绊根草重金属抗性相关基因的克隆及其功能分析及可耐受偏二甲肼的芦苇变异株系的筛选

本研究利用酵母功能互补方法和RACE的方法从具有较强抗逆能力的绊根草中克隆了9个与重金属抗性相关的克隆，并对部分基因的表达调控及功能进行了初步研究。同时还利用细胞工程技术筛选到了具有较强的耐受火箭推进齐-偏二甲肼(UDMH)的芦苇的变异株系，为以后用人工湿地系统处理受偏二甲肼污染的废水奠定了基础。 本研究通过酵母功能互补法克隆到了五个基因，分别为CdSRP、CdTETH、 CdASP、CdMT2和CdTER1。CdSRP可能是一种衰老相关基因;CdTETH编码的产物可能是组成TRAPP复合体的一个亚基;CdASP是一个功能未知的基因;CdMT2是一个编码Type Ⅱ型金属硫蛋白基因;CdTER1可能是编码一个TERl-like家族蛋白成员的基因。用这五个基因分别转化因Acr基因缺失而对As敏感的酵母菌株FD236-6A，所获得的转化子对As的抗性均有提高，其中以CdMT2、CdTER1和CdASP的作用最为明显。这些基因的表达调控方式以及与其它重金属抗性的关系正在研究中。 本研究还利用RACE的方法克隆了一个谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因，CdGSTFl;两个植物络合素合酶基因，CdPCSI和CdPCSⅡ，和一个TypeⅠ型金属硫蛋白基因CdMT1。CdGSTF1属于phi类GST基因，Northern-blotting分析表明，CdGSTF1在绊根草根部的表达受Cd2+的诱导，暗示其可能具有解除氧自由基或氢过氧化物的毒性的作用。CdPCSI和CdPCSⅡ的同源性较高，表明绊根草含有两个以上的PCs合酶的基因。参照前人的方法对CdPCSI和CdPCSII的氨基酸序列进行分析，发现它们含有六个非常相近的Cd2+结合位点，这两个基因的功能及其调控方式有何差异尚需进一步的研究。cdMT1与用酵母功能互补法克隆到的CdMT2属于不同类型的MT基因，对它们之间很可能存在的功能、组织特异性等方面的差异性进行了讨论。 四氧化二氮／偏二甲肼是常用的航天器双组元液体推进剂。偏二甲肼易挥发，有致癌、致畸、致突变的毒性。在推进剂贮存、运输、转注、火箭发动机试车、火箭发射、管道及设备冲洗中产生的含有偏二甲肼的废水能够对卫星发射基地的地下水源和空气造成污染。因此迫切需要培育能够净化偏二甲肼污水的植物。 本研究利用生长在卫星发射基地的野生芦苇的种子诱导愈伤组织，进而通过逐步提高偏二甲肼筛选压力的方式从中筛选出具有较强抗性的愈伤组织，然后诱导其分化。目前已经得到能够在含有1.63 mmol/L和3.26 mmol/L偏二甲肼的分化培养基中生长良好的芦苇再生苗，并已成功转移至温室中。抗性分化苗对污水的处理效果和耐受偏二甲肼的机理正在研究中。

Statistical analysis of sequence features of introns with positive transcriptional regulation in yeast genes

A great deal of experimental studies have shown that many introns of eukaryotic genes function as regulators of transcription. However, comprehensive studies of this problem have not yet been conducted. After checking the transcription frequencies of some Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), genes and their introns, a remarkable phenomenon was discovered that generally the introns of the genes with higher transcription frequencies are longer, and the introns of the genes with lower transcription frequencies are shorter. This suggests that the longer introns of genes with higher transcription frequencies may contain some characteristic sequence structures, which could enhance the transcription of genes. Therefore, two sets of introns of yeast genes were chosen for further study. The transcription frequencies of the first set of genes are higher (>30), and those of the second set of genes are lower (less than or equal to10). Some oligonucleotides are detected by statistically comparative analyses of the occurrence frequencies of oligonucleotides (mainly tetranucleotides and pentanucleotides), whose occurrence frequencies in the first set of introns; are significantly higher than those in the second set of introns, and are also significantly higher than those in the exons flanking the introns of the first set. Some of these extracted oligonucleotides are the same as the regulatory elements of transcription revealed by experimental analyses. Besides, the distributions of these extracted oligonucleotides in the two sets of introns and the exons show that the sequence structures of the first set of introns are favorable for transcription of genes.

