Reciprocal chromosome painting among human, aardvark, and elephant (superorder Afrotheria) reveals the likely eutherian ancestral karyotype

The Afrotheria, a supraordinal grouping of mammals whose radiation is rooted in Africa, is strongly supported by DNA sequence data but not by their disparate anatomical features. We have used flow-sorted human, aardvark, and African elephant chromosome painting probes and applied reciprocal painting schemes to representatives of two of the Afrotherian orders, the Tubulidentata (aardvark) and Proboscidea (elephants), in an attempt to shed additional light on the evolutionary affinities of this enigmatic group of mammals. Although we have not yet found any unique cytogenetic signatures that support the monophyly of the Afrotheria, embedded within the aardvark genome we find the strongest evidence yet of a mammalian ancestral karyotype comprising 2n = 44. This karyotype includes nine chromosomes that show complete conserved synteny to those of man, six that show conservation as single chromosome arms or blocks in the human karyotype but that occur on two different chromosomes in the ancestor, and seven neighbor-joining combinations (i.e., the synteny is maintained in the majority of species of the orders studied so far, but which corresponds to two chromosomes in humans). The comparative chromosome maps presented between human and these Afrotherian species provide further insight into mammalian genome organization and comparative genomic data for the Afrotheria, one of the four major evolutionary clades postulated for the Eutheria.

白鱀豚的生殖和生殖系统

<正> 有关淡水豚类生殖方面的研究,18世纪末已有学者对亚河豚Inia geoffrensis、拉河豚Pontoporia blainvillei及恒河豚Platanista gangetica开展了工作,但真正深入研究的还是在本世纪七十年代,如Harrison、Brownell和Boice等综述了前人的早期工作,详细研究了这三类豚的生殖和生殖器官的特征,并进行了比较。对白鱀豚生殖的研究,除

Electronic structure and electron g factors of HgTe quantum dots

The electronic structure and electron g factors of HgTe quantum dots are investigated, in the framework of the eight-band effective-mass approximation. It is found that the electron states of quantum spheres have aspheric properties due to the interaction between the conduction band and valence band. The highest hole states are S (l = 0) states, when the radius is smaller than 9.4 nm. the same as the lowest electron states. Thus strong luminescence from H-Te quantum dots with radius smaller than 9.4 nm has been observed (Rogach et al 2001 Phys. Statits Solidi b 224 153). The bandgap of H-Te quantum spheres is calculated and compared with earlier experimental results (Harrison et al 2000 Pure Appl. Chem. 72 295). Due to the quantum confinement effect, the bandgap of the small HgTe quantum spheres is positive. The electron g factors of HgTe quantum spheres decrease with increasing radius and are nearly 2 when the radius is very small. The electron g factors of HgTe quantum ellipsoids are also investigated. We found that as some of the three dimensions increase, the electron g factors decrease. The more the dimensions increase, the more the g factors decrease. The dimensions perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field affect the g factors more than the other dimension.

Competition between band gap and yellow luminescence in undoped GaN grown by MOVPE on sapphire substrate

Undoped GaN epilayer on c-face (0 0 0 1) sapphire substrate has been grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) in a horizontal-type low-pressure two-channel reactor. Photoluminescence (PL) as a function of temperature and excitation intensity have been systematically studied, and the competition between near band gap ultraviolet (UV) and defect-related yellow luminescence (YL) has been extensively investigated, It is revealed that the ratio of the UV-to-YL peak intensities depends strongly on the excitation intensity and the measurement temperature. The obtained results have been analyzed in comparison with the theoretical predications based on a bimolecular model. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of in situ thermal treatment during growth on crystal quality of GaN epilayer grown on sapphire substrate by MOVPE

GaN epilayers on sapphire substrate grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) in a horizontal-type low-pressure two-channel reactor were investigated. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The influence of the temperature changes between low temperature (LT) deposited GaN buffer and high temperature (WT) grown GaN epilayer on crystal quality of epilayer was extensively studied. The effect of in situ thermal annealing during the growth on improving the GaN layer crystal quality was demonstrated and the possible mechanism involved in such a growth process was discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Fabrication and characterization of metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) ultraviolet photodetectors on undoped GaN/sapphire grown by MBE

