Finitary Abstract Elementary Classes

The research in model theory has extended from the study of elementary classes to non-elementary classes, i.e. to classes which are not completely axiomatizable in elementary logic. The main theme has been the attempt to generalize tools from elementary stability theory to cover more applications arising in other branches of mathematics. In this doctoral thesis we introduce finitary abstract elementary classes, a non-elementary framework of model theory. These classes are a special case of abstract elementary classes (AEC), introduced by Saharon Shelah in the 1980's. We have collected a set of properties for classes of structures, which enable us to develop a 'geometric' approach to stability theory, including an independence calculus, in a very general framework. The thesis studies AEC's with amalgamation, joint embedding, arbitrarily large models, countable Löwenheim-Skolem number and finite character. The novel idea is the property of finite character, which enables the use of a notion of a weak type instead of the usual Galois type. Notions of simplicity, superstability, Lascar strong type, primary model and U-rank are inroduced for finitary classes. A categoricity transfer result is proved for simple, tame finitary classes: categoricity in any uncountable cardinal transfers upwards and to all cardinals above the Hanf number. Unlike the previous categoricity transfer results of equal generality the theorem does not assume the categoricity cardinal being a successor. The thesis consists of three independent papers. All three papers are joint work with Tapani Hyttinen.

Direct and Inverse Scattering for Beltrami Fields

We consider an obstacle scattering problem for linear Beltrami fields. A vector field is a linear Beltrami field if the curl of the field is a constant times itself. We study the obstacles that are of Neumann type, that is, the normal component of the total field vanishes on the boundary of the obstacle. We prove the unique solvability for the corresponding exterior boundary value problem, in other words, the direct obstacle scattering model. For the inverse obstacle scattering problem, we deduce the formulas that are needed to apply the singular sources method. The numerical examples are computed for the direct scattering problem and for the inverse scattering problem.

Topological stability through tame retractions

A smooth map is said to be stable if small perturbations of the map only differ from the original one by a smooth change of coordinates. Smoothly stable maps are generic among the proper maps between given source and target manifolds when the source and target dimensions belong to the so-called nice dimensions, but outside this range of dimensions, smooth maps cannot generally be approximated by stable maps. This leads to the definition of topologically stable maps, where the smooth coordinate changes are replaced with homeomorphisms. The topologically stable maps are generic among proper maps for any dimensions of source and target. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate methods for proving topological stability by constructing extremely tame (E-tame) retractions onto the map in question from one of its smoothly stable unfoldings. In particular, we investigate how to use E-tame retractions from stable unfoldings to find topologically ministable unfoldings for certain weighted homogeneous maps or germs. Our first results are concerned with the construction of E-tame retractions and their relation to topological stability. We study how to construct the E-tame retractions from partial or local information, and these results form our toolbox for the main constructions. In the next chapter we study the group of right-left equivalences leaving a given multigerm f invariant, and show that when the multigerm is finitely determined, the group has a maximal compact subgroup and that the corresponding quotient is contractible. This means, essentially, that the group can be replaced with a compact Lie group of symmetries without much loss of information. We also show how to split the group into a product whose components only depend on the monogerm components of f. In the final chapter we investigate representatives of the E- and Z-series of singularities, discuss their instability and use our tools to construct E-tame retractions for some of them. The construction is based on describing the geometry of the set of points where the map is not smoothly stable, discovering that by using induction and our constructional tools, we already know how to construct local E-tame retractions along the set. The local solutions can then be glued together using our knowledge about the symmetry group of the local germs. We also discuss how to generalize our method to the whole E- and Z- series.

Computational Methods for Reconstruction and Analysis of Genome-Scale Metabolic Networks

