32 resultados para PAH

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Bioavailable water concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine pesticides (OCP) were measured in the water column from Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) collected in May 2008 using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The sampling sites spanned the whole reservoir from the upstream Chongqing to the great dam covering more than 600 km long distance with water flow velocities ranging from <0.05 to 1.5 m s(-1). This is the first experience of SPMD application in the biggest reservoir in the world. The results of water sampling rates based on performance reference compounds (PRC) were tested to be significantly correlated with water flow velocities in the big river. Results of back-calculated aqueous concentrations based on PRC showed obvious regional variations of PAH, PCB and OCP levels in the reservoir. Total PAH ranged from 13.8 to 97.2 ng L-1, with the higher concentrations occurring in the region of upstream and near the dam. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene were the predominant PAH compounds in TGR water. Total PCB ranged from 0.08 to 0.51 ng L-1, with the highest one occurring in the region near the dam. PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180, 118 were the most abundant PCB congeners in the water. The total OCP ranged from 2.33 to 3.60 ng L-1 and the levels showed homogenous distribution in the whole reservoir. HCH, DDT and HCB, PeCB were the major compounds of OCP fingerprints. Based on water quality criteria, the TGR water could be designated as being polluted by HCB and PAH. Data on PAH, PCB and OCP concentrations found in this survey can be used as reference levels for future POP monitoring programmes in TGR. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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以鲤鱼肝微粒体为实验体系 ,研究了被五种多环芳烃 ( PAH)化合物菲、9,1 0 -菲醌、芘、1 -羟基芘、苯并芘污染后 ,其芳烃羟化酶 ( AHH)的活性变化 ,发现多环芳烃对 AHH的诱导具有良好的剂量效应关系。 AHH活性升高的大小可以作为监测多环芳烃对水体污染程度的一种生物指标。五种多环芳烃对 AHH诱导能力的大小为 1 -羟基芘 >苯并芘 ;9,1 0 -菲醌 >芘 >菲 ,与其毒性大小相关。

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Exposure to indoor air pollution (IAP) from the combustion of biomass fuels is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In the work discussed in this paper we evaluated the endocrine activity of soot particles from biomass fuels by using yeast bioassay. These pollutants could have beta-galactosidase activity with a relative potency (RP) about 10(-7)-10(-9) that of estradiol. Soot particles from wood and straw combustion only partially induced beta-galactosidase activity whereas others produced fully inductive activity in the yeast assay system. These pollutants did not have estrogen antagonist and progesterone agonist activity within the defined concentration range. However, these pollutants require 2-4 orders of magnitude higher IC50 to inhibit the activity of progesterone in a similar dose-response manner to mifepristone. We therefore propose that the endocrine activity of some environmental pollutants may be because of inhibition of the progesterone receptor (hPR). GC-MS results showed that substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds, substituted phenolic compounds and derivatives, aromatic carbonyl compounds, and phytosteroids in these soot particles may be mimicking endogenous hormones.

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Green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) were collected from a site in Hong Kong which is relatively free from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination, and maintained in situ at this and three other sites with different degrees of PAH contamination. The transplanted mussels were retrieved after a 30-day field exposure. DNA adducts in the gill tissues were quantified, and tissue concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene as well as total PAHs (with potential carcinogenicity) determined for individual mussels. Results indicate that (1) tissue concentration of PAHs and adduct levels in mussels collected from a single site can be highly variable; and (2) adduct levels were related to tissue concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene as well as total PAHs of individual animals.

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Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the Ya-Er Lake area (Hubei, China) sediment cores of 3 ponds in the shallow Ya-Er Lake were investigated for 16 PAH. Analytical procedure included extraction by ultrasonication, clean-up by gel-permeation and quantification by HPLC with fluorescence detection. The total PAH amount in sediment samples of the Ya-Er Lake ranged from 68 to 2242 mu g/kg. Concentrations decreased from pond 1 to pond 3 and from upper to lower sediment layers. In addition a soil sample from Ya-Er Lake area showed a total PAH amount of 58 mu g/kg. The PAH pattern in lower sediment layers were similar to that of the soil sample which indicates an atmospheric deposition into the sediments prior to 1970 only. The PAH profile of upper sediment samples, which differs completely from that of lower layers, may be explained by a gradually increasing input of mixed combustion and raw fuel sources since 1970. Therefore the origin of increased PAH contamination in Ya-Er Lake during the last 3 decades has been probably an industrial waste effluent in pond 1.

