part dealing with matrix-valued symbols in a non-reflexive Bergman space, in which case a condition on the oscillation of the symbol (a logarithmic VMO-condition) must be added.

Myymälämarkkinointi osana markkinointiviestintää – Kuluttajien arvostamat tekijät päivittäistavarakaupassa. CASE: K-supermarket Torpparinmäki

Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan K-supermarket Torpparinmäen asiakkaiden arvostuksia myymälän sisäisiin toimiin liittyen. Myymälän sisäisiin toimiin lasketaan tässä tutkimuksessa kuuluvan laaja kirjo asioita kuten hinnat, tarjoukset, valikoiman laajuus eri tuoteryhmissä, elämyksellisyys, hyllysijoittelu, kaupan selkeys, asiakaspalvelu sekä viihtyisyys. Myös merkityksellisten ja vähemmän merkityksellisten asioiden toteutumisesta kyseisessä myymälässä halutaan vastauksia. Tutkimuksessa nostetaan esille myös erilaiset tiedotuskanavat kaupan markkinoinnissa. Tämän lisäksi sivutaan aihetta kuluttajien päivittäistavarakaupan valintakriteereistä. Tutkimusote on kvantitatiivinen ja kysely suoritettiin survey-tutkimuksena. Tutkimuksessa haluttiin tämän lisäksi kerätä mahdollisimman paljon myös avoimia kommentteja sekä myymälästä että päivittäistavarakaupan valintaan liittyvistä kriteereistä. K-supermarket Torpparinmäen pahin kilpailija alueellaan on S-market Torpparinmäki. Asiakkailta haluttiin kysyä avoimesti, miksi asioivat juuri kyseisessä myymälässä. Kysely suoritettiin lauantaipäivänä K-supermarket Torpparinmässä asioineille 18-89-vuotiaille henkilöille. Kyselyyn vastasi 80 asiakasta, joista 65 % oli naisia ja 35 % miehiä. Tutkimuksen viitekehys jakaa myymälämarkkinoinnin neljään pääkategoriaan: viihtyvyystekijä, palvelutekijä, hintatekijä sekä valikoimatekijä. Näiden tekijöiden merkityksiä asiakkaille haluttiin tutkimuksessa asettaa tärkeysjärjestykseen. Myös näiden tekijöiden toteumaa K-supermarket Torpparinmäessä haluttiin selvittää. Tulosten analysoinnin perusteella edellä mainituista pääkategorioista tärkeimmäksi muodostui valikoimatekijä. Valikoimien monipuolisuutta pidettiin kaikista tärkeimpänä tekijänä myymälässä. Myös luomu- ja lähiruoan valikoimia pidettiin tärkeäpänä kuin valmisruokien. Toiseksi eniten asiakkaat arvostivat asiakaspalvelua ja vasta kolmannelle sijalle päätyi hintatekijä. Neljänneksi tärkeimpänä asiakkaat pitivät viihtyvyystekijää. Mikään tekijöistä ei erottunut suuresti toisistaan, mutta erot olivat kuitenkin selkeitä.