International Portfolio Investments and The Informational Value of Trade

A large volume of literature suggests that information asymmetry resulting from the spatial separation between investors and investments have a significant impact on the composition of investors’ domestic and international portfolios. I show that institutional factors affecting trading in tangible goods help explain a substantial portion of investors’ spatial bias. More importantly, I demonstrate that an information flow medium with breadth and richness directly linked to the bilateral commitment of resources between countries, that I measure by their trading intensity in tangible goods, is consistent with the prevailing country allocation in investors’ international portfolios.

What Determines Stock Option Contract Design?

This paper analyzes factors driving the design of stock option plans for Finnish firms. We examine determinants of the scope of plans, exercise price, target group, and dividend protection. The scope is found to be negatively related to Tobin’s Q and positively related to proxies for monitoring costs. The scope is also greater in broad-based plans, and in plans with dividend protection. Prior stock return is found to be negatively related to the size of the premium (out-of-the-moneyness), whereas dividend protection increases the premium. The results also suggest that investment intensity, cash flow, and monitoring costs are associated with the likelihood of granting premium (out-of-the-money) stock options. Furthermore, the likelihood of granting broad-based plans is increasing in institutional ownership and cash flow constraints, and decreasing in firm size. Broad-based plans are also more likely among firms in growth industries. We find support that the likelihood of dividend protection is decreasing in foreign ownership. In addition, firms paying zero-dividends are less likely to include dividend protection, whereas higher unsystematic risk is associated with a greater likelihood of including dividend protection.

Analysts' Accuracy of Estimation and the Relative Trading Volume

This study contributes to the neglect effect literature by looking at the relative trading volume in terms of value. The results for the Swedish market show a significant positive relationship between the accuracy of estimation and the relative trading volume. Market capitalisation and analyst coverage have in prior studies been used as proxies for neglect. These measures however, do not take into account the effort analysts put in when estimating corporate pre-tax profits. I also find evidence that the industry of the firm influence the accuracy of estimation. In addition, supporting earlier findings, loss making firms are associated with larger forecasting errors. Further, I find that the average forecast error increased in the year 2000 – in Sweden.

Does Uncertainty Affect Investment and Labor Demand?

This paper analyzes the effect of uncertainty on investment and labor demand for Finnish firms during the time period 1987 – 2000. Utilizing a stock return based measure of uncertainty decomposed into systematic and idiosyncratic components, the results reveal that idiosyncratic uncertainty significantly reduces both investment and labor demand. Idiosyncratic uncertainty seems to influence investment in the current period, whereas the depressing effect on labor demand appears with a one-year lag. The results provide support that the depressing effect of idiosyncratic uncertainty on investment is stronger for small firms in comparison to large firms. Some evidence is reported regarding differential effects of uncertainty on labor demand conditional on firm characteristics. Most importantly, the depressing effect of lagged idiosyncratic uncertainty on labor demand tends to be stronger for diversified firms compared with focused firms.

The Impact of FDI on International Portfolio Investments

Some empirical research has argued that part of the reason for the observed "home bias" is that investors are able to indirectly achieve internationally diversified portfolios via domestically listed multinational firms. Another branch of this research attributes the "home bias" and country allocations to more deeply rooted informational causes. Using a four-year annual panel of Finnish international portfolios and Foreign Direct Investments in twenty-five countries, I provide evidence consistent with an information asymmetry explanation

Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Firm Performance:Evidence from Finland

This paper examines the association between corporate governance attributes and firm performance of Finnish firms during 1990 – 2000. The empirical results suggest that corporate governance matters for firm performance. First, univariate test results indicate that firms characterized by a high (efficient) level of corporate governance have delivered greater stock returns, are higher valued based on the measure of Tobin’s Q, and exhibit higher ratios of cash flow to assets, on average, in comparison to their counterparts characterized by a low (inefficient) level of corporate governance. Second, controlling for a number of well-known determinants of stock returns, we find evidence that firms categorized by inefficient corporate governance have delivered inferior returns to shareholders during the investigation period. Finally, after controlling for several common determinants of firm value, we find that firms characterized by efficient corporate governance have been valued higher during the investigation period, measured by Tobin’s Q.

Stock Option Compensation in Finland: An Analysis of Economic Determinants, Contracting Frequency, and Design

This paper addresses several questions in the compensation literature by examining stock option compensation practices of Finnish firms. First, the results indicate that principal-agent theory succeeds quite well in predicting the use of stock options. Proxies for monitoring costs, growth opportunities, ownership structure, and risk are found to determine the use of incentives consistent with theory. Furthermore, the paper examines whether determinants of stock options targeted to top management differ from determinants of broad-based stock option plans. Some evidence is found that factors driving these two types of incentives differ. Second, the results reveal that systematic risk significantly increases the likelihood that firms adopt stock option plans, whereas total firm risk and unsystematic risk do not seem to affect this decision. Third, the results show that growth opportunities are related to time-dimensional contracting frequency, consistent with the argument that incentive levels deviate more rapidly from optimum in firms with high growth opportunities. Finally, the results suggest that vesting schedules are decreasing in financial leverage, and that contract maturity is decreasing in firm focus. In addition, both vesting schedules and contract maturity tend to be longer in firms involving state ownership.