Metabolism is the cellular subsystem responsible for generation of energy from nutrients and production of building blocks for larger macromolecules. Computational and statistical modeling of metabolism is vital to many disciplines including bioengineering, the study of diseases, drug target identification, and understanding the evolution of metabolism. In this thesis, we propose efficient computational methods for metabolic modeling. The techniques presented are targeted particularly at the analysis of large metabolic models encompassing the whole metabolism of one or several organisms. We concentrate on three major themes of metabolic modeling: metabolic pathway analysis, metabolic reconstruction and the study of evolution of metabolism. In the first part of this thesis, we study metabolic pathway analysis. We propose a novel modeling framework called gapless modeling to study biochemically viable metabolic networks and pathways. In addition, we investigate the utilization of atom-level information on metabolism to improve the quality of pathway analyses. We describe efficient algorithms for discovering both gapless and atom-level metabolic pathways, and conduct experiments with large-scale metabolic networks. The presented gapless approach offers a compromise in terms of complexity and feasibility between the previous graph-theoretic and stoichiometric approaches to metabolic modeling. Gapless pathway analysis shows that microbial metabolic networks are not as robust to random damage as suggested by previous studies. Furthermore the amino acid biosynthesis pathways of the fungal species Trichoderma reesei discovered from atom-level data are shown to closely correspond to those of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the second part, we propose computational methods for metabolic reconstruction in the gapless modeling framework. We study the task of reconstructing a metabolic network that does not suffer from connectivity problems. Such problems often limit the usability of reconstructed models, and typically require a significant amount of manual postprocessing. We formulate gapless metabolic reconstruction as an optimization problem and propose an efficient divide-and-conquer strategy to solve it with real-world instances. We also describe computational techniques for solving problems stemming from ambiguities in metabolite naming. These techniques have been implemented in a web-based sofware ReMatch intended for reconstruction of models for 13C metabolic flux analysis. In the third part, we extend our scope from single to multiple metabolic networks and propose an algorithm for inferring gapless metabolic networks of ancestral species from phylogenetic data. Experimenting with 16 fungal species, we show that the method is able to generate results that are easily interpretable and that provide hypotheses about the evolution of metabolism.

Statistical and Information-Theoretic Methods for Data-Analysis

In this Thesis, we develop theory and methods for computational data analysis. The problems in data analysis are approached from three perspectives: statistical learning theory, the Bayesian framework, and the information-theoretic minimum description length (MDL) principle. Contributions in statistical learning theory address the possibility of generalization to unseen cases, and regression analysis with partially observed data with an application to mobile device positioning. In the second part of the Thesis, we discuss so called Bayesian network classifiers, and show that they are closely related to logistic regression models. In the final part, we apply the MDL principle to tracing the history of old manuscripts, and to noise reduction in digital signals.

Efficient Content-based Routing, Mobility-aware Topologies, and Temporal Subspace Matching

Event-based systems are seen as good candidates for supporting distributed applications in dynamic and ubiquitous environments because they support decoupled and asynchronous many-to-many information dissemination. Event systems are widely used, because asynchronous messaging provides a flexible alternative to RPC (Remote Procedure Call). They are typically implemented using an overlay network of routers. A content-based router forwards event messages based on filters that are installed by subscribers and other routers. The filters are organized into a routing table in order to forward incoming events to proper subscribers and neighbouring routers. This thesis addresses the optimization of content-based routing tables organized using the covering relation and presents novel data structures and configurations for improving local and distributed operation. Data structures are needed for organizing filters into a routing table that supports efficient matching and runtime operation. We present novel results on dynamic filter merging and the integration of filter merging with content-based routing tables. In addition, the thesis examines the cost of client mobility using different protocols and routing topologies. We also present a new matching technique called temporal subspace matching. The technique combines two new features. The first feature, temporal operation, supports notifications, or content profiles, that persist in time. The second feature, subspace matching, allows more expressive semantics, because notifications may contain intervals and be defined as subspaces of the content space. We also present an application of temporal subspace matching pertaining to metadata-based continuous collection and object tracking.

The Most Probable Bayesian Network and Beyond

This doctoral dissertation introduces an algorithm for constructing the most probable Bayesian network from data for small domains. The algorithm is used to show that a popular goodness criterion for the Bayesian networks has a severe sensitivity problem. The dissertation then proposes an information theoretic criterion that avoids the problem.