Interdigital metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) ultraviolet photoconductive detectors have been fabricated on undoped GaN films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), Response dependence on wavelength, applied current, excitation powers and chopper frequency has been extensively investigated. It is shown that the photodetector's spectral response remained nearly constant for wavelengths above the band gap and dropped sharply by almost three orders of magnitude for wavelengths longer than the band gap. It increases linearly with the applied constant current, but very nonlinearly with illuminating power. The photodetectors showed high photoconductor gains resulting from trapping of minority carriers (holes) at acceptor impurities or defects. The results demonstrated the high quality of the GaN crystal used to fabricate these devices. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Photoluminescence and optical quenching of photoconductivity studies on undoped GaN grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Deep levels in undoped GaN materials grown by modified molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are investigated by photoluminescence (PL) and optical quenching of photoconductivity measurements. A broad band which extends from 2.1 to 3.0 eV with a maximum at about 2.7 eV is observed, and four prominent quenching bands were found located at 2.18, 2.40, 2.71, and 2.78 eV above the valence band, respectively. These levels are attributed to four holes trap levels existence in the material. The defects cannot be firmly identified at present. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V, All rights reserved.

凤鹛属鸟类（Yuhina, Aves）的系统发育研究

本研究以凤鹛属（Yuhina）鸟类为研究对象，分别使用分子生物学性状和形 态学性状来重建凤鹛属种间的系统发育关系，为东南亚地区鹛类的起源与进化研 究提出新的见解。分子生物学研究的内群不仅包括了凤鹛属（11 种中的10 种）， 而且还包括了菲律宾特有穗鹛属（Stachyris）和绣眼鸟属（Zosterops）等近缘种。 通过测定线粒体上两个蛋白编码基因Cyt b、ND3 的全长序列和两个RNA 编码 基因 12S, 16S 的部分序列，得到长度为2379bp 的联合序列，使用最大简约法、 最大似然法和贝叶斯法进行系统发育分析的结果表明，菲律宾岛特有的穗鹛（金 冠穗鹛S. dennistouni、纹穗鹛S. striata、怀氏穗鹛S. whiteheadi）与绣眼鸟属（暗 绿绣眼Z. japonicus、红胁绣眼Z. erythropleurus、灰腹绣眼Z. palpebrosus）聚为 一支，位于凤鹛属支系内部。通过凤鹛、菲律宾穗鹛、绣眼鸟三个类群羽冠性状 演化趋势的分析，发现羽冠性状在菲律宾特有穗鹛和绣眼鸟支系中发生丢失。与 前人的研究结果相比，新发现纹喉凤鹛Y. gularis 与棕肛凤鹛Y. occipitalis 是姐妹 群，黄颈凤鹛Y. flavicollis 和白项凤鹛Y. bakeri 是姐妹群，这两个姐妹群又聚为 一大支的关系。 在分类问题上，暗绿绣眼、红胁绣眼和灰腹绣眼在本研究中与鹛类表现出近 缘关系，与前人使用绣眼鸟属其它物种进行的相关研究显示出高度一致性，说明 绣眼鸟属的系统学地位存在很大疑问，应该扩大取样进行深入研究。栗冠凤鹛 Y. everetti 与栗耳凤鹛Y. castaniceps 聚为姐妹群的关系，但是二者之间较小的遗 传距离和形态学差别显示二者之间应该为亚种关系，而不是种级关系。依据栗耳 凤鹛特有的尾羽形态提出的Staphiada 属没有得到本分子生物学研究结果的支持 （Harrison, 1986a, b）。在白腹凤鹛Y. zantholeuca 不属于凤鹛属支系这一结果的 提示下，发现白腹凤鹛独有的形态学特征，例如羽冠由冠羽形成、鼻孔半裸露、 飞羽外翈没有异色羽缘，这些独有的特征与其特殊的系统学地位相对应。因此， 我们支持前人提出的将白腹凤鹛从凤鹛属中分出去，单独成Erpornis 属的建议 （Cibois et al., 2002）。 在历史生物地理学方面，根据菲律宾特有穗鹛和绣眼鸟的近缘关系，认为菲 律宾特有穗鹛的祖先具有与现在绣眼鸟一样的跨海迁移的能力，在中新世末期（5.74Mya）由喜马拉雅地区或印度支那起源地经大巽他地区扩散到菲律宾岛屿 上，经过长期独立进化后，形成现在高度特有的穗鹛支系。更新世冰期时，大巽 他地区海平面下降，使栗冠凤鹛得以扩散至婆罗州（1.66Mya）。在上新世初期台 湾岛成陆后，由于台湾岛与中国大陆相连，褐头凤鹛Y. brunneiceps 的祖先扩散 至台湾岛屿上（5.05Mya）。高黎贡山为第四纪冰期时凤鹛属鸟类的避难场所，因 此形成了现在凤鹛属鸟类在高黎贡山地区密集分布的格局。喜马拉雅山和青藏高 原的隆起导致青藏高原上植被带的变化和喜马拉雅山南麓在第四纪冰期中避难 所的作用，是纹喉凤鹛、棕肛凤鹛、黄颈凤鹛、白项凤鹛等种类现今在喜马拉雅 山南麓密集分布的可能原因。 在凤鹛属分子系统学的研究基础上，从形态学角度探讨凤鹛属除白领凤鹛外 其它物种之间的系统发育关系。使用最先分化出来的白领凤鹛为外群以外群比较 法进行51 个形态学特征的性状极化，使用最大简约法分析后，结果不仅支持一 些分子系统学揭示的物种之间的亲缘关系，例如，栗耳凤鹛与栗冠凤鹛姐妹群的 关系，黑颏凤鹛和褐头凤鹛姐妹群的关系，三种绣眼鸟聚为一支，再与怀氏穗鹛 聚为一个大支；而且发现了新的系统关系，黄颈凤鹛与缅甸凤鹛Y. humilis 是姐 妹群，具有浅色下体的凤鹛属物种具有较近的系统关系。分子数据和形态数据对 凤鹛属系统发育树中部节点解决能力的差异，说明凤鹛属物种之间分化间隔时间 很短。 通过综述近年来核基因在鸟类分子系统发育研究中的应用情况，建议未来研 究中增加核基因的内含子序列，例如肌球素基因内含子2（ myoglobin intron Ⅱ） 或β纤维蛋白原基因内含子7（β-fibrinogen intron7, β-fibint 7）来解决本研究 中未确定的末端分枝分歧顺序。