Uncovering the rules for protein-protein interactions from yeast genomic data

Identifying protein-protein interactions is crucial for understanding cellular functions. Genomic data provides opportunities and challenges in identifying these interactions. We uncover the rules for predicting protein-protein interactions using a frequent pattern tree (FPT) approach modified to generate a minimum set of rules (mFPT), with rule attributes constructed from the interaction features of the yeast genomic data. The mFPT prediction accuracy is benchmarked against other commonly used methods such as Bayesian networks and logistic regressions under various statistical measures. Our study indicates that mFPT outranks other methods in predicting the protein-protein interactions for the database used. We predict a new protein-protein interaction complex whose biological function is related to premRNA splicing and new protein-protein interactions within existing complexes based on the rules generated.

Cflec-5, a pattern recognition receptor in scallop Chlamys farreri agglutinating yeast Pichia pastoris

C-type lectins are a superfamily of carbohydrate-recognition proteins which play crucial roles as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the innate immunity. In this study, the full-length cDNA of a C-type lectin was cloned from scallop Chlamys farreri (designated as Cflec-5) by expression sequence tag (EST) analysis and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approach The full-length cDNA of Cflec-5 was of 1412 bp. The open reading frame encoded a polypeptide of 153 amino acids, including a signal sequence and a conserved carbohydrate-recognition domain with the EPN motif determining the mannose-binding specificity The deduced amino acid sequence of Cflec-5 showed high similarity to members of C-type lectin superfamily. The quantitative real-time PCR was performed to investigate the tissue distribution of Cflec-5 mRNA and its temporal expression profiles in hemocytes post pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) stimulation. In healthy scallops, the Cflec-5 mRNA was mainly detected in gill and mantle, and marginally in other tissues The mRNA expression of Cflec-5 could be significantly induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and glucan stimulation and reached the maximum level at 6 h and 12 h, respectively But its expression level did not change significantly during peptidoglycan (PGN) stimulation The function of Cflec-5 was investigated by recombination and expression of the cDNA fragment encoding its mature peptide in Escherichia coli Rosetta Gami (DE3) The recombinant Cflec-5 agglutinated Pichia pastoris in a calcium-independent way The agglutinating activity could be inhibited by D-mannose. LPS and glucan, but not by D-galactose or PGN. These results collectively suggested that Cflec-5 was involved in the innate Immune response of scallops and might contribute to nonself-recognition through its interaction with various PAMPs (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

An New Area Function for Sharp indenter Tips in Nanoindentation

A new area function is introduced and applied to a Berkovich tip in order to characterize the contact projected area between an indenter and indented material. The function can be related directly to tip-rounding, thereby having obviously physical meaning. Nanoindentation experiments are performed on a commercial Nano Indenter XPsystem. The other two area functions introduced by Oliver and Pharr and by Thurn and Cook respectively are involved in this paper for comparison. By comparison from experimental results among different area functions, the indenter tip described by the proposed area function here is very close to the experimental indenter.

Dynamic function of damage and its implications

Dynamic function of damage is the key to the problem of damage evolution of solids. In order to understand it, one must understand its mesoscopic mechanisms and macroscopic formulation. In terms of evolution equation of microdamage and damage moment, a dynamic function of damage is strictly defined. The mesoscopic mechanism underlying self-closed damage evolution law is investigated by means of double damage moments. Numerical results of damage evolution demonstrate some common features for various microdamage dynamics. Then, the dynamic function of damage is applied to inhomogeneous damage field. In this case, damage evolution rate is no longer equal to the dynamic function of damage. It is found that the criterion for damage localization is closely related to compound damage. Finally, an inversion of damage evolution to the dynamic function of damage is proposed.

Function Innovation in Combined Surface Technologies for Metals

表面技术能够显著提高材料功能而成为工程和产品设计的重要组成部分, 但前提是表面技术必须具有可设计性。为此, 需要开拓和发展表面组合加工技术, 进行创新。该技术的内涵体现了新材料与新技术、基础研究与产业化有机结合的特点, 具有重要的价值和广阔的前景。

Barium-Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Yarns As Low-Work-Function Thermionic Cathodes