Identifying Meaningful Places

Place identification refers to the process of analyzing sensor data in order to detect places, i.e., spatial areas that are linked with activities and associated with meanings. Place information can be used, e.g., to provide awareness cues in applications that support social interactions, to provide personalized and location-sensitive information to the user, and to support mobile user studies by providing cues about the situations the study participant has encountered. Regularities in human movement patterns make it possible to detect personally meaningful places by analyzing location traces of a user. This thesis focuses on providing system level support for place identification, as well as on algorithmic issues related to the place identification process. The move from location to place requires interactions between location sensing technologies (e.g., GPS or GSM positioning), algorithms that identify places from location data and applications and services that utilize place information. These interactions can be facilitated using a mobile platform, i.e., an application or framework that runs on a mobile phone. For the purposes of this thesis, mobile platforms automate data capture and processing and provide means for disseminating data to applications and other system components. The first contribution of the thesis is BeTelGeuse, a freely available, open source mobile platform that supports multiple runtime environments. The actual place identification process can be understood as a data analysis task where the goal is to analyze (location) measurements and to identify areas that are meaningful to the user. The second contribution of the thesis is the Dirichlet Process Clustering (DPCluster) algorithm, a novel place identification algorithm. The performance of the DPCluster algorithm is evaluated using twelve different datasets that have been collected by different users, at different locations and over different periods of time. As part of the evaluation we compare the DPCluster algorithm against other state-of-the-art place identification algorithms. The results indicate that the DPCluster algorithm provides improved generalization performance against spatial and temporal variations in location measurements.

Digitaalisten teosten maailmanlaajuinen rekisteröinti ja käyttömaksujen kerääminen internetissä

The vastly increased popularity of the Internet as an effective publication and distribution channel of digital works has created serious challenges to enforcing intellectual property rights. Works are widely disseminated on the Internet, with and without permission. This thesis examines the current problems with licence management and copy protection and outlines a new method and system that solve these problems. The WARP system (Works, Authors, Royalties, and Payments) is based on global registration and transfer monitoring of digital works, and accounting and collection of Internet levy funded usage fees payable to the authors and right holders of the works. The detection and counting of downloads is implemented with origrams, short and original parts picked from the contents of the digital work. The origrams are used to create digests, digital fingerprints that identify the piece of work transmitted over the Internet without the need to embed ID tags or any other easily removable metadata in the file.

Aspektiohjelmointi ja hauraat liitoskohtamääritykset

Läpileikkaava näkökulma on tietokoneohjelman toteutukseen liittyvä vaatimus, jota ei voida toteuttaa käytetyllä ohjelmointikielellä omaan ohjelmayksikköön, vaan sen toteutus hajaantuu useisiin ohjelmayksiköihin. Aspektiohjelmointi on uusi ohjelmointiparadigma, jolla läpileikkaava näkökulma voidaan toteuttaa omaan ohjelmayksikköön, aspektiin. Aspekti kapseloi näkökulman toteutuksen neuvon ja liitoskohtamäärityksen avulla. Neuvo sisältää näkökulman toteuttavan ohjelmakoodin ja liitoskohtamääritys valitsee ne ohjelman liitoskohdat, joihin ohjelmakoodi liitetään. Nykyisillä aspektikielillä voidaan valita liitoskohtia pääasiassa niiden syntaktisten ominaisuuksien, kuten nimen ja sijainnin, perusteella. Syntaksiin sidoksissa olevat liitoskohtamääritykset ovat hauraita, sillä ohjelmaan tehdyt muutokset voivat rikkoa syntaksista riippuvia liitoskohtamäärityksiä, vaikka itse liitoskohtamäärityksiin ei tehtäisi muutoksia. Tätä ongelmaa kutsutaan hauraan liitoskohtamäärityksen ongelmaksi. Ongelma on merkittävä, koska hauraat liitoskohtamääritykset vaikeuttavat ohjelman kehitettävyyttä ja ylläpidettävyyttä. Tässä tutkielmassa perehdytään hauraan liitoskohtamäärityksen ongelmaan ja siihen esitettyihin ratkaisuihin. Tutkielmassa näytetään, että ongelmaan ei ole tällä hetkellä kunnollista ratkaisua.