重离子辐照粘红酵母诱变育种及其产油条件的优化

本论文以在微生物油脂生产中较具潜力的粘红酵母为材料，利用兰州近代物理研究所重离子研究装置（HIRFL）产生的80 MeV/u碳离子束对产油菌株粘红酵母进行辐照诱变, 采用含有脂肪酸合成酶抑制剂cerulenin的培养基进行高产油脂突变株的初选, 并通过磷酸香草醛反应和氯仿甲醇抽提法对初筛菌株油脂含量进行分析，复选出油脂产量和质量都有较大提高的突变菌株，并对其产油条件进行优化，以期获得一些其它诱变方法难以获得的高产油脂微生物突变株，大力开发离子束辐照技术在解决能源危机中的应用。通过本论文的实验研究，得到了以下初步结果 ： 1．液体培养基中，粘红酵母菌在接种后的40h－80h处于对数生长期，此时菌体的生长繁殖比较旺盛，活力最佳，为辐照诱变的最适时期。辐照后，不同来源的菌株对重离子辐射的敏感性有所不同，然而其存活趋势却大致相当。菌体的存活率都呈现出随辐照剂量的增加先减小后增加，再减小的马鞍型剂量－效应曲线。 2．cerulenin对酵母细胞的生长具有较好的抑制作用，浓度为8.96×10-6 mol/L时，抑制率达98%以上，可作为高产油脂粘红酵母菌的筛选浓度。通过磷酸香草醛反应法和氯仿－甲醇抽提法对初筛菌体油脂含量进行定量分析，结果表明初筛菌株的正突变率达66%以上。该方法快速方便，是一种较为理想的高产油脂酵母菌的筛选方法。通过这些方法，筛选出了2株油脂含量明显高于对照的突变株。 3．经实验发现，菌体培养物与磷酸香草醛试剂反应后在530nm的光吸收与氯仿－甲醇抽提法所测得的菌体油脂含量成正比，其标准曲线方程为y=38.2257x+0.67314，R2为0.995，从而建立起一种方便快捷的油脂定量测量方法，有望实现自动化分析。 4．通过对影响粘红酵母菌生长和油脂合成的几个主要因素(葡萄糖浓度、碳氮比、接种量、培养时间、温度、PH值)的初步探讨研究，得出了粘红酵母突变株的最佳产脂条件为: 葡萄糖浓度10％，碳氮比40:1，接种量10%，温度28℃，PH=5.0，培养时间为6天

