Quantifying Cell Binding Kinetics Mediated By Surface-Bound Blood Type B Antigen To Immobilized Antibodies

Cell adhesion is crucial to many biological processes, such as inflammatory responses, tumor metastasis and thrombosis formation. Recently a commercial surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based BIAcore biosensor has been extended to determine cell binding mediated by surface-bound biomolecular interactions. How such cell binding is quantitatively governed by kinetic rates and regulating factors, however, has been poorly understood. Here we developed a novel assay to determine the binding kinetics of surface-bound biomolecular interactions using a commercial BIAcore 3000 biosensor. Human red blood cells (RBCs) presenting blood group B antigen and CM5 chip bearing immobilized anti-B monoclonal antibody (mAb) were used to obtain the time courses of response unit, or sensorgrams, when flowing RBCs over the chip surface. A cellular kinetic model was proposed to correlate the sensorgrams with kinetic rates. Impacts of regulating factors, such as cell concentration, flow duration and rate, antibody-presenting level, as well as pH value and osmotic pressure of suspending medium were tested systematically, which imparted the confidence that the approach can be applied to kinetic measurements of cell adhesion mediated by surface-bound biomolecular interactions. These results provided a new insight into quantifying cell binding using a commercial SPR-based BIAcore biosensor.

Measuring Binding Kinetics Of Surface-Bound Molecules Using The Surface Plasmon Resonance Technique

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology and the Biacore biosensor have been widely used to measure the kinetics of biomolecular interactions in the fluid phase. In the past decade, the assay was further extended to measure reaction kinetics when two counterpart molecules are anchored on apposed surfaces. However, the cell binding kinetics has not been well quantified. Here we report development of a cellular kinetic model, combined with experimental procedures for cell binding kinetic measurements, to predict kinetic rates per cell. Human red blood cells coated with bovine serum albumin and anti-BSA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) immobilized on the chip were used to conduct the measurements. Sensor-grams for BSA-coated RBC binding onto and debinding from the anti-BSA mAb-immobilized chip were obtained using a commercial Biacore 3000 biosensor, and analyzed with the cellular kinetic model developed. Not only did the model fit the data well, but it also predicted cellular on and off-rates as well as binding affinities from curve fitting. The dependence of flow duration, flow rate, and site density of BSA on binding kinetics was tested systematically, which further validated the feasibility and reliability of the new approach. Crown copyright (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Soluble Angiopoietin Receptor Tie-2 In Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction And Its Detection By Optical Protein-Chip

The Tie-2 receptor has been shown to play a role in angiogenesis in atherosclerosis. The conventional method assaying the level of soluble Tie-2 (sTie-2) was ELISA. However, this method has some disadvantages. The aims of this research are to establish a more simple detection method, the optical protein-chip based on imaging ellipsomtry (OPC-IE) applying to Tie-2 assay. The sTie-2 biosensor surface on silicon wafer was prepared first, and then serum levels of sTie-2 in 38 patients with AMI were measured on admission (day 1), day 2, day 3 and day 7 after onset of chest pain and 41 healthy controls by ELISA and OPC-IE in parallel. Median level of sTie-2 increased significantly in the AMI patients when compared with the controls. Statistics showed there was a significant correlation in sTie-2 results between the two methods (r=0.923, P0.01). The result of this study showed that the level of sTie-2 increased in AMI, and OPC-IE assay was a fast, reliable, and convenient technique to measure sTie-2 in serum.

基于上转换发光技术的生物传感器及其应用

为实现对特定生物分子的高灵敏度快速检测与分析。采用上转换发光材料作为标记物，研制成功一台基于上转换发光技术的新型光学免疫生物传感器。该传感器利用上转换发光材料在红外光激发下发射可见磷光的特性，通过对免疫层析试纸条上经生物反应而结合上去的上转换发光材料颗粒的含量进行检测，计算出被测样品中特定生物分子的浓度。实验结果表明，该传感器具有较好的生物特异性，对兔抗鼠疫免疫球蛋白(IgG)标准样品的检测灵敏度达到ng／ml量级，并在200～6000ng／ml浓度范围内具有良好的线性响应特性，相关系数R^2≥0．95；

