Environmental enrichment and chronic restraint stress in ICR mice: Effects on prepulse inhibition of startle and Y-maze spatial recognition memory

In most studies regarding the improving or therapeutical effects induced by enriched environment (EE), EE was performed after the stress treatment or in patients with certain diseases. In the current study, the effects of chronic restraint stress (6 h/day) in mice living in an enriched environment or standard environment (SE) were tested. Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: non-stressed or stressed mice housed in SE or EE conditions (SE, stress + SE, EE, stress + EE). Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle was tested after the 2 weeks or 4 weeks stress and/or EE treatment and 1 or 2 weeks withdrawal from the 4 weeks treatment. After the 4 weeks treatment, spatial recognition memory in Y-maze was also tested. The results showed that EE increased PPI in stressed and non-stressed mice after 2 weeks treatment. No effect of EE on PPI was found after the 4 weeks treatment. 4 weeks chronic restraint stress increased PPI in mice housed in standard but not EE conditions. Stressed mice showed deficits on the 1 h delay version of the Y-maze which could be prevented by living in an enriched environment. Our results indicated that living in an enriched environment reversed the impairing effects of chronic restraint stress on spatial recognition memory. However, EE did not change the effects of stress on PPI. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characterization of saccharides and phenolic acids in the Chinese herb Tanshen by ESI-FT-ICR-MS and HPLC

This study sought to determine the main components (saccharides and phenolic acids) in crude extract of the Chinese herb Tanshen by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonant mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS) in negative-ion mode. Eleven compounds were identified as phenolic acids by exact mass measurement and further confirmed by sustained off-resonance irradiation (SORI) CID data. In addition, monosaccharicles and oligosaccharides (n = 2 similar to 5) and a serial of corresponding anionic adducts of saccharide were observed without adding any anions additionally to the extract solution, and the anionic components were unambiguously identified as H2O, HCl, HCOOH, HNO3, C3H6O2, H2SO4 and C5H7NO3 according to the exact mass measurement results.

Studies on Triterpenoids and Flavones in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch by HPLC-ESI-MSn and FT-ICR-MSn

Seven compounds, four flavones and three triterpenoids from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. extract are identified by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization multi-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MSn). The fragmentation pathways of these compounds are investigated by ESI-MSn and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MSn). Comparing the retention times (t(R)) and mass spectra with those of reference compounds, seven components are identified in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. and their MSn data proposed plausible schemes for their fragmentation. All the experimental results show that ESI-MSn and FT-ICR-MSn are powerful tools for the structural characterization of triterpenoids and flavones

软电离质谱在蛋白质组分析和生物活性分子表征中的应用

随着软电离技术的发展，特别是基质辅助激光解析（MALDI）和电喷雾（ESI）两种软电离技术的出现，使质谱分析生物大分子成为可能，将质谱的应用范围迅速扩展到生命科学的诸多研究领域，特别是成为了蛋白质组分析，医学诊断，药物分析等领域不可替代的新工具。首先，采用凝胶电泳与傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（FT-ICR MS）的高分辨率和高质量精确度性能相结合的新方法，对不同肺病患者的支气管肺泡灌洗液进行了快速直接的蛋白质组分析，为肺疾病诊断学、肺病相关机理的研究以及高分辨质谱在蛋白质组分析中的应用奠定了基础。一维（1-D）和二维（2-D）凝胶电泳与高分辨FT-ICR MS相结合，对慢性支气管炎（cblonic broncnitis，CB）和囊泡纤维化（cystic fibrosis，CF）患者的支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中表面蛋白A和D进行了鉴定；并对表面蛋白的翻译后修饰（hydroxy-prollne）进行了直接的确定；对来自于不同肺泡蛋白沉积症（PAP）患者的BALF中的特异性蛋白进行了鉴定，鉴定出表面蛋白A的两个降解片段，为研究与肺病相关的SP-A降解产物的可能降解途径提供了初步的信息。证实了FT-ICR MS的高分辨率和高质量精确度在蛋白质的鉴定过程中的突出作用：（i）利用单个多肤的精确质量，可以避免依赖离子的串联质谱数据进行蛋白质鉴定，即无需对谱图中的离子进行串联质谱分析，就可实现蛋白质或蛋白质混合物的快速、确切的鉴定；（ii）在数据库检索中应用很小的误差范围可以大大提高蛋白质鉴定时的选择性；（iii）通过来自于微量蛋白质的少量肤峰就可以进行蛋白质的准确鉴定。通过MALDI/EST FT-ICR MS、园二色谱（CD）和H／D交换实验（hydrogedeuteriuln exchange）对一系列人SP-C及其类似物进行了表征。证实了溶液相中FFI-SP-C和rh-SP-C的非共价二聚体的存在；研究了人SP-C在有机溶剂中的构象变化和聚集行为，为探讨肺病相关机理奠定了基础。其次，以电喷雾多级串联质谱为研究手段，对部分生物类黄酮及其络合物进行系统的质谱研究，发现二氢黄酮及二氢黄酮醇类化合物在电喷雾条件负离子模式下具有不同的特征质谱行为，为质谱区分这两类化合物提供了重要的依据；黄酮金属络合物的研究中，四种二价过渡金属（Cu（II），Zn，Mn（II）和Fe（II））与芸香普均可以形成络合物，探讨了芸香普一铜络合物软电离条件下的碎裂机理，并利用多级串联质谱数据探讨了络合物C和D的结构，为质谱方法探讨金属清除疾病相关自由基的机理以及提高金属的生物利用度奠定了基础。

人胚胎干细胞建系及向神经细胞定向分化的研究

研究和利用人胚胎干细胞(hES)细胞已成为生命科学领域的核心问题之一。当前hES 细胞研究主要集中在hES 的建系和维持其不分化状态；提高hES 细胞定向分化为特定 细胞的比例；ES 细胞自我更新和分化的机制等方面。本论文一方面概述了hES 细胞相 关领域的研究进展；另一方面建立了不同培养体系条件下3 株hES 细胞，并在此基础 上利用G5 和肝生长因子（HGF）诱导hES 细胞定向分化成高纯度的NPs。主要结论如 下：1) 建立人卵体外受精和胚胎培养体系。获得了15 个囊胚，采用了免疫外科法分离 内细胞团，运用含血清以及不含血清的培养体系，在ICR 小鼠胚胎成纤维饲养层上分 别建立了YKh-1、YKh-2 和YKh-3 3 株人胚胎干细胞系，生长良好，核型正常。ES 细 胞表达碱性磷酸酶活性、SSEA-3、SSEA-4、TRA-1-60、TRA-1-81 和Oct-4，但不表达 SSEA-1； ES 细胞在体外能够分化为属于外胚层、中胚层和内胚层的各种分化细胞， 在SCID 小鼠体内能形成畸胎瘤，畸胎瘤包括了所有三个胚层来源的细胞类型。证实了 ES 细胞系的多向分化潜能。2) 对比含血清以及无血清的培养体系的hES 细胞系的特征， 观察了其集落形态、生长速度、分化能力。结果表明，在含血清培养体系的Yhk-2，其 集落形态较致密，含2-3 个核的细胞较多，细胞倍增时间为43.9±5.7h；而在无血清培 养体系的Yhk-3，其集落形态较铺展，细胞较小而圆，倍增时间为34.8±3.8h。细胞免疫 染色和PCR 结果表明，二者在体外都能分化为三个胚层来源的多种细胞，但比例有所 差异。提示二者在向三个胚层来源的细胞的分化能力上有所不同。 3) 以所建立的hES 细胞系为模型，采用HGF 和G5 作为诱导因子添加到神经诱导培养基中，诱导hES 细 胞分化成高纯度的NPs。单独的HGF 或G5 仅能诱导ES 细胞分化成70.9± 5.0%和 72.9±7.2%NPs，而联用HGF 和G5 使NPs 的比率达到91.2±11.2%，进一步纯化后获得 98±3.2%的NPs。获得的NPs 能分化成三个谱系神经细胞，亚克隆实验也进一步证明采 用HGF+G5 获得的单个NPs 具有神经干细胞的特性，也能在体外分化成三个谱系的神 经细胞。用SHH 处理NPs，获得的分化细胞表达不同脑区标志，表明所得到NPs 具有 对脑区信号发生反应，进一步分化为不同脑区神经元细胞的能力。 本实验建立了具有自主知识产权的中国人源胚胎干细胞系，建立了ES 细胞的含血 清以及无血清的培养体系和向神经前体细胞定向分化系统，得到高比例的神经前体细 胞，为进一步研究利用人胚胎干细胞打下良好的基础。