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纳米管是重要的一维纳米材料,在催化、分离、光电子材料、生物医药、超分子组装及复合材料等领域的应用前景广阔。探索新型的纳米管材料、研究它们的性质以及与高分子体系的杂化行为对该领域的发展具有重要意义。 Imogolite是一种纳米管状结构的硅铝酸盐,结构规整、具有独特的亲水性以及在水溶液中的分散性,是一种理想的纳米管研究对象。本论文采用正硅酸乙酯水解法合成了imogolite纳米管。使用光学显微镜,TEM,SEM,FTIR,WAXD,TGA等手段系统地研究了imogolite纳米管的生长机理、imogolite纳米管在液滴干燥过程中的自组装行为、imogolite纳米管与聚电解质的组装行为,以及imogolite纳米管/水溶性聚合物体系在液滴干燥过程中的组装行为。 Imogolite纳米管在液滴蒸发过程中可发生有序排列的自组装行为,这与液滴干燥过程中的毛细管流动、表面张力效应及润湿性质等有关。在空气中干燥imogolite液滴时,溶液浓度、pH、离子强度均会影响纳米管在液滴干燥斑中的聚集形态。低浓度液滴干燥后形成的取向纳米管束结构很好地验证了环状干燥斑的形成机理。而在乙醇气氛下干燥imogolite液滴时,毛细管流动被抑制,体系的表面能降低,因此可获得在基底上单根均匀分散的imogolite纳米管。 利用上述结果,首次实现了对合成imogolite纳米管聚合生长过程的直接观察。发现imogolite纳米管在生长过程中,直径尺寸均匀稳定;而长度的多分散性始终存在,且长度多分散性指数小于2。聚合反应初期,纳米管数量和长度均增长迅速;反应后期,纳米管长度和体系浓度的增大致使纳米管运动受限,反应为扩散控制,但体系内仍有大量imogolite短管生成并持续生长,使纳米管数量和长度在反应后期仍可继续增长。这表明合成imogolite纳米管是由扩散控制的硬棒状分子单元逐步聚合形成。 基于imogolite纳米管独特的表面性质,研究了imogolite与水溶性聚合物之间的组装行为。首次发现imogolite纳米管能够与聚电解质(PAA,PAH,PSS,PDDA)在水溶液中组装形成稳定的微米管结构。此类微米管是由椭球形的囊泡相互连接形成的超分子组装体。微米管结构稳定,骨架为无规的imogolite纳米管,聚电解质起粘结作用。微米管的形成不依赖于聚电解质的电荷性质或氢键作用,但聚电解质的浓度和分子量、聚电解质与imogolite的配比、温度、外力场以及pH均能够影响微米管的生长及最终形态。 聚阴离子聚电解质PAA和PSS与imogolite纳米管之间存在较强的相互作用,这阻碍了纳米管在液滴蒸发过程中的自组装行为,使其无法有序排列。Imogolite纳米管在PEO液滴干燥过程中的自组装行为与PEO浓度、分子量和端基性质有关。对于低浓度PEO体系,PEO能通过被氧化的端羟基与imogolite纳米管相互作用,吸附到imogolite纳米管外壁的PEO分子可以改变纳米管的排列间距。这表明在聚合物/imogolite体系中,通过改变聚合物分子的结构参数,可调控imogolite纳米管在液滴干燥过程中的排列方式。

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低介电常数材料可作为微电子器件的层间或是导线间的绝缘材料,以提高微电子芯片的信号传输速率。在聚合物材料中引入氟元素或引入空洞可以有效降低聚合物材料介电常数。本文利用层层组装的方法在聚合物中引入空洞以降低聚合物材料的介电常数。这样,不仅能够获得低介电常数材料,而且可以得到超薄膜,对于降低电子元件的尺寸、提高芯片的信号传输速率具有实际的应用价值。 对具有笼状结构的八苯代聚倍半硅氧烷(OPS)采取先用发烟硝酸硝化为带有硝基的产物ONPS,然后再以水合肼作为还原剂将硝基还原为胺基的两步反应方法,制得了带有胺基的聚倍半硅氧烷(OAPS)。用NMR、FTIR方法对合成过程从原料、中间产物、及目标产物进行跟踪分析证明反应结束后,OAPS仍然具有完整的笼状结构,并且胺基化很完全。另外,利用发烟硫酸作为磺化试剂,采用一步合成的方法制得了磺化OPS(SOPS)。经NMR、FTIR表征,确认了SOPS的结构,磺酸基是在苯环上Si的间位发生了取代。经XPS分析得知,OPS上约有91%的苯环参与了磺化反应。在合适的条件下SOPS与OAPS都可以溶于水,分别带有负电荷与正电荷。 然后,利用合成的SOPS与聚丙烯胺(PAH)进行组装。当PAH溶液的pH值小于7.5时,SOPS在PAH溶液中产生脱落现象。通过调节PAH溶液的pH值,可以控制SOPS在PAH溶液中的脱落现象。当PAH溶液的pH值为9.0时,SOPS在PAH溶液中不再脱落。紫外数据表明,尽管组装过程中SOPS在PAH溶液中会有部分脱落,但这并不影响SOPS/PAH复合多层膜的组装。当溶液的pH为3.0时,OAPS溶于水中并带有正电荷。带有负电荷的聚对苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)、聚丙烯酸(PAcA)分别与带有正电荷的OAPS实现层层组装。经过QCM、Contact Angle、XPS、UV等方法表征,证明OAPS/PSS与OAPS/PAcA复合多层膜组装过程中生长均匀,并且多层膜厚度可控。用椭圆偏振的方法测得OAPS/PAcA多层膜的折光指数,运用Maxwell方程将其转化为介电常数为2.01,较纯聚丙烯酸的介电常数(2.56)有明显的降低。加热处理OAPS/PAcA多层膜,红外(FTIR)光谱数据显示OAPS与PAcA间发生了交联反应,形成新的酰胺键。紫外可见(UV-Vis)光谱数据也表明,加热后的OAPS/PAcA多层膜在强酸性溶液中的稳定性较加热前的样品有极大的提高。 合成了聚酰胺酸,并将其制成可溶于水的聚酰胺酸三乙胺盐(PAAs)。调节PAAs溶液的pH值为7.5,使之带有负电荷,可以与带有正电荷的OctaAmmonium(OA-POSS)纳米粒子进行组装。QCM数据显示,当OA-POSS的pH为4.5时,PAAs与OA-POSS的组装量相当,组装量比较大。UV-Vis、XPS数据表明,OA-POSS与PAAs可以实现层层组装,并且组装均匀,可控。加热交联后,PAAs能够很容易地转化为聚酰亚胺(PI)。 调节溶液的pH值,使豇豆花叶病毒(CPMV)表面带有负电。以聚阳离子的聚二烯丙基二甲基胺盐酸盐(PDDA)和聚丙烯胺(PAH)作为插层材料可以实现PAAs与CPMV的层层组装,制得复合多层膜[PDDA/CPMV+(PDDA/PAAs)m]n和[PAH/CPMV+(PAH/PAAs)m]n。QCM、UV-Vis数据表明,多层组装膜的厚度可以通过改变[PAH/CPMV+(PAH/PAAs)m]或[PDDA/CPMV+(PDDA/PAAs)m]的组装循环层数进行调节。而且,薄膜中CPMV与PAAs的比例也可以通过改变(PAH/PAAs)或(PDDA/PAAs)的循环个数进行调节。得到组装多层膜后,将其进行加热处理。FTIR数据显示,以PAH、PDDA作为插层所制备得到的CPMV/PAAs复合多层膜经过加热处理后,PAAs向PI的转化非常完全。用椭圆偏振的方法测试加热交联前后的多层膜样品[PAH/CPMV+(PAH/PAAs)m]n的厚度及折光指数,可以得知,加热处理后,薄膜的厚度稍有降低。将折光指数用Maxwell方程转化为介电常数为2.32,这一数值比纯聚酰亚胺的介电常数值(3.40)降低很多,归因于聚酰亚胺中引入带有空洞结构的CPMV,使聚酰亚胺的密度降低,从而降低材料的介电常数。

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本文探讨了蚯蚓细胞色素P450作为生物标记物诊断土壤低剂量PAHs污染的可行性,主要以蚯蚓P450含量和AHH活性二项指标为主,开展“土壤低剂量PAHs污染敏感生态毒理诊断指标研究”,并结合其它分子毒理诊断指标,通过指示敏感性比较,最终建立土壤低剂量PAHs污染早期诊断的敏感生物标记指标或指标组合,为土壤污染早期诊断奠定基础。 蚯蚓P450含量测定方法研究表明,在强化预处理的基础上,通过微粒体增溶、物理分离和解剖后内脏直接测定等去干扰手段均可实现P450含量的测定。通过三种方法的比较,最终确定内脏直接测定法为最佳方法。在此基础上,对CO通气量进一步优化,确保P450含量的准确定性和定量。 低剂量PAHs胁迫下蚯蚓细胞色素P450响应研究表明,P450含量和AHH活性两指标随暴露时间的增加总体上表现为“先诱导后抑制”的响应规律,且响应因PAHs的不同而存在差异,对芘的指示效应最强,荧蒽次之,菲最弱,与其毒性大小相关。其中,AHH对PAHs的指示作用优于P450含量,两指标的响应情况显示了它们作为生物标记物的可行性。为增强污染诊断的灵敏性和有效性,可将蚯蚓P450含量和特异性同工酶活性联合,彼此互为补充,共同应用于土壤污染生态毒理诊断中。 低剂量PAHs胁迫下,参比指标的响应情况与P450相比结果显示,P450含量和AHH活性的指示效应最明显;SOD和POD活性的指示次之;GST和CAT活性虽表现出指示效应,但并不是对三种PAHs都具有指示效果;MDA含量对低剂量PAHs的指示性最差。不同指标对污染物的指示敏感性存在差异,因而在进行土壤污染生态毒理诊断时,应选用多指标联合,彼此相互补充,以适应不同污染状况下的污染诊断。酶活性对毒物暴露的响应在时间上是一个动态变化过程,单一时段的暴露结果可能不足以揭示污染物的毒性效应,选择多时段检测对污染暴露的灵敏指示尤为重要。 应用蚯蚓生化指标对沈阳污灌区土壤进行毒性诊断,结果表明P450、AHH、GST、POD和CAT五个指标通过不同时段的检测均可对供试土壤显示出指示效应;而SOD和MDA两指标均出现“漏诊”现象。同实验室条件下低剂量污染情况相比,P450含量和POD的指示效果在两种情况下均较好;AHH、SOD在实验室条件下的指示更为优越;而GST、CAT和MDA更适合于污染物复杂的实际土壤诊断。研究结果从实际应用的角度再一次证实,任何一种指标若采用单时段的检测均存在其污染诊断的“盲区”。在进行实际环境污染诊断时,采用多指标和多时段检测是不可或缺的。

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本文以土壤为介质,以三环的菲(Phe)、四环的芘(Pyr)和五环的苯并[a]芘(BaP)为目标污染物,研究了紫外灯照射下土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的降解,并以半导体纳米TiO2和Fe2O3为催化剂研究了土壤中PAHs的催化降解,对光降解及光催化降解的动力学进行了研究,在室内条件下考察了土壤条件和环境因子对光降解及光催化降解PAHs的影响;研究了太阳光照条件下土壤pH值对光降解和催化降解的影响和腐殖酸对光降解的影响;初步探讨了纳米TiO2催化光降解土壤中PAHs的机制。 研究结果表明:土壤中PAHs的紫外光降解符合一级动力学模型,土壤中PAHs光降解与土壤厚度呈显著负相关,土壤粒径对紫外光解PAHs有显著影响,温度从20 ℃升高到30 ℃,光解速率逐渐增加,在PAHs污染土壤的光降解中腐殖酸起敏化作用,随着紫外辐射强度的增加,光降解速率加快。 纳米TiO2和Fe2O3均能促进土壤中PAHs的紫外光降解,PAHs光催化降解符合一级动力学模型,在酸性和碱性土壤条件下,光催化降解PAHs的速率均高于中性,在不同光质条件下,TiO2 、Fe2O3催化光降解PAHs的速率发生变化,随着紫外辐射强度的增加,光催化降解速率常数增加,半衰期减少;腐殖酸促进TiO2 、Fe2O3催化土壤中PAHs的光降解,腐殖酸在这个过程中起着敏化作用。 在太阳光照射下酸性和碱性土壤中PAHs的降解快于中性,PAHs污染土壤中在加入腐殖酸后光降解速率加快,在酸性条件下催化降解最快,在碱性和中性条件下相差不大。 土壤中PAHs存在着PAH的光致电离、电子向O2的转移的两种降解途径;在有催化剂TiO2条件下,由于催化剂在光照后形成的电子-空穴能够氧化还原污染物,PAH的光致电离、电子向O2的转移的引起的降解,共同促进了土壤中PAHs的光催化降解。

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通过室内模拟和室外盆栽实验方法。进行了污染土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)和矿物油生物修复调控研究;表面活性剂吐温-80对土壤多环芳烃生物修复作用研究及植物根际对土壤多环芳烃和矿物油的生物修复研究。结果如下:1、,对土壤PAHs(萘、芴、厄稀、菲、蒽、芘、苯(a)蒽和屈)生物修复调控研究表明,温度对PAHs降解影响最大,湿度其次,表面活性剂作为调控因素,对PAHs降解的影响最小,然而,研究发现,当TW-80的浓度在200-500ppm时,PAHs降解率最高,说明表面活性剂对土壤PAHs降解有调控作用。2、表面活性剂对土壤PAHs生物修复作用研究表明,TW-80能显著增加土壤PAHs降解率,30天内降解率达90%,比对照高30%。但是,土壤中TW-80浓度过高对微生物活性有抑制作用。研究还发现,含吐温-80的土壤中的大量微生物菌群,经鉴定,优势真菌为常见青霉、嚅形青霉、淡紫青霉和顶孢头孢霉。3、苜蓿草植物土壤对PAHs生物修复调控研究表明,在旱地好氧条件下,植物可加快土壤PAHs的降解,120天后,11种多环芳烃(萘、芴、厄稀、菲、蒽、萤蒽、芘、苯(a)蒽、屈、苯(a)萤蒽和苯(k)萤蒽))的总降解率96.3%。而30天后将植物去除,,降解率为94.4%。土壤有机肥对PAHs的降解有影响,土壤有机肥含量与PAH降解率增加成正比,但降解主要对较低分子量PAH起作用。有机肥对PAH降解的作用也被在高浓度PAHs污染土壤生物修复所证实。此外,将从油和PAH污染土壤中分离出来的真菌加入到苜蓿草土壤中,PAH降解率明显提高。但对无植物对照土壤作用不明显。4、苜蓿草土壤中矿物油的生物修复调控研究表明,在旱地好氧条件下,植物明显影响土壤矿物油的降解。经过120天,矿物油的降解率78.7%。比对照提高18%。实验还表明,增加土壤有机肥和特性降解真菌能明显促进矿物油降解。5、水稻土壤PAH生物降解调控研究表明,在淹水厌氧条件下,土壤PAH降解受到明显抑制,120天后,11种多环芳烃总降解率平均值为50%,本明显低于苜蓿草土壤。但研究还表明,增加土壤有机肥,可提高水稻的生物量,同时也提高PAH的降解率。投加特性降解真菌,有使PAH的降解率提高的趋势,特性降解细菌对提高PAH降解率无效。6、水稻土壤中矿物油生物降解搞控研究表明,在淹水厌氧条件下,经过120天后,矿物油降解率平均值为54.7%,明显低于旱地好氧土壤-植物系统。土壤的厌氧条件是导致降解速度低的主要原因。7、通过测定吸呼作用发现,苜蓿旱土壤的呼吸作用一般大于水稻土壤,表明好氧好氧条件下的微生物活性大于厌氧条件。此外,增加土壤有机质土壤呼吸强度出现猛增,表明有机质对土壤呼吸强度有明显影响。苜蓿草土壤的呼吸强度一般都高于无植物对照土壤,说明植物对土壤微生物的增强有作用。8、通过以上实验结果进行R值计算表明,对苜蓿草土壤,矿物油和PAH降解的主要调控因子是有机肥和污染物浓度。对水稻土壤,有机肥起重要作用。对无植物对照土壤,主要调控因子是浓度其次是有机肥。

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Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a set of chemicals that are toxic, persist in the environment for long periods of time, and biomagnify as they move up through the food chain. The most widely used method of POP destruction is incineration, which is expensive and could result in undesirable by-products. An alternative bioremediation technology, which is cheaper and environ-mentally friendly, was tested during this experiment. Two different soil types containing high and low organic matter (OM) were spiked with 100 mg/kg each of pyrene and Aroclor 1248 and planted with three different species of grasses. The objective of the study was to determine residue recovery levels (availability) and potential effectiveness of these plant species for the remediation of POPs. The results showed that recovery levels were highly dependent on the soil organic matter content—very low in all treatments with the high OM content soil compared to recoveries in the low OM soil. This indicates that availability, and, hence, biodegradability of the contaminants is dependent on the organic matter content of the soil. Moreover, the degree of availability was also significantly different for the two classes of chemicals. The polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) recovery (availability) was extremely low in the high organic matter content soil compared to that of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In both soil types, all of the plant species treatments showed significantly greater PCB biodegradation compared to the unplanted controls. Planting did not have any significant effect on the transformation of the PAHs in both soil types; however, planting with switchgrass was the best remedial option for both soil types contaminated with PCB.

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合成了具有立方笼状结构的磺化八苯取代倍半硅氧烷(SOPS),经红外光谱(FTIR)及核磁共振波谱(NMR)分析,确认了产物的结构。用携带负电荷的SOPS与聚丙烯胺(PAH)进行层层组装,制备了纳米复合超薄膜。