基于一维CCD的免疫层析试纸条检测系统

本文报道的基于一维CCD的免疫层析试纸条检测系统是一种以上转换磷光材料（UCP）作为标记物的生物传感器。该系统通过检测生物反应后试纸条上UCP颗粒的含量，计算出被测样品中特定生物分子的浓度，可以实现对多种病原体的快速定性与定量检测。本检测系统对0—60ns／ml系列标准样品的检测结果具有很好的线性响应特性，且与扫描型检测系统的检测结果十分接近。

Low potential detection of glutamate based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH at thionine/single-walled carbon nanotubes composite modified electrode

A glutamate biosensor based on the electrocatalytic oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which was generated by the enzymatic reaction, was developed via employing a single-walled carbon nanotubes/thionine (Th-SWNTs) nanocomposite as a mediator and an enzyme immobilization matrix. The biosensor, which was fabricated by immobilizing glutamate dehydrogenase (GIDH) on the surface of Th-SWNTs, exhibited a rapid response (ca. 5 s), a low detection limit (0.1 mu M), a wide and useful linear range (0.5-400 mu M), high sensitivity (137.3 +/- 15.7) mu A mM(-1) cm(-2), higher biological affinity, as well as good stability and repeatability. In addition, the common interfering species, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, and 4-acetamidophenol, did not cause any interference due to the use of a low operating potential (190 mV vs. NHE). The biosensor can be used to quantify the concentration of glutamate in the physiological level. The Th-SWNTs system represents a simple and effective approach to the integration of dehydrogenase and electrodes, which can provide analytical access to a large group of enzymes for wide range of bioelectrochemical applications including biosensors and biofuel cells.

电化学SPR生物传感器的研究及应用

围绕论文题目“电化学SPR生物传感器的研究及应用”，我们将SPR传感金膜同时用作电化学研究的界面，在自行组建的电化学SPR (EC-SPR)池中进行了相关的EC-SPR研究。 本论文研究工作的主要内容包括以下几个方面： 1． 发展了一种电化学薄化控制SPR金膜厚度，优化SPR信号的方法。这种方法主要是利用在较高电位下金与氯离子发生络合反应使SPR金膜表面的金部分溶解进入溶液从而达到薄化金基底的目的。通过调节溶液中氯离子的浓度和电化学扫描的次数，可以现场调控SPR基底的金膜厚度。我们用这种处理过的金膜进行了生物分子的吸附试验，结果证明了这种处理过的金膜适用于一般的SPR分析。 2． 采用湿化学镀膜法结合光刻法制备SPR金膜微阵列，拟将用于SPR成像分析。这种方法属于湿化学法制备SPR金膜微阵列，主要是在胶体金纳米粒子的自组装膜上刻蚀出金纳米粒子的微阵列，然后用湿化学法生长出合适的金微阵列。这种方法对制备条件要求比较简单，在制备纳米金微阵列的过程中腐蚀时间比较好控制，同时催化生长出新的金面。重复试验证实了这种方法能够制备出稳定的，尺寸可控的金微阵列，有望用于SPR成像系统研究生物分子相互作用。 3． 在SPR金膜表面利用电沉积法制备了超薄的壳聚糖薄膜，并将之应用于生物分子相互作用的研究。通过一步电沉积的方法制备了超薄的壳聚糖修饰的SPR金基片，并研究了几种常见蛋白与壳聚糖薄膜的非特异性作用，进一步用鼠IgG和抗鼠IgG作为一个典型的例子研究了壳聚糖修饰膜的生物相容性。试验表明壳聚糖修饰膜有好的生物相容性。 4． 首次提出利用生物催化沉积金属纳米粒子放大SPR信号测定小分子的方法。生物小分子抗坏血酸能够还原银离子，使其在金纳米表面沉积形成金属银原子。银原子的沉积将会极大地增强SPR信号，从而实现SPR光谱对小分子抗坏血酸浓度的放大测定。每次测定后，通过电化学剥脱Ag原子，SPR芯片的表面能够完全再生。同时，剥脱的银原子的量也能够被电化学测定，这也实现了抗坏血酸的间接电化学测定。 5． 结合电化学和SPR技术表征了DNA/Zr4+多层膜在金膜表面的生长过程，并研究了这种多层膜与细胞色素c的相互作用。SPR技术被用于测定 (DNA/ Zr4+)1双层中DNA单层的有效膜厚，及其表面覆盖率。利用红外反射光谱和X-射线光电子能谱表征这种多层膜的组成。通过EC-SPR方法，这种多层膜和细胞色素c的相互作用被进一步分析。结果表明这种多层膜不仅增强了细胞色素c的固定量，而且保持了细胞色素c的生物活性。 6． 利用EC-SPR技术测定了聚苯胺支撑的双层磷脂膜中的酶促反应。通过泡囊融合法在聚苯胺表面形成HRP掺杂的磷脂双层膜。这种磷脂双层膜能够很好的保存膜内的辣根过氧化酶(HRP)的活性，同时，这种膜允许质子的跨膜传输，能够提供聚苯胺和HRP在双氧水存在下反应所需的质子，实现酶促开关控制聚苯胺氧化还原态的变化，通过SPR检测这种聚苯胺膜的氧化还原态的变化，从而达到利用SPR测定酶底物小分子的目的。 7． 开展了适配子(aptamer)的EC-SPR研究。利用亚甲基兰为外在电化学探针分子，我们设计了一种简单的、可再生的电化学方法测定小分子腺苷。结果表明这种方法对腺苷的检测具有较高的灵敏性和选择性。这种设计思路有望进一步用于构建一个可再生的SPR传感器平台，用于研究适配子与蛋白质相互作用。