Boundary Characterization Experiment Series Overview

Ocean acoustic propagation and reverberation in continental shelf regions is often controlled by the seabed and sea surface boundaries. A series of three multi-national and multi-disciplinary experiments was conducted between 2000-2002 to identify and measure key ocean boundary characteristics. The frequency range of interest was nominally 500-5000 Hz with the main focus on the seabed, which is generally considered as the boundary of greatest importance and least understood. Two of the experiments were conducted in the Mediterranean in the Strait of Sicily and one experiment in the North Atlantic with sites on the outer New Jersey Shelf (STRATAFORM area) and on the Scotian Shelf. Measurements included seabed reflection, seabed, surface, and biologic scattering, propagation, reverberation, and ambient noise along with supporting oceanographic, geologic, and geophysical data. This paper is primarily intended to provide an overview of the experiments and the strategies that linked the various measurements together, with detailed experiment results contained in various papers in this volume and other sources

Estuarine nutrient loading affects phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing at two contrasting sites in Hong Kong coastal waters

To investigate the effects of enhanced nutrient loading in estuarine waters on phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing, we conducted monthly dilution experiments at 2 stations in Hong Kong coastal waters with contrasting trophic conditions. The western estuarine station (WE) near the Pearl River estuary is strongly influenced by freshwater discharge, while the eastern oceanic station (EO) is mostly affected by the South China Sea. Growth rates of phytoplankton were often limited by nutrients at EO, while nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth seldom Occurred at WE due to the high level of nutrients delivered by the Pearl River, especially in the summer rainy season. Higher chlorophyll a, microzooplankton biomass, phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates were found at WE than at EO. However, the increase in chlorophyll greatly exceeded the increase in phytoplankton growth rate, reflecting different response relationships to nutrient availability. Strong seasonality was observed at both stations, with temperature being an important factor affecting both phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates. Picophytoplankton, especially Synechococcus, also exhibited great seasonality at EO, with summer abundances being 2 or 3 orders of magnitude higher than those during winter, Our results confirm that in eutrophic coastal environments, microzooplankton grazing is a dominant loss pathway for phytoplankton, accounting for the utilization of >50%, of primary production on average.

Nitrogen isotopic fractionation during a simulated diatom spring bloom: importance of N-starvation in controlling fractionation

N isotope fractionation (epsilon) was first determined during ambient NO3- depletion in a simulated diatom spring bloom. After 48 h of N-starvation, NH4+ was resupplied to the diatoms in small pulses to simulate grazer-produced N and then epsilon was determined. Large variations in epsilon values were observed: from 2.0-3.6 to 14-0 parts per thousand during NO3- and NH4+ uptake, respectively. This is the first study reporting an epsilon value as low as 0 to 2 parts per thousand for NH4+ uptake and we suggest that greater N demand after N-starvation may have drastically reduced NH3 efflux out of the cells. Thus the N status of the phytoplankton and not the ambient NH4+ concentration may be the important factor controlling epsilon, because, when N-starvation increased, epsilon values for NH4+ uptake decreased within 30 h. This study may thus have important implications for interpreting the delta(15)N of particulate N in nutrient-depleted regimes in temperate coastal oceans.