Hydroacoustic study of spatial and temporal distribution of Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler, 1876) in Qinghai Lake, China

Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler 1876) is an endangered and state-protected rare fish species in Qinghai Lake, China. To further understand the life history and distribution of this fish, five surveys were carried out in Qinghai Lake between 2002-2006. Results of these surveys indicate that fishes were predominantly distributed about 2 m under the surface. In July, significant differences in fish density were found between surface and bottom layers (P = 0.001), and/or between middle and bottom layers (P = 0.025). Fish density was the greatest in the surface layer. In August and October, no significant differences were found between the different layers, but the bottom layer had a greater fish density. Furthermore, there were very large differences among different zones in fish distribution density. Differences in horizontal distribution were not significantly correlated to factors such as water depth and inshore distance, possibly because of very low and uniform fish density. Feeding, changes in water temperature, over-wintering and spawning appeared to influence fish distribution. Hydroacoustic estimates of G. przewalskii biomass in Qinghai Lake increased significantly between 2002 and 2006. We attribute this increase to the management measures put in place to protect this species.

Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis to identify the genetic structure of the Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler, 1876) population from the Qinghai Basin, China

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used to analyse the genetic structure of 45 individuals of Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler, 1876), an endangered and state-protected rare fish species, from three areas [the Heima (HM), Buha (BH) and Shaliu rivers (SL), all draining into Qinghai Lake]. A total of 563 polymorphic loci were detected. The HM, BH and SL populations have 435, 433 and 391 loci, respectively (Zhu and Wu, 1975), which account for 77.26%, 76.91% and 69.45% of the total number of polymorphic loci of each population, respectively. The Nei indices of genetic diversities (H) of the three populations were calculated to be 0.2869 (HM), 0.2884 (BH) and 0.2663 (SL), respectively. Their Shannon informative indices are 0.4244, 0.4251 and 0.3915, respectively. Research results show that the mean genetic distance between HM and BH is the smallest (0.0511), between BH and SL is the second shortest (0.0608), and between HM and SL is the largest (0.0713), with the mean genetic distance among the three populations being over 0.05. Data mentioned above indicate that the three populations have a certain genetic differentiation. The total genetic diversity (H-t = 0.3045) and the mean value of genetic diversity within the population (H-s = 0.2786) indicate that the variations have mainly come from within the population.

1876-1878 severe drought in North China: Facts, impacts and climatic background

Chinese Academy of Sciences [KZCX2-YW-315-2]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [40701021, 40625002]; National Key Technology R&D Program of China [2007BAC03A01]

Effect of Nb Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Zr-Cu-Ni-Al-Nb Glass Forming Alloys

(Zr65Al10Ni10Cu15)(100-x) Nb-x glass forming alloys with Nb contents ranging from 0 to 15 at.% were prepared by water-cooled copper mould cast. The alloys with different Nb contents exhibited different microstructures and mechanical properties. Unlike the monolithic Zr65Al10Ni10Cu15 bulk metallic glass, only a few primary bee beta-Ti phase dendrites were found to distribute in the glassy matrix of the alloys with x = 5. For alloys with x = 10, more beta-phase dendrites forms, together with quasicrystalline particles densely distributed in the matrix of the alloys. For alloys with x = 15, the microstructure of the alloy is dominated by a high density of fully developed P-phase dendrites and the volume fraction of quasicrystalline particles significantly decreases. Room temperature compression tests showed that the alloys with x = 5 failed at 1793 MPa and exhibited an obvious plastic strain of 3.05%, while the other samples all failed in a brittle manner. The ultimate fracture strengths are 1793, 1975 and 1572 MPa for the alloys with x = 0, 10 and 15 at.% Nb, respectively.

Space experimental device on Marangoni drop migrations of large Reynolds numbers

The space experimental device for testing the Marangoni drop migrations has been discussed in the present paper. The experiment is one of the spaceship projects of China. In comparison with similar devices, it has the ability of completing all the scientific experiments by both auto controlling and telescience methods. It not only can perform drop migration experiments of large Reynolds numbers but also has an equi-thick interferential system.

Generation of long, laminar plasma jets at atmospheric pressure and effects of flow turbulence

Long, laminar plasma jets at atmospheric pressure of pure argon and a mixture of argon and nitrogen with jet length up to 45 fi,Hes its diameter could be generated with a DC are torch by! restricting the movement of arc root in the torch channel. Effects of torch structure, gas feeding, and characteristics of power supply on the length of plasma jets were experimentally examined. Plasma jets of considerable length and excellent stability could be obtained by regulating the generating parameters, including are channel geometry gas flow I ate, and feeding methods, etc. Influence of flow turbulence at the torch,nozzle exit on the temperature distribution of plasma jets was numerically simulated. The analysis indicated that laminar flow plasma with very low initial turbulent kinetic energy will produce a long jet, with low axial temperature gradient. This kind of long laminar plasma jet could greatly improve the controllability for materials processing, compared with a short turbulent are let.