新型安培生物传感器的研制

由于生物传感器在临床、环境、食品等领域具有广阔的应用前景，近年来发展迅速。本论文从合成新型溶胶-凝胶衍生的生物相容性固定化载体和在碳基底表面构筑有序的低聚苯胺分子线两方面对安培酶电极进行了研究。主要结果如下：1．利用溶胶-凝胶／水凝胶复合材料作为载体固定辣根过氧化物酶，构造了无试剂、高稳定的过氧化氢生物传感器。该传感器有望应用于实际在线检测过氧化氢。2．合成了新型功能化溶胶-凝胶／EastmanAQ聚合物复合材料，成功地固定了带正电荷的媒介体，构造了一种响应快速，灵敏度高的无试剂过氧化氢传感器。该功能化复合材料可应用于其它分析检测中。3．合成了钛溶胶-凝胶／聚乙烯醇接枝4-乙烯吡啶复合材料。以该材料为基础制备的酪氨酸生物传感器和葡萄糖生物传感器均表现出高灵敏度，好长期稳定性等优点。该复合材料可应用于其它生物分子的固定。4，合成了有机修饰的溶胶-凝胶／壳聚糖复合材料。由于该材料生物相容性好且价格低廉，因此以其为固定化载体制备的葡萄糖生物传感器有望实现商品化。5．利用电化学还原重氮盐法在碳电极表面构筑了有序的低聚苯胺分子线。利用循环伏安法、X-射线光电子能谱法、扫描隧道显微镜法进行了表征。该设计在传感器、诊断及分子电子领域具有潜在应用前景。