小鼠早期胚胎几种不同培养方法的比较

目的探讨小鼠胚胎体外发育中的最佳培养方案。方法将从超排的ICR雌鼠输卵管内收集的1-细胞放入无糖CZB中培养,分别于2-细胞、4-细胞、桑椹胚阶段更换入含3.0 mmol/L葡萄糖(最适浓度)的CZB中,以及胚胎培养全程均在含糖CZB中更换1次培养液、胚胎培养全程均在含糖CZB中不更换培养液,对照组胚胎培养全程均在无糖CZB中,观察记录胚胎的发育情况。结果2-细胞、4-细胞阶段换入含糖CZB中的序贯培养及培养全程在含糖CZB中单一培养,囊胚率均高于对照组(P<0.05);桑椹胚阶段换入含糖CZB中的序贯培养,囊胚率与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2-细胞、4-细胞阶段换入含糖CZB中的序贯培养与全程在含糖CZB中的两步法单一培养及一步法单一培养,囊胚率分别为46.5%、38.4%、41.7%、56.6%,其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在小鼠早期胚胎体外发育中,2-细胞至桑椹胚前对葡萄糖存在依赖性;尽管序贯培养是有效的,但并不一定优于一步单一培养。

培基介导的辐射旁效应及机理初探

采用ICR小鼠,转移受照射细胞的条件培养液来培养未受照射细胞,检测YAC?I(小鼠T淋巴瘤)细胞对小鼠自然杀伤(NK)细胞的敏感性变化,测定小鼠脾细胞增殖能力,观察自由基清除剂二甲基亚砜(Dimethylsulfoxide,DMSO)照射前处理细胞的影响。初步研究了电离辐射旁效应(Bystandereffect,BE)及其可能的机理。结果显示,条件培养液培养的Yac?I细胞对NK细胞的敏感性明显升高。用条件培养液培养的小鼠脾细胞的增殖能力也明显受到抑制,提示辐射旁效应的存在,观察到DMSO对旁效应有一定的抑制作用,说明活性氧(Reactiveoxygenspecies,ROS)等自由基对旁效应有一定贡献。然而在淋巴细胞增殖实验ICM+1%DMSO组的数据显示DMSO对旁效应的抑制作用非常有限,表明除自由基外必定存在其他因素介导旁效应的发生。

用培养基介导法研究辐射旁效应及其机理

目的通过受照射的细胞培养液培养靶细胞,并用二甲基亚砜(DMSO)对靶细胞预处理,检测其对自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性的影响,研究旁效应是否存在及其产生机理。方法以健康雄性ICR小鼠脾NK细胞活性检测经过不同剂量照射的细胞培养液对小鼠淋巴瘤YacⅠ细胞的损伤程度,同时观察DMSO对该细胞的保护作用,即对旁效应的抑制作用。结果应用不同剂量60Coγ射线照射的细胞培养液来培养YacⅠ细胞,引发该细胞不同程度的损伤,表现在YacⅠ细胞对小鼠脾NK细胞的敏感性增强(P<0.01);DMSO预处理细胞对旁效应有一定的抑制作用,特别在0.25和0.5Gy组,对细胞的保护作用明显。结论60Coγ射线照射能诱发YacⅠ细胞的培养液介导的旁效应。活性氧(ROS)是诱发辐射旁效应的因素之一,清除ROS可部分抑制辐射旁效应。

辐射诱发肿瘤细胞旁效应的免疫学实验研究

目的　研究用自然杀伤 (NK)细胞活性的变化检测肿瘤细胞Yac Ⅰ在6 0 Coγ射线照射后是否存在旁观者效应 (旁效应 ) ,以及其旁效应剂量学和时间效应特征。方法　以健康ICR小鼠脾NK细胞活性为生物终点 ,检测NK细胞对不同条件培养肿瘤细胞Yac Ⅰ的活性 ,用培养基介导法观察旁效应 ,同时 ,培养不同时间观察其时间规律。结果　每个剂量组NK细胞活性的均值与对照细胞NK细胞活性均值差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。照射后分别培养 0和 2 4h ,各剂量组间的NK细胞活性均值差异无显著性。结论　6 0 Coγ射线照射能诱发肿瘤细胞Yac Ⅰ的旁效应。旁效应在低剂量时较为明显。

An introduction to the trapping of clusters with ion traps and electrostatic storage devices

This paper presents an introduction to the application of ion traps and storage devices for cluster physics. Some experiments involving cluster ions in trapping devices such as Penning traps, Paul traps, quadrupole or multipole linear traps are briefly discussed. Electrostatic ion storage rings and traps which allow for the storage of fast ion beams without mass limitation are presented as well. We also report on the recently developed mini-ring, a compact electrostatic ion storage ring for cluster, molecular and biomolecular ion studies.