中国科学院微重力重点实验室简介

<正>微重力科学是应运载人航天而发展起来的前沿学科.微重力环境为诸多科学问题的研究提供了机遇,孕育着自然科学的重大突破,并正在培育新一代高技术产业,是空间科学研究的热点.1995年9月4日总装备部(原国防科工委)正式下文批准筹建"国家微重力实验室",由总装备部和中国科学院共同投资开始建设中国科学院国家微重力实验室.1999年7月实验室上报创新试点工

改进型基于径向双折射晶体的超分辨滤波器(英文)

改进了现有的基于径向双折射晶体的横向超分辨滤波器．通过调整偏振器的偏振方向和晶体光轴之间的夹角，改进的滤波器可以实现更广的超分辨可调范围，并且在相同的条件下，相对于现有的连续振幅型超分辨光瞳滤波器，超分辨性能和焦深都有较大提高．改进的超分辨滤波器，为实际应用提供了更多方便．

低损耗有机无机混合溶胶凝胶波导的实验研究

利用有机无机混合的溶胶凝胶方法在硅基底上制备波导薄膜．采用正硅酸四乙酯和苯基三乙氧基硅烷作为反应先驱物，利用旋涂的方法成膜，对其折射率，传输损耗以及条形波导的光刻、刻蚀特性进行了研究．测量了波导薄膜折射率随成分变化的关系．实验表明，该方法工艺简单，可以获得具有较低损耗的波导薄膜．测试得到632．8nm波段的损耗系数为0．23dB／cm．采用ICP刻蚀工艺获得了较为平整的条形波导．

羽叶铁线莲杂交起源的初步研究

通过野外观察，发现羽叶铁线莲Clematis pinnata Maxim.在形态上相似于短尾铁线莲C. brevicaudata DC.及大叶铁线莲C. heracleifolia DC.，推测羽叶铁线莲为后二者杂交产生。本文从形态学、解剖学、孢粉学、分子生物学等方面寻找证据，为这一推测寻找证据： 1． 形态学 通过野外观察结合标本馆工作，对这三个种的外部形态性状及其变异进行全面的分析，以探讨羽叶铁线莲C. pinnata在形态上与二假定亲本的异同及其产生原因。发现花、叶、习性等性状，在二假定亲本种种内稳定，但种间差异很大，在羽叶铁线莲中，性状变异的幅度正是处于二假定亲本差异之间。 2．解剖学 在光学显微镜及扫描电镜下，观察了这三种铁线莲的叶表皮特征，结果表明：叶片上表皮均不具有气孔器，下表皮气孔器类型均为无规则型;表皮细胞多为不规则形，仅在短尾铁线莲C. brevicaudata的上表皮中为近多边形;上表皮角质膜均具细条纹，下表皮角质膜均具环状或放射状波状嵴。 在扫描电镜下对瘦果形态及宿存花柱进行观察，结果表明：瘦果均密被长柔毛，并有蜡质颗粒状附属物。 在三个种植物之间叶表皮和瘦果的特征均无明显差别，对解释所讨论的问题意义不大。 3．孢粉学 在扫描电镜下对这三种铁线莲的花粉粒进行观察，结果表明：短尾铁线莲的花粉粒具三沟;大叶铁线莲的杂性株中花粉高度败育，说明其杂性株其实即为雌株;羽叶铁线莲的花粉也高度败育，但本种均为两性株，支持本种为杂交种的推测。 4．等位酶研究 利用莽草酸脱氢酶SKD和苹果酸脱氢酶MDH对采自3个居群的羽叶铁线莲大叶铁线莲和短尾铁线莲进行等位酶试验，结果显示在短尾铁线莲与大叶铁线莲中分别出现种内一致的谱带，而羽叶铁线莲则显示出二者杂合的带型。这一结果有力的支持了羽叶铁线莲是由短尾铁线莲和大叶铁线莲杂交产生的推测。 5．居群遗传结构分析 利用随机扩增多态性DNA标记（RAPD）分别检测三个种的遗传多样性和居群遗传结构。15个随机引物对这三个种共160个个体 （短尾铁线莲C. brevicaudata 五个居群73个个体;大叶铁线莲Clematis heracleifolia五个居群75个个体;羽叶铁线莲Clematis pinnata三个居群12个个体。）进行分析，总共得到123个用于分析的条带。我们对这三个种扩增出的条带按照居群进行了聚类分析，结果表明这三个种在聚类树上能够很好的区分开，但是种内居群间没有表现出地理分布式样方面的信息;个体水平上聚类结果表明，百花山采到的7株无法确定的铁线莲幼苗有6株是短尾铁线莲C. brevicaudata另外一株是羽叶铁线莲Clematis pinnata，这说明在幼苗形态上二者差别不大;我们对这三个种分别进行了居群遗传结构的分析，结果表明：短尾铁线莲C. brevicaudata的多态条带比率为90.65％，遗传变异主要分布在居群内，居群间分化较小，而大叶铁线莲Clematis heracleifolia的多态条带比率为90.76％，居群间遗传变异占30.52％，居群间有明显分化。羽叶铁线莲Clematis pinnata的遗传多样性很低，有可能是由于营养繁殖造成的。 6．DNA序列分析 选取叶绿体基因组的trn L－F序列和核基因组的ITS序列进行了测序分析。发现从三个种十个个体得到的trn L－F序列之间几乎没有差异，在640 bp中只得到了3个信息位点。对ITS测序过程中发现短尾铁线莲可直接用PCR产物测序，而对大叶铁线莲和羽叶铁线莲必须进行克隆测序，由于时间关系，我们得到的序列不足以进行进一步分析。 基于以上研究结果，我们初步认为羽叶铁线莲是通过短尾铁线莲和大叶铁线莲的杂交而起源，并根据我们观察到的变异式样对羽叶铁线莲系的一些种类进行了分类学处理。