高稳定生物传感器的研究与开发

由于生物传感器在临床、环境、食品等领域具有广阔的应用前景，近年来发展迅速。本论文以“十五”国家科技攻关重大项目《科学仪器研制与开发》的子课题《有机-无机杂化材料膜BOD生物传感器及BOD快速测定仪的研制与开发》为契机，进行了高稳定的BOD生物传感器的研究与开发；将自组装技术和纳米技术相结合，探索了一种制备性能稳定的酶生物传感器的新方法。主要结果如下：目前水污染经常必测的水质监测指标之一的生化需氧量（BOD）存在着测量时间长、不能及时反映水质变化、不能有效地进行信息反馈等缺点，为了解决这些问题，展开了快速、稳定的BOD生物传感器方面的研究：通过对微生物进行筛选，选择性能稳定的、对有机物降解能力强的微生物制备微生物膜；通过对各种固定化材料的比较，筛选出以硅的溶胶掺杂聚乙烯醇接枝聚乙烯毗睫的有机-无机杂化材料固定微生物制备微生物膜，该新型有机-无机掺杂材料不仅有效地防止了薄膜的开裂，而且由于其含有大量的轻基而具有良好的生物相容性。选择适当的溶液作标准溶液，能够改进生物传感器法与传统的五天法结果的一致性，可以进一步拓宽BOD生物传感器的应用范围。所研制的BOD生物传感器能在10 min左右测定BoD含量，稳定性和重现性良好；用于实际样品的测走，所得结果与标准稀释法一致；该传感器保存12个月经活化后至少具有80％以上的活性，可连续使用90天以上。通过对流路系统、恒温系统等的研究，与江苏江分电分析仪器厂的研究人员一起制备了XSF-1型在线BOD监测仪样机三台，并顺利通过了中国科学院院级鉴定。首先将金电极或玻碳电极表面功能化，再依次组装金纳米粒子和酶，制得性能稳定的生物传感器。这样制备的HRP生物传感器，实现了HRP的直接电化学，对H_2O_2还原具有很高的催化活性，响应速度快（＜2.5s）、灵敏度高、重现性好，并且具有长期稳定性。由此提供了一种组装金纳米粒子固定生物大分子的方法，由于金纳米粒子与生物大分子之间有较强的相互作用，酶或蛋白质能被牢固地固定在电极表面，而且金纳米粒子能够促进电子转移，从而有助于实现酶或蛋白质的直接电化学；该方法可多层组装金纳米粒子，从而增加酶载量；此外，该传感器也可与产物含过氧化氢的氧化还原酶联用制备双酶或多酶生物传感器。

融合蛋白方法制备顺序酶传感器

针对顺序酶传感器酶膜活力低、互换性差的难题，该研究以麦芽糖传感器为研究对象，提出了融合蛋白的解决方案，建立了融合蛋白技术制备顺序酶传感器的模式方法.该研究首次将融合蛋白技术引入生物传感器的研究，成功地构建了具有双酶活力的融合蛋白，建立了融合蛋白技术制备顺序酶传感器的模式方法，为解决顺序酶传感器灵敏度和互换性差的难题提供了新的途径，同时也为解决其它顺序酶反应的低效率问题提供了一种新思路.

Surface Initiated Polymerization from Substrates of Low Initiator Density and Its Applications in Biosensors

Surface initiated polymerization (SIP) has become an attractive method for tailoring physical and chemical properties of surfaces for a broad range of applications. Most of those application relied on the merit of a high density coating. In this study we explored a long overlooked field of SIP. SIP from substrates of low initiator density. We combined ellipsometry with AFM to investigate the effect of initiatior density and polymerization time on the morphology of polymer coatings. In addition, we carefully adjusted the nanoscale separation of polymer chains to achieve a balance between nonfouling and immobilization capacities. We further tested the performance of those coating on various biosensors, such as quartz crystal microbalance, surface plasmon resonance, and protein microarrays. The optimized matrices enhanced the performance of those biosensors. This report shall encourage researches to explore new frontiers in SIP that go beyond polymer brushes.

Optimization of evanescent wave imaging for the visualization of protein adsorption layers

We have optimized the settings of evanescent wave imaging for the visualization of a protein adsorption layer. The enhancement of the evanescent wave at the interface brought by the incident angle, the polarized state of light beam as well as a gold layer is considered. In order to improve the image contrast of a protein monolayer in experiments, we have optimized three factors-the incident angle, the polarization of light beam, and the thickness of an introduced thin gold layer with a theoretical simulation.

Amplified electrochemical aptasensor taking AuNPs based sandwich sensing platform as a model

Here, we report a sensitive amplified electrochemical impedimetric aptasensor for thrombin, a kind of serine protease that plays important role in thrombosis and haemostasis. For improving detection sensitivity, a sandwich sensing platform is fabricated, in which the thiolated aptamers are firstly immobilized on a gold substrate to capture the thrombin molecules, and then the aptamer functionalized Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used to amplify the impedimetric signals.

Sensing H2O2 with layer-by-layer assembled Fe3O4-PDDA nanocomposite film

It was found that Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) possess intrinsic enzyme mimetic activity similar to that found in natural peroxidase. Here, we applied Fe3O4 NPs to the construction of efficient electrochemical sensor to detect the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The sensor was fabricated with layer-by-layer assembly of Fe3O4 NPs and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) through the electrostatic interaction, and the multilayer film was characterized with UV-vis absorption spectra, atomic force microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry.