A simple selenium source to synthesize CdSe via the two-phase thermal approach

A novel selenium source was developed to synthesize the size-controlled CdSe nanocrystals with relatively narrow size distribution successfully in a two-phase thermal approach. A highly reactive and aqueous soluble selenium source was provided by the reduction of selenite, and in this route the size of the nanocrystals can be adjusted by the reaction temperature and time. The size, crystalline structure and optical characteristics of these nanocrystals were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The influence factors for this approach were also discussed.

A solution to the upward migration of an intrusion

The evolution of the upward migration of the magma is a nonlinear and unstable problem in mathematics. It is difficult to solve it. And using the numerical method, the solution is relatively tedious and time-consuming. This paper introduces a method of the instantaneous point source to solve the linear and unstable heat conduction equation during the infinite period of time instead of the solution of the nonlinear and unstable heat conduction equation. The results obtained by this method coincide with those by the numerical method, meaning that this method offers a simple way to solve the nonlinear and unstable heat conduction equation.

Beam conditions for radiation generated by an electromagnetic J 0-correlated Schell-model source

Based on the 2 x 2 (electric field) cross-spectral density matrix, a model for an electromagnetic J(0)-correlated Schell-model beam is given that is a generalization of the scalar J(0)-correlated Schell-model beam. The conditions that the matrix for the source to generate an electromagnetic J(0)-correlated Schell-model beam are obtained. The condition for the source to generate a scalar J(0)-correlated Schell-model beam can be considered as a special case. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America

The change of gaseous carbon fluxes following the switch of dominant producers from macrophytes to algae in a shallow subtropical lake of China

Successions of lake ecosystems from clear-water, macrophyte-rich conditions into turbid states with abundant phytoplankton have taken place in many shallow lakes in China. However, little is know about the change of carbon fluxes in lakes during such processes. We conducted a case study in Lake Biandantang to investigate the change of carbon fluxes during such a regime shift. Dissolved aquatic carbon and gaseous carbon (methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)) across air-water interface in three sites with different vegetation covers and compositions were studied and compared. CH4 emissions from three sites were 0.62 +/- 0.36, 0.70 +/- 0.36, and 1.31 +/- 0.57 mg m(-2) h(-1), respectively. Correlation analysis showed that macrophytes, rather than phytoplankton, directly positively affected CH4 emission. CO2 fluxes of three sites in Lake Biandantang were significantly different, and the average values were 77.8 +/- 20.4, 52.2 +/- 14.1 and 3.6 +/- 26.8 mg m(-2) h(-1), respectively. There were an evident trend that the larger macrophyte biomass, the lower CO2 emissions. Correlation analysis showed that in different sites, dominant plant controlled CO2 flux across air-water interface. In a year cycle, the percents of gaseous carbon release from lake accounting for net primary production were significantly different (from 39.3% to 2.8%), indicating that with the decline of macrophytes and regime shift, the lake will be a larger carbon source to the atmosphere. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Intense beam production of highly charged heavy ions by the superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source SECRAL (invited)

There has been increasing demand to provide higher beam intensity and high enough beam energy for heavy ion accelerator and some other applications, which has driven electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source to produce higher charge state ions with higher beam intensity. One of development trends for highly charged ECR ion source is to build new generation ECR sources by utilization of superconducting magnet technology. SECRAL (superconducting ECR ion source with advanced design in Lanzhou) was successfully built to produce intense beams of highly charged ion for Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). The ion source has been optimized to be operated at 28 GHz for its maximum performance. The superconducting magnet confinement configuration of the ion source consists of three axial solenoid coils and six sextupole coils with a cold iron structure as field booster and clamping. An innovative design of SECRAL is that the three axial solenoid coils are located inside of the sextupole bore in order to reduce the interaction forces between the sextupole coils and the solenoid coils. For 28 GHz operation, the magnet assembly can produce peak mirror fields on axis of 3.6 T at injection, 2.2 T at extraction, and a radial sextupole field of 2.0 T at plasma chamber wall. During the commissioning phase at 18 GHz with a stainless steel chamber, tests with various gases and some metals have been conducted with microwave power less than 3.5 kW by two 18 GHz rf generators. It demonstrates the performance is very promising. Some record ion beam intensities have been produced, for instance, 810 e mu A of O7+, 505 e mu A of Xe20+ 306 e mu A of Xe27+, and so on. The effect of the magnetic field configuration on the ion source performance has been studied experimentally. SECRAL has been put into operation to provide highly charged ion beams for HIRFL facility since May 2007.