Kenttätutkimusaineiston hyödyntäminen käyttöliittymäsuunnittelussa

Tässä työssä arvioidaan kenttätutkimusaineiston hyödyntämisen etuja käyttöliittymäsuunnittelussa. Tulokset perustuvat kahden samasta ohjelmasta eri tavalla suunnitellun käyttöliittymän arviointiin. Käytettävissä on aikaisemmin suunniteltu käyttöliittymä ja tässä työssä suunniteltava uusi käyttöliittymä, jonka suunnittelussa hyödynnetään kenttätutkimuksesta saatua aineistoa. Aluksi tässä työssä käydään läpi kenttätutkimuksen perusteet, tehdään suunnitelma kenttätutkimuksesta ja käydään tekemässä käyttäjien työtiloissa kenttätutkimusta kontekstuaalisen haastattelun menetelmän mukaisesti. Seuraavaksi käydään läpi käyttöliittymäsuunnittelun teoriaa, esitellään tässä työssä käytettävä GDDsuunnittelumenetelmä ja tehdään sen tarvitsemat tavoitepohjaiset käyttötapaukset kenttätutkimusaineiston pohjalta. Tämän jälkeen simuloidaan uusi käyttöliittymä käyttäen ainoastaan kenttätutkimuksesta saatua aineistoa. Lopuksi simuloitua ja aiemmin suunniteltua käyttöliittymää arvioidaan oikeilla käyttäjillä läpikäyntipalavereissa ja analysoidaan tulokset. Tuloksissa osoitetaan miten todellisten käyttötilanteiden simulointi tuottaa erilaisia käyttöliittymäratkaisuja verrattuna toimintojen toteuttamiseen. Käyttöliittymäratkaisujen ongelmien pohjalta todetaan, että on hyvin tärkeää ymmärtää käyttäjien todellinen työprosessi. Pelkästään kaikkien tarpeellisten toimintojen toteuttaminen ei takaa hyvää käyttöliittymää. On tärkeää miten toiminnot ja tietosisältö on aseteltu käyttöliittymään. Simuloinnissa ne suunnitellaan käyttöliittymään käyttäjien työn kannalta paremmassa järjestyksessä. Tämä nopeuttaa käyttäjien työskentelyä ja parantaa opittavuutta, koska tietoa ja toiminnallisuutta ei tarvitse etsiä käyttöliittymästä. Tekstin lopussa arvioidaan tässä työssä käytettyjen menetelmien soveltamista käytäntöön käyttöliittymäsuunnitteluprosessiin käytetyn ajan ja läpikäyntipalaverien analyysin perusteella.

Ympäristöluvan ja kasvihuonekaasujen päästöluvan yhdentäminen : Lupajärjestelmien oikeudellisen integroinnin tarkastelu