辽西中生代银杏目和茨康目植物生殖器官研究

本文研究了采自辽宁西部下白垩统义县组和上三叠统羊草沟组的三种植物的生殖器官，它们分别属于银杏目 (Ginkgoales) 和茨康目 (Czekanowskiales)。辽宁银杏 (G. liaoningensis Liu, Crane, Li et Wang sp. nov.) 和纤细堆囊穗 (Sorosaccus gracilis Harris 1935 emend. Liu, Hueber, Li et Wang) 是银杏目植物的雄球花，通过将这两种雄球花与现存银杏 (Ginkgo biloba L.) 雄球花的对比研究，讨论了自晚三叠世至今银杏目雄性生殖器官可能的演化途径。蟹形薄果穗 (Leptostrobus cancer Harris 1951 emend. Liu, Li et Wang) 是茨康目植物的雌性生殖器官，我们根据辽西标本对该种的特征集要做了修订，并对薄果穗属 (Leptostrobus Heer 1876) 的种进行了讨论，将三个种归并到蟹形薄果穗薄。主要内容包括： 1. 银杏属植物雄球花——辽宁银杏 采自中国辽宁下白垩统义县组的辽宁银杏，为葇荑花序状，主轴基部有鳞片。小孢子叶螺旋排列在主轴上，小孢子叶上着生3—4个 (少数为2个) 卵形到椭圆形的小孢子囊。小孢子囊下垂，纵状开裂。成熟花粉粒单沟，长椭圆形;而未成熟的花粉粒处在四分体阶段。辽宁银杏的特征和现存银杏十分相似。主要差别在于辽宁银杏的小孢子叶着生3—4个 (少数为2个) 小孢子囊，而现存银杏的小孢子叶绝大多数着生2个小孢子囊。辽宁银杏在大小及小孢子囊数目上区别于其它的银杏属雄球花化石种，如：英国约克郡侏罗纪的胡顿银杏 (Ginkgo huttoni (Sternberg) Heer) 雄球花，加拿大阿尔贝塔晚白垩世一个未定名的银杏属雄球花。辽宁银杏 (化石) 和银杏 (现存) 的比较支持了根据银杏属胚珠器官而提出的缩减假说，因为自早白垩世至今，银杏属雄球花小孢子叶着生的小孢子囊的数目经历了从3—4个到2个的减少。 2. 银杏目植物雄球花——纤细堆囊穗 本文研究的纤细堆囊穗采自中国东北上三叠统羊草沟组。这种雄球花小孢子 叶末端的裂片在形态上差异很大，这是在以前对这种植物的研究中没有发现的重要特征。这些保存精美的化石对于纤细堆囊穗特征的阐明和修订以及种的复原很有帮助。将中国的标本与西伯利亚堆囊穗 (Sorosaccus sibiricus Prynada 1962)、小堆囊穗 (S. minor Harris 1935)、乌马尔堆囊穗 (S. umaltensis Krassilov 1972) 和被定为长叶拜拉 (Baiera longifolia (Pom.) Heer 1876) 的雄球花进行了比较，发现它们与纤细堆囊穗在特征上一致，故将它们处理为纤细堆囊穗的异名。同时，也讨论了堆囊穗属可能的演化意义。它可能是银杏属的远祖，经过小孢子囊数目的减少和小孢子叶长度的缩短而演化到现在的银杏，而辽西早白垩世的辽宁银杏可能代表了堆囊穗和现代银杏在演化上的一个中间阶段。 3. 茨康目雌性生殖器官——蟹形薄果穗 本文研究的蟹形薄果穗采自辽西上三叠统羊草沟组和下白垩统义县组。羊草沟组的材料是蟹形薄果穗属最早的纪录，从而该种的分布在时间上有了新的资料：从晚三叠世到早白垩世。据标本穗轴顶端的完整性，我们修订了蟹形薄果穗的特征集要和提供了它的复原图，并将三种薄果穗归并到蟹形薄果穗。我们也回顾了薄果穗属自1876年建立以来100多年的研究历史，并列出了该属所有材料，还讨论了该属各种的主要特征和建种依据。