Experiment on the thermocapillary convection of a mercury liquid bridge in a floating half zone

A liquid bridge of a floating half zone consisting of liquid mercury sealed in a glass tube with nitrogen atmosphere was used for the experiment of thermocapillary convection with a low Prandtl number liquid. A non-contacted diagnostic method was developed to monitor the surface flow and the surface oscillation. A growing surface film (or skin) is a crucial source to suppress thermocapillary convection, and is discussed in this paper. For the case of a mercury Liquid bridge, the critical Marangoni number was obtained as 900, and the oscillatory frequency was around 5 Hz.

A Breakdown Criterion of Free Molecular Flows and an Optimum Analysis of EBPVD

Two important issues in electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) are addressed. The first issue is a validity condition of the classical cosine law widely used in the engineering context. This requires a breakdown criterion of the free molecular assumption on which the cosine law is established. Using the analytical solution of free molecular effusion flow, the number of collisions (N-c) for a particle moving from an evaporative source to a substrate is estimated that is proven inversely proportional to the local Knudsen number at the evaporation surface. N-c = 1 is adopted as a breakdown criterion of the free molecular assumption, and it is verified by experimental data and DSMC results. The second issue is how to realize the uniform distributions of thickness and component over a large-area thin film. Our analysis shows that at relatively low evaporation rates the goal is easy achieved through arranging the evaporative source positions properly and rotating the substrate.

Flow similariy applied in convection-based tilt sensor

The environment temperature has inevitable effects on property of the convect ion-based tilt sensors. It not only redefines the application, but also prevents the improvement of the sensor performance. Numerical simulation of the fluid flow in the chamber of a sensor was performed and the influence of the environment temperature was studied in this paper. At zero tilt angle, the temperature distribution along the perpendicular line cross the heat source at various environment temperatures was presented. It was found that the flow varied dramatically at different environment temperatures, which would cause the output signal vary accordingly, even when the tilt angle was kept at a constant, because this device works by sensing the change of flow. At the same condition, we present the numerical results when the temperature difference across the heat source and the environment was kept at the same, in those results, it was found that the temperature difference at every point along the perpendicular line cross the heat source keep the same, this result confirms the similarity principle of nature convection. Second, A method of eliminating environment temperature infect on property of convect ion-based tilt sensor, which is based on the theory of flow similarity, is proposed. It was found that a thermal transistance can be piped on the circuit of heat source to compensate the temperature of the heat source. A compensative circuit was specially designed which can keep flow similarity by changing heat source temperature in order to eliminate the influence of environment temperature. The experiment results show that above 70% temperature drift can be eliminated by this compensative circuit.

Dual-wavelength competitive output in Nd:Y3Sc1.5Al3.5O12 ceramic disk laser

In this paper, we demonstrated a dual-wavelength competitive output in Nd:Y3SC1.5Al3.5O12 ceramic disk laser. Different dual-wavelength output behaviors for Nd:YSAG and Nd:YAG ceramic disk laser were investigated and discussed. By applying the energy transfer model, we suggested the reasonable explanation for this new phenomenon as the disordered replacing of Al3+ ions by Sc3+ ions. The main advantage of the dual-wavelength ceramic laser is the possibility to serve as the seed source to generate Terahertz radiation. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