Structural characterization and identification of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans in Fructus Schisandrae using electrospray ionization ion trap multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry

The electrospray ionization ion trap multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn) and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MSn) have been applied successfully to the direct investigation of a number of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan constituents from the methanol extracts of the Fructus Schisandrae in the positive ion mode. The detailed structural characterization of the same skeleton and different peripheral substituents had been studied and the precise elemental compositions of ions at high mass resolution had been obtained. So the fragmentation mechanisms could be clarified.

山楂叶总黄酮中α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的超滤质谱筛选研究

In vitro α-glycosidase inhibition assays and Ultrafiltration LC-DAD-ESI-MSn were combined to screening α-glucosidase inhibitors from hawthorn leaves flavonoids extract. As a result, hawthorn leaves flavonoids extract showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, four compounds presented α-glucosidase inhibitory effects were observed and identified by LC-DAD-MSn, and further confirmed by high resolution SORI-CID FT ICR MS data.

High resolution mass spectrometric alveolar proteomics: Identification of surfactant protein SP-A and SP-D modifications in proteinosis and cystic fibrosis patients

In the present study, one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with high resolution Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) have been applied as powerful approaches for the proteome analysis of surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D, including identification of structurally modified and truncation forms, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Highly sensitive micro preparation techniques were developed for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) FT-ICR MS analysis which provided the identification of surfactant proteins at very low levels. Owing to the high resolution, FT-ICR MS was found to provide substantial advantages for the structural identification of surfactant proteins from complex biological matrices with high mass determination accuracy. Several protein bands corresponding to SP-A and SP-D were identified by MALDI-FT-ICR MS after electrophoretic separation by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and provided the identification of structural modifications (hydroxy-proline) and degradation products.

Analysis of strychnos alkaloids using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry

The fragmentations of four strychnos alkaloids have been investigated by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR-MS) in the positive ion mode. Experiments using multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MSn) allowed us to obtain precise elemental compositions of product ions at high mass resolution. The experimental data demonstrated that the nitrogen bridge and the coordinated oxygen atom on the nitrogen bridge in the alkaloid compounds were the active sites in the MS2 fragmentations. The loss of CH3 or the OCH3 group in those alkaloids, which have an OCH3 substituent, was the dominant fragmentation mode in the MS3 fragmentations. Logical fragmentation schemes for strychnos alkaloids have been proposed and these should be useful for the identification of these compounds.

Polysaccharides from Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) and preliminary studies on their antihyperlipidemia activity

Polysaccharides from Ulva pertusa were isolated and prepared by extraction in hot water and precipitation by ethanol. The water-soluble polysaccharides were chemically well defined, containing 47.0% total carbohydrate, 23.2% uronic acids, 17.1% sulfate groups, 1.0% N and 29.9% ash. Gas chromatography analysis demonstrated that the neutral sugars were mainly composed of rhamnose, xylose and glucose and smaller amounts of mannose, galactose and arabinose. The FTIR and C-13-NMR spectra indicated that basic repeating units of the polysaccharides were (beta-D-GlcpA-(1->4)-alpha-L-Rhap 3S) and (alpha-L-IdopA-(1->4)-alpha-L-Rhap 3S). Fifty ICR mice were used to study the effect of water-soluble polysaccharides from Ulva pertusa on the level of plasma lipids, with inositol niacinate as positive control. The results indicated that the polysaccharides significantly lowered the contents of plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and markedly increased the contents of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared with the hyperlipidemia control group (p<0.01). Moreover, administration of polysaccharides significantly decreased the atherogenic index. The present results suggest that the polysaccharides from Ulva pertusa have great potential for preventing ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.