Ympäristönsuojeluoikeudellisessa sääntelyssä on sekä kansainvälisesti että kansallisesti viime vuosikymmeninä tavoiteltu lupajärjestelmien yhdentämistä. OECD:ssä esitettiin jäsenmaille suositus pilaantumiskontrollin lainsäädännölliseksi yhtenäistämiseksi vuonna 1991. Samaan aikaan EU:ssa alettiin valmistella ohjausvälinettä yhdennettyyn pilaantumisen ehkäisemisen ja vähentämisen sääntelyyn, IPPC- eli YPEV-direktiiviä (96/61/EY). Suomessa direktiivi saatettiin voimaan ympäristönsuojelulainsäädännön uudistuksen yhteydessä ympäristönsuojelulailla (86/2000, YSL). Sittemmin maailmanyhteisön keskiöön yltänyttä, YK:n ilmastopuitesopimukseen ja edelleen Kioton pöytäkirjaan pohjaavaa kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen vähentämistä säännellään EU:ssa erillisellä päästökauppadirektiivillä (2003/87/EY). Direktiivi on Suomessa implementoitu päästökauppalailla (683/2004, PKL). Mainitut direktiivit sisältävät kumpikin lupajärjestelmän: YPEV-direktiivi ympäristölupajärjestelmän ja päästökauppadirektiivi kasvihuonekaasujen päästölupajärjestelmän. Näiden synergistä koordinointia tai sovittamista toisiinsa painotetaan toistuvasti päästökauppadirektiivin valmisteluasiakirjoissa. Päästökauppadirektiivin 8 artiklassa säädetään lupajärjestelmien koordinoinnin ja samalla tämän työn kysymyksenasettelun kannalta keskeisesti direktiiveihin pohjaavien lupien keskinäisestä sovittamisesta. Ympäristölupasäännöstö ja kasvihuonekaasujen päästölupasäännöstö (päästöoikeussäännöstö) ilmentävät kuitenkin kahta perustaltaan erilaista päästökontrollin ohjausvälinettä. Ympäristölupajärjestelmä on osa perinteistä hallinnollista sääntelyjärjestelmää, jossa yksittäisillä laitoskohtaisilla lupapäätöksillä ja niihin sisältyvillä lupamääräyksillä ohjataan toimintojen ympäristöllisiä vaikutuksia. Päästöoikeussäännöstö puolestaan rakentuu uudemman, markkinapohjaisiin mekanismeihin pohjaavan sääntelyn varaan. Päästöoikeuslupa nähdään valvonnallisena ja informatiivisena hallinnollis-teknisenä lupana, joka ei itsessään sisällä päästörajoituksia, vaan edulliset ympäristövaikutukset välittyvät päästökauppajärjestelmässä säännellyn päästöoikeuksien kokonaismäärän kautta. Ympäristölupa ja kasvihuonekaasujen päästölupa ovat siten oikeudelliselta luonteeltaan varsin eriäviä. Tässä työssä on selvitetty oikeudellisen integroinnin näkökulmasta, miten mainittujen kahden lupajärjestelmän yhdentäminen ilmenee tai miten sen mahdollisesti tulisi ilmetä yhtäältä säädössystematiikassa ja toisaalta hallintotyön organisoinnissa. Eräänlaisena hypoteettisena lähtökohtana työssä on ollut integroinnin edullisuus, joka taas heijastuu integroidun päästösääntelyn ympäristön ja sen elementtien kokonaisuuden painotuksessa. Tutkimuskysymystä on käsitelty lainopillisesti ja oikeusvertailevasti, lisäksi on haastateltu ympäristö- ja päästökauppaviranomaisen edustajaa sekä toiminnanharjoittajatahon edustajaa. Kummankin lupajärjestelmän kansainvälistä, yhteisöoikeudellista ja kansallista säädöspohjaa on tarkasteltu. YSL:n ja PKL:n keskeisiä käsitteitä on analysoitu säädösten soveltamisalojen leikkauskohtien selvittämiseksi. Oikeusvertailevassa osuudessa on tutkittu Ruotsin, Saksan ja Alankomaiden ympäristölupa- ja päästökauppalainsäädäntöä. Vertailtavat maat on valittu siten, että käytetyt implementointiratkaisut edustavat tutkimuskysymyksen kannalta erilaisia vaihtoehtoja. Työn tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että lupajärjestelmien menettelyllinen integrointi on mahdollista. Käsiteanalyysissä ei tullut esille seikkoja, jotka estäisivät säännöstöjen yhdentämistä merkittävien soveltamisalaeroavaisuuksien takia, joskin katvealueitakin esiintyy. Tarkastelluista käsitteistä esimerkiksi toiminnanharjoittajan käsite oli likipitäen identtinen kummassakin normistossa, päästön käsite puolestaan määrittää molempia säännöstöjä, mutta sisällöllisesti kuitenkin eroavasti. Toimialakohtaisia eroavaisuuksia sitä vastoin tuli esiin; näihin on tosin vireillä muutoksia sekä yhteisössä että Suomessa. YPEV-säännöstössä niin keskeinen pilaantumisen käsite puuttuu päästökauppanormistosta. Asiantuntijahaastatteluista kävi ilmi, että kaikki tahot pitivät nykyisiä lupajärjestelmiä toimivina; tilanne voi muuttua jos päästökauppajärjestelmä tulevaisuudessa kattaa muita kasvihuonekaasuja. Vertailevan aineiston perusteella havaittiin, että Saksassa lupajärjestelmät on yhdennetty, kun taas Ruotsin eriytetty päästökauppalainsäädäntö vastaa jokseenkin kotimaista. Alankomaiden ratkaisu poikkeaa edellisistä siinä, että kasvihuonekaasujen päästökauppajärjestelmä on yhdistetty jo ennestään säänneltyyn typen oksidien kauppaan. Hollannissa näyttäisi lisäksi olevan valmisteilla mittava lupajärjestelmien uudistaminen, yhdentävään suuntaan. Lupajärjestelmät ovat siis menettelyllisesti yhdennettävissä, mutta aineelliseen integrointiin sen sijaan tarvittaisiin kokonaan uusi lupainstrumentti.