针茅属植物锥形繁殖体打钻及其适应意义的研究羊草草原群落植物水分来源对放牧干扰的响应

锥形繁殖体是具有吸湿芒和锐利尖端的一种繁殖体类型。芒的吸湿运动促使锥形繁殖体穿透土壤，而存在于繁殖体上的短硬刚毛阻止它在芒再次打开螺旋时从土壤中退出。通过这个过程，种子被埋藏到一定深度，称之为种子（繁殖体）的打钻作用，这是锥形繁殖体最主要的功能。锥形繁殖体的结构和功能代表了繁殖体在生活史各个阶段的适应，可能是植物在群落内占优势的原因之一。针茅属植物是具有锥形繁殖体的植物中较大的一类，常常被看作是识别地带性植被的优势种。小针茅分布于荒漠草原，克氏针茅和大针茅分别分布于典型草原较干和较湿的区域。沿着环境梯度的变化这些植物呈现明显的生态替代。因此，我们以小针茅、克氏针茅和大针茅为研究对象，从种子打钻、种子埋藏、种子生理特征出发研究针茅属植物的繁殖体特征对地带性分布的适应。结果表明： 小针茅的实生苗主要由当年种子产生，克氏针茅和大针茅在当年的冷秋季节和第二年的春季均能够产生实生苗。根据土壤种子库分类，三种针茅均具有瞬时种子库，所不同的是小针茅具有I型种子库的特征，克氏针茅和大针茅具有II型种子库的特征。针茅属植物通过芒的吸湿运动将繁殖体埋入土壤，这个过程可以造成种子损伤，但大部分只是引起基盘的脱落，而这不影响萌发，受到严重损伤的种子仅占种子库很小的一部分。 繁殖体吸湿芒的损伤程度和繁殖体的入土角度都影响繁殖体的埋藏。当芒被过度损伤以致不能提供杠杆作用时繁殖体不能埋藏。而繁殖体入土角度和埋藏深度之间存在显著的负相关关系。繁殖体的埋藏能力并不总是与土壤条件有关，大针茅和克氏针茅的繁殖体埋藏与土壤类型有关，而小针茅的埋藏主要与环境的湿度条件有关。 种子埋藏深度通过减少实生苗出现率和推迟实生苗的出现时间来影响实生苗的出现。埋藏深度与实生苗的出现率呈显著负相关，与实生苗出现时间呈显著的正相关关系。棕钙土内种子埋藏深度对实生苗出现的影响比在栗钙土内的影响更明显。不同针茅物种具有不同的最适埋藏深度范围，小针茅的最适埋藏深度更浅而范围也更窄，这与它出现的环境有关。因此，繁殖体的形态和生理特征都体现了不同针茅繁殖体对环境条件的进化适应，可以从有性更新的角度解释针茅属植物的地带性分布和生态替代的原因。 放牧是羊草草原的主要利用方式。放牧引起的植被变化影响水分的可用性，而反过来植物所获取的水分来源也可以影响物种的分布。通过测定内蒙古羊草草原群落放牧和不放牧区内主要植物种和土壤的氢同位素值来研究植物 的水分来源，确定放牧对植物使用水分来源的影响，调查放牧前后植物的水分来源变化和相对生物量变化的关系。 我们发现120 cm深的土壤剖面在统计学上可以分为三层：0-20 cm, 20-50 cm和50-120 cm。低于50 cm土壤层的氢同 位素信号类似于地下水，这部分水分很少受到降雨的影响也不被任何植物所利用。群落内，灌木小叶锦鸡儿主要使 用来自20-50 cm土壤层的水分，除此之外大多数物种则主要使用来自水分含量频繁波动的地下20 cm土壤层内的水分。放牧使群落倾向于利用更浅层的土壤水，对植物的水分来源的影响则直接反映到它们的生物量变化上。此外，植 物水分来源对放牧的响应和生物量对放牧的响应存在显著的相关关系，水分来源受到放牧影响越大的植物对放牧的响应越敏感。因此，我们有可能能够通过植物对水分来源的利用来估计物种在放牧演替中的丰富度分布。