Barium-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube yarns were fabricated by drawing and twisting multiwalled carbon nanotube forests through a solution containing barium nitrate. After heat activation under vacuum, the functionalized yarns were enriched in barium oxide due to the high surface-to-volume ratio of the nanotubes. The cathodes exhibited good thermionic properties, with a work function as low as 1.73-2.06 eV and thermionic current density that exceeded 185 mA/cm(2) in a field of 850 V/5 mm at 1317 K. The barium-functionalized yarns had high tensile strength of up to 420 MPa and retained strength of similar to 250 MPa after a 2 h activation process. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Semi-weight function method on computation of stress intensity factors in dissimilar materials

Semi-weight function method is developed to solve the plane problem of two bonded dissimilar materials containing a crack along the bond. From equilibrium equation, stress and strain relationship, conditions of continuity across interface and free crack surface, the stress and displacement fields were obtained. The eigenvalue of these fields is lambda. Semi-weight functions were obtained as virtual displacement and stress fields with eigenvalue-lambda. Integral expression of fracture parameters, K-I and K-II, were obtained from reciprocal work theorem with semi-weight functions and approximate displacement and stress values on any integral path around crack tip. The calculation results of applications show that the semi-weight function method is a simple, convenient and high precision calculation method.

Synchronization of modified Chua's circuit with x vertical bar x vertical bar function

This paper considers the chaos synchronization of the modified Chua's circuit with x vertical bar x vertical bar function. We firstly show that a couple of the modified Chua systems with different parameters and initial conditions can be synchronized using active control when the values of parameters both in drive system and response system are known aforehand. Furthermore, based on Lyapunov stability theory we propose an adaptive active control approach to make the states of two identical Chua systems with unknown constant parameters asymptotically synchronized. Moreover the designed controller is independent of those unknown parameters. Numerical simulations are given to validate the proposed synchronization approach.

Self-consistent kinetic modeling of electron distribution function in a low-pressure inductively coupled plasma

Based upon the spatially inhomogeneous Boltzmann equation in two-term approximation coupled with electromagnetic and fluid model analysis for the recently developed inductively coupled plasma sources, a self-consistent electron kinetic model is developed. The electron distribution function, spatial distributions of the electron density and ionization rate are calculated and discussed.

Optimization of tried wave-function in quantum monte-carlo method

A method for optimizing tried wave functions in quantum Monte Carlo method has been found and used to calculate the energies of molecules, such as H-2, Li-2, H-3+, H-3 and H-4. Good results were obtained.

Statistical-theory of multiphoton excitation of polyatomic-molecules based on the wigner function

This paper is aimed at establishing a statistical theory of rotational and vibrational excitation of polyatomic molecules by an intense IR laser. Starting from the Wigner function of quantum statistical mechanics, we treat the rotational motion in the classical approximation; the vibrational modes are classified into active ones which are coupled directly with the laser and the background modes which are not coupled with the laser. The reduced Wigner function, i.e., the Wigner function integrated over all background coordinates should satisfy an integro-differential equation. We introduce the idea of ``viscous damping'' to handle the interaction between the active modes and the background. The damping coefficient can be calculated with the aid of the well-known Schwartz–Slawsky–Herzfeld theory. The resulting equation is solved by the method of moment equations. There is only one adjustable parameter in our scheme; it is introduced due to the lack of precise knowledge about the molecular potential. The theory developed in this paper explains satisfactorily the recent absorption experiments of SF6 irradiated by a short pulse CO2 laser, which are in sharp contradiction with the prevailing quasi-continuum theory. We also refined the density of energy levels which is responsible for the muliphoton excitation of polyatomic molecules.

The gated integration technique for the accurate measurement of the autocorrelation function of speckle intensities scattered from random phase screens

A new approach based on the gated integration technique is proposed for the accurate measurement of the autocorrelation function of speckle intensities scattered from a random phase screen. The Boxcar used for this technique in the acquisition of the speckle intensity data integrates the photoelectric signal during its sampling gate open, and it repeats the sampling by a preset number, in. The average analog of the in samplings output by the Boxcar enhances the signal-to-noise ratio by root m, because the repeated sampling and the average make the useful speckle signals stable, while the randomly varied photoelectric noise is suppressed by 1/ root m. In the experiment, we use an analog-to-digital converter module to synchronize all the actions such as the stepped movement of the phase screen, the repeated sampling, the readout of the averaged output of the Boxcar, etc. The experimental results show that speckle signals are better recovered from contaminated signals, and the autocorrelation function with the secondary maximum is obtained, indicating that the accuracy of the measurement of the autocorrelation function is greatly improved by the gated integration technique. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.