Kutsu kuuliaisuuteen : James I. Packerin liittonomistinen raamattukäsitys

This dissertation examines James I. Packer s view of the Bible as the book of God s revelation. However, this study could not be complete without discussion of his background ideas about God, man and the foundations of theology. The research method used in this dissertation is systematic analysis. I analyse key theological concepts in the data, such as inerrancy, God s word and the covenant of grace, and examine Packer s concepts primarily in the context of the reformed tradition that he represents. Although the dissertation presents the philosophical premises of Packer s thought, the focus is on an analysis of theological concepts. Packer claims to approach theological issues broadly and to reject legalism. However, he also considers Calvinist thinking to be best suited to theological work and emphasises the central role of law in his view of the Bible. My dissertation pays particular attention to the status of law in Packer s theology and especially in the covenant of grace. The dissertation shows that the fundamental theological structure of Packer s view of the Bible is based on Puritan covenant theology, which consists of the temporally successive covenant of works and covenant of grace. Covenant theology stresses the connection and friendship between God and man. Man s highest goal according to the Westminster Confession of Faith (1647) is to glorify the triune God and to rejoice in him for all eternity. After the fall of man, this friendship between God and man can only take place in the covenant of grace. For Packer, the covenant of grace encompasses not only the time of the Gospel, but also the time of the law before the Gospel. Consequently, the covenant of grace incorporates in its very essence the demand of obedience to God s law. Covenant theology forms the foundation for both his view of the Bible and his idea that a believer lives in a covenant of grace, the key aspects of which are God s commandments and man s works. Law and the Gospel are not considered fundamental opposites in the covenant of grace, unlike in justification. In the covenant of grace, man has become God s friend who obeys the law as the law of Christ in a way which differs from Luther s view of obedience to the faith . For Packer, covenant theology is a Puritan instrument to link predestination and sanctification. Works committed in obedience show that the believer belongs to the covenant of grace and will be among the saved. Although voluntary obedience to God s commandments is not a direct instrument to achieve salvation, it is a pivotal sign of predestination. God calls the predestined to salvation with an effectual calling, the reliable message of the Bible. In sanctification, God guides a believer living in the context of covenantal nomism. In that sense, the Bible is above all an instrument of law guided by reason. In man s obedience, God completes man s nature and restores the imago Dei in man.