Reduction in microcystin concentrations in large and shallow lakes: Water and sediment-interface contributions

Blooms of cyanobacteria, or blue-greens, are known to produce chemicals, such as microcystins, which can be toxic to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Although previous studies have examined the fate of microcystins in freshwater lakes, primary elimination pathways and factors affecting degradation and loss have not been fully explained. The goal of the present study was to explore sources of algal toxins and investigate the distribution and biodegradation of microcystins in water and sediment through laboratory and field analyses. Water and sediment samples were collected monthly from several locations in Lake Taihu from February 2005 to January 2006. Samples were analyzed for the presence of microcystin. Water and sediment were also used in laboratory studies to determine microcystin degradation rates by spiking environmental samples with known concentrations of the chemical and observing concentration changes over time. Some water samples were found to efficiently degrade microcystins. Microcystin concentrations dropped faster in water collected immediately above lake sediment (overlying water). Degradation in sediments was higher than in water. Based on spatial distribution analyses of microcystin in Lake Taihu, higher concentrations (relative to water concentrations) of the chemical were found in lake sediments. These data suggest that sediments play a critical role in microcystin degradation in aquatic systems. The relatively low levels of microcystins found in the environment are most likely due to bacterial biodegradation. Sediments play a crucial role as a source (to the water column) of bio-degrading bacteria and as a carbon-rich environment for bacteria to proliferate and metabolize microcystin and other biogenic toxins produced by cyanobacteria. These, and other, data provide important information that may be applied to management strategies for improvement of water quality in lakes, reservoirs and other water bodies. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An analysis and simulation about conditioned launch for very short reach (VSR-4)

VSR4 links use graded index multimode fibers (GIMMFs) as the transmission medium with operation wavelength 850nm. For cost reasons, VCSEL has been selected as the optical source to VSR4. The minimum bandwidth specification for 62.5um GIMMF in VSR4 is only 400 MHz(.)km for over-filled-launch (OFL) condition. The distance of 300 meters is limited over transmission rates of 1.25Gbit/s on the basis of this specification. In order to overcome the OFL bandwidth limit by selective excitation of a limited number of modes, conditioned launch technique is investigated. In this paper, based on a comprehensive dispersion theory of GIMMF, a model is built to simulate the transmission of optical signal in GIMMFs and a comparison between OFL and conditioned launch is analyzed. The result can be the guidelines for the best choice of techniques for various LAN and interconnect systems also.

Electro-Optical Effect Measurement of Thin-Film Material Using PM Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

A polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometer has been established to measure the EO effect of very thin film materials with optical anisotropy. Unlike a common MZ interferometer,all the components are connected via polarization-maintaining fibers. At the same time, a polarized DFB laser with a maximum power output of 10mW is adopted as the light source to induce a large extinction ratio. Here, we take it to determine the electro-optical coefficients of a very thin superlattice structure with GaAs, KTP, and GaN as comparative samples. The measured EO coefficients show good comparability with the others.

Experiments and modification on electron cyclotron resonance ion sources at the Institute of Modern Physics

Uranium ion beams were produced from electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources by sputtering method this year at the Institute of Modern Physics. At first, we chose the Lanzhou ECR No. 3 ion source to implement the production experiment of U ion beams. Finally, 11 e mu A of U28+, 5 e mu A of U32+, and 1.5 e mu A of U35+ were obtained. A U26+ ion beam produced by the LECR2 ion source was accelerated successfully by the cyclotron. This means that the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) has accomplished the acceleration of the ion beam of the heaviest element according to the designed parameters. The Lanzhou ECR ion source No. 2 (LECR2), which was built in 1997, has served the HIRFL for eight years and needed to be upgraded to provide more intense high charge state ion beams for HIRFL cooling storage ring. We started the upgrading project of LECR2 last year, and the modified design just has been finished. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.