Osakeyhtiöittämisen taloudelliset ja toiminnalliset vaikutukset

Osakeyhtiömuotoisten maatilojen määrä on kasvanut vuodesta 1995 lähtien. Vuonna 2008 Suomessa oli 527 osakeyhtiömuotoista maatilaa. Kaikista Suomen maatiloista osake-yhtiömuotoisia on vielä hyvin vähän. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan yksityisen maataloudenharjoittajan, verotusyhtymän ja osakeyhtiön ominaispiirteitä. Lisäksi tarkastellaan yksityisen maataloudenharjoittajan ja osakeyhtiön tilinpäätöksen toteuttamiseen ja verotukseen liittyviä eroavaisuuksia. Tutkimuksen tutkimusmenetelmänä on kvalitatiivinen tapaustutkimus. Tutkimusta varten haastateltiin kahdeksaa osakeyhtiömuotoisen maatilan yrittäjää. Teemahaastattelun avulla selvitettiin yritysmuodon muutoksen syitä, yritysmuodon muutoksen vaikutuksia, toimintaa rahoittajan kanssa ja osakeyhtiötä maatilan yritysmuotona. Haastateltavilla yrittäjillä oli maatalousalan koulutus ja heillä oli kokemusta toimimisesta maatalousyrittäjinä. Tutkimustilojen päätuotantosuuntina olivat kananmunan-, porsas- tai broilerin tuotanto. Yrittäjät olivat laajentaneet tuotantoaan merkittävästi viimeisen 15 vuoden aikana ja tilat olivat keskimääräistä suurempia. Osakeyhtiöittämisestä saatavat hyödyt olivat keskeisimmät syyt yritysmuodon muutokselle. Näistä merkittävin oli osakeyhtiöihin sovellettava 26 prosentin yhteisöverokanta. Sen katsottiin alentavan veroja ja parantavan kannattavuutta, vakavaraisuutta ja maksuvalmiutta. Lisäksi osakeyhtiö mahdollisti tuotannon aikaisempaa nopeamman laajentamisen. Toiminnallisia vaikutuksia ei yritysmuodon muutoksella katsottu olevan. Yrittäjät aikoivat jatkaa maatalouden harjoittamista osakeyhtiössä ja osakeyhtiön katsottiin olevan heidän tiloilleen oikea yritysmuoto. Osakeyhtiötä yritysmuotona koskevat rajoitteet verrattu yksityiseen maataloudenharjoittajaan oli pääasiassa poistettu. Osakeyhtiön katsottiin soveltuvan yritysmuodoksi varsinkin kannattaville ja velkaisille tiloille. Lisäksi usean yrittäjän omistamilla sekä peltoa omistuksessaan olevilla tiloilla osakeyhtiötyyppisen yritysmuodon katsottiin soveltuvan yritystoiminnan kehittämiseen.

Globalization and the Political : in the Borderlands with the Zapatista Movement

This study explores the meaning, content and significance of the political as manifest in the Mexican Zapatista movement as historically and geopolitically situated struggle. The case study undertakes a critical analysis of the development, organization, practice and discourse of the movement by drawing on fieldwork experiences, interviews, discussions, documents, films and other material produced by the movement, and the critical engagement with the research of others, especially in Latin America and Mexico. The dissertation poses the need to reconsider what constitutes and what we understand by the political , related particularly to the challenges provided by the critical globalization literature, decolonization and the study of social movements. The analysis encompasses several inter-related levels: the theoretical knowledge regarding the conceptualization of the political; the methodological level, regarding how such research can and should be conducted and knowledge claims formulated given the inescapable context and effects of global power relations; and the substantive level of adding specific information and analytical insights to existing knowledge of the Zapatista movement. As a result of conceptualization of a range of practices and processes, distinct understandings of the political can be underlined. Firstly, the conception of the indigenous and the struggles as indigenous movements as specifically political, not just a cultural or ethnic identity or a static quality but rather, an active consciousness integrally linked both to a longer history of oppression and as political articulation in the concrete context and lived experience of contemporary struggle. Secondly, the practice of autonomy as central to an understanding of the political in the context of the Zapatista struggle as a practical response to the situation of oppression, counter-insurgency, siege and conflict in Chiapas, as well as a positively informed mode of political self-understanding, expression and practice in its own right. Thirdly, the notion of geopolitical positioning as important to understanding of the political that encompasses the historicity of specific context and the power relations which shape that context, developed in two different ways: in regard to the positioning of the researcher and knowledge production with and about the Zapatistas, and in regard to the practice and knowledge of the Zapatistas as a decolonizing force in their encounters, interaction and relations with others, especially the global civil society. Finally, the role of silence, absence, invisibility, revelation and hiding in political practice as a deliberate strategy in response to oppressive power. -

Trenditiedon hyödyntäminen liiketoiminnassa – tarkastelu ja tulkinta elintarvikeyritysten käytänteiden kautta