Tila tilassa : Liturgian ja tilan dialogi alttarin äärellä

This study examines the organisation and transformation of altar space in the modern Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland in liturgical and architectural perspective. The research data consists of 65 altar spaces in The Finnish Evangelical Lutheran church buildings. All of these were characterised in Church Government records as churches , built 1962 1999 and had been consecrated. The main data was collected by means of observation, photographing, and drawing sketches of altar spaces. The focus of this study concerns the organisation of modern Finnish Evangelical Lutheran altar spaces and, in particular, their changes also in relation to the liturgical movement. The challenge of this approach was especially in discovering the spatial identity of an altar space in terms of unequivocal boundaries. The analysis was realised in three stages. Interiors, the organisation of altar space, as well as architectonic qualities of altar spaces in terms of floor elevations, shapes of ceilings, lighting, and openings in the altar space were analysed. Moreover, attention was focused on furnishing and fixed versus movable pieces of furniture (such as the altar, altar rail, the pulpit, the baptismal font, and lectern). Finally, the potential qualitative and quantitative changes in altar space were examined. All in all, the majority of churches in the data featured elongated church halls with an altar at the end of the nave. To look at the data in chronological perspective, increasingly wide church halls had been built since the 1980s (yet there was only one central hall in which the altar was placed at the middle point of the church). Every third church altar was movable. As for the focal point of this study and the altar in particular, it was my aim to pay attention to the versus populum altar and its development in relation to the (Lutheran) liturgy. Hence, it was meaningful to determine, in terms of interior design, whether liturgists were able to celebrate facing the people attending the service. In the 1960s and 70s, a versus orientem altar featured in more than half of all new Finnish Lutheran churches, yet in 2000 two out of three churches featured a versus populum altar. For architectural and esthetic reasons (and not primarily due to liturgical ideas), also altars standing freely off the walls had been constructed. In terms of the liturgy, versus populum altars had been realised in expectation of increased communication between liturgist and worshippers. However, the analysis indicated that the altar could also become a divider of space. This aspect is a novel finding in relation to earlier and concurrent discussions concerning the liturgical movement. This study concluded, all in all, that altars had been increasingly constructed closer and closer to the worshiping parish and, accordingly, used increasingly often in the versus populum manner. Lecterns were often movable until the millennium this was the case in most altar spaces. Baptismal fonts did not have a permanent place in this data, and the data even included altar spaces with no baptismal fonts in the choir, nor the church hall. The position and status of fonts was generally weakened even if baptism in the Lutheran Church was regarded as one of the two sacraments together with the eucharist. The study concluded that even if baptism is regarded as a sacrament in the church, the position and status of baptismal fonts had weakened overall in newer church architecture. In other words, the tendency of the liturgical movement to emphasise the service and its celebration had obviously had its effect on the placement of baptismal fonts in the church hall. This research indicated that the pieces of furniture that mostly involved (many kinds of) visual and spatial changes included the altar and the lectern. In certain instances, fixed furnishings had been substituted by movable pieces or, moreover, new pieces of furniture and paraphernalia such as music instruments, pieces of art, tables, chairs and plants were brought in. In the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, liturgical changes were principally inspired by the Catholic Church, in which liturgical changes are essentially based on Canon Law. Unlike Finnish Lutheranism, Catholicism provides detailed rules and principles even regarding the design of an altar space. According to this study, in the Finnish Lutheran Church, the primarily functional nature of given guidelines and instructions characterises several practical solutions in furnishing.

The Catholic Internet discussion on cloning : A study in cognitive rhetoric

This work combines the cognitive theory of folk-theoretical thought with the classical Aristotelian theory of artistic proof in rhetoric. The first half of the work discusses the common ground shared by the elements of artistic proof (logos, pathos, ethos) and the elements of folk-theoretical thought (naïve physics, folk biology, folk psychology, naïve sociology). Combining rhetoric with the cognitive theory of folk-theoretical thought creates a new point of view for argumentation analysis. The logos of an argument can be understood as the inferential relations established between the different parts of an argument. Consequently, within this study the analysis of logos is to be viewed as the analysis of the inferential folk-theoretical elements that make the suggested factual states-of-things appear plausible within given argumentative structures. The pathos of an argumentative structure can be understood as determining the quality of the argumentation in question in the sense that emotive elements play a great part in what can be called a distinction between good and deceptive rhetoric. In the context of this study the analysis of pathos is to be viewed as the analysis of the emotive content of argumentative structures and of whether they aim at facilitating surface- or deep cognitive elaboration of the suggested matters. The ethos of an argumentative structure means both the speaker-presentation and audience-construct that can be discerned within a body of argumentation. In the context of this study, the analysis of ethos is to be understood as the analysis of mutually manifest cognitive environments in the context of argumentation. The theory is used to analyse Catholic Internet discussion concerning cloning. The discussion is divided into six themes: Human Dignity, Sacred Family, Exploitation / Dehumanisation, Playing God, Monsters and Horror Scenarios and Ensoulment. Each theme is analysed for both the rhetorical and the cognitive elements that can be seen creating persuasive force within the argumentative structures presented. It is apparent that the Catholic voices on the Internet extensively oppose cloning. The voices utilise rhetoric that is aggressive and pejorative more often than not. Furthermore, deceptive rhetoric (in the sense presented above) plays a great part in argumentative structures of the Catholic voices. The theory of folk-theoretical thought can be seen as a useful tool for analysing the possible reasons why the Catholic speakers think about cloning and choose to present cloning in their argumentation as they do. The logos utilized in the argumentative structures presented can usually be viewed as based on folk-theoretical inference concerning biology and psychology. The structures of pathos utilized generally appear to aim at generating fear appeal in the assumed audiences, often incorporating counter-intuitive elements. The ethos utilised in the arguments generally revolves around Christian mythology and issues of social responsibility. These structures can also be viewed from the point of view of folk psychology and naïve sociological assumptions.