Yritysten on tunnistettava markkinoilla ja kuluttajissa tapahtuvia muutoksia voidakseen johtaa ja suunnitella omaa liiketoimintaansa niin, että se täyttää myös tulevaisuudessa kuluttajien muuttuvat tarpeet. Tästä johtuen tieto trendeistä ja niiden vaikutuksista on yrityksille tärkeää. Trendit mallintavat ja muokkaavat ympäristöä ja markkinoita sekä vaikuttavat lopulta myös kuluttajien asenteisiin ja käyttäytymiseen. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää ja kuvailla sitä, kuinka elintarvikeyritykset hyödyntävät trenditietoa omassa liiketoiminnassaan. Trenditiedon hyödyntämistä selvitettiin tutkimalla yrityksistä löytyviä trenditiedon hyödyntämisen käytänteitä. Yritysten käytänteiden tarkastelu tutkimuksessa perustui siihen ajatukseen, että ne antavat todellista kuvaa siitä, mitä trenditiedolla tehdään ja kuinka sitä hyödynnetään yrityksissä. Aineiston keräämisen ja analysoinnin tueksi tutkimuksessa sovellettiin yrityksen markkinatietojärjestelmää koskevaa teoriaa. Trenditieto on osa yrityksen markkinatietoa ja markkinatietojärjestelmän teorian avulla voitiin tarkastelussa päästä syvemmälle yrityksen tiedon prosesseihin. Tutkimus tehtiin toimeksiantotyönä trenditietoon pohjautuvia tuotteita ja palveluita tarjoavalle asiantuntijaorganisaatiolle Analyse². Tutkimuksen tarkastelussa oleva trenditieto on elintarvikealalle sovellettua, joten myös tutkittavat yritykset olivat elintarvikealan yrityksiä. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin teemahaastatteluilla, jotka kohdistettiin yhteensä seitsemän haastateltavaan kuudesta eri elintarviketeollisuusyrityksestä. Tutkimus tehtiin kvalitatiivisena tutkimuksena, jossa aineiston analyysimenetelmänä käytettiin sisällönanalyysiä. Ensin tehtiin teemoittelu, jonka jälkeen aineisto vielä tyypiteltiin. Tutkimuksen tuloksena löydettiin trenditiedon hyödyntämisen käytänteitä, jotka kertovat miten trenditietoa hankitaan, analysoidaan, käytetään sekä jaetaan ja varastoidaan yrityksissä. Aineistosta löydettiin käytänteitä paljon ja tämä osoittikin, että käytänteet ovat myös liiketoiminnassa relevantti tutkimusala. Käytänteitä löydettiin eniten trenditiedon analysointiin liittyen. Kyseisten käytänteiden perusteella voitiin todeta, että trenditiedon analysointi perustuu hyvin pitkälle trenditiedon luotettavuuden arviointiin niin trendien toteutumisen kuin niiden ilmenemisen kannalta. Löydettyjen käytänteiden kautta nousi erityisesti esiin keskeisiä trenditiedon hyödyntämisen haasteita sekä viitteitä siitä, minkälaista trenditiedon hyödyntäminen on yhtenä yrityksen toimintona.

Applications of Treatment Effects Models and Semiparametric Estimation

This thesis is composed of an introductory chapter and four applications each of them constituting an own chapter. The common element underlying each of the chapters is the econometric methodology. The applications rely mostly on the leading econometric techniques related to estimation of causal effects. The first chapter introduces the econometric techniques that are employed in the remaining chapters. Chapter 2 studies the effects of shocking news on student performance. It exploits the fact that the school shooting in Kauhajoki in 2008 coincided with the matriculation examination period of that fall. It shows that the performance of men declined due to the news of the school shooting. For women the similar pattern remains unobserved. Chapter 3 studies the effects of minimum wage on employment by employing the original Card and Krueger (1994; CK) and Neumark and Wascher (2000; NW) data together with the changes-in-changes (CIC) estimator. As the main result it shows that the employment effect of an increase in the minimum wage is positive for small fast-food restaurants and negative for big fast-food restaurants. Therefore, it shows that the controversial positive employment effect reported by CK is overturned for big fast-food restaurants and that the NW data are shown, in contrast to their original results, to provide support for the positive employment effect. Chapter 4 employs the state-specific U.S. data (collected by Cohen and Einav [2003; CE]) on traffic fatalities to re-evaluate the effects of seat belt laws on the traffic fatalities by using the CIC estimator. It confirms the CE results that on the average an implementation of a mandatory seat belt law results in an increase in the seat belt usage rate and a decrease in the total fatality rate. In contrast to CE, it also finds evidence on compensating-behavior theory, which is observed especially in the states by the border of the U.S. Chapter 5 studies the life cycle consumption in Finland, with the special interest laid on the baby boomers and the older households. It shows that the baby boomers smooth their consumption over the life cycle more than other generations. It also shows that the old households smoothed their life cycle consumption more as a result of the recession in the 1990s, compared to young households.