8 resultados para Equus caballus

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Conserved chromosomal segments in the black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis (DB1, 2n = 84), and its African sister-species the white rhinoceros, Ceratotherim simum (CSI, 2n = 82), were detected using Burchell's zebra (Equus burchellii, EBU, 2n = 44) chromosome-specific painting probes supplemented by a subset of those developed for the horse (Equus caballus, ECA, 2n = 64). In total 41 and 42 conserved autosomal segments were identified in C simum and D. bicornis respectively. Only 21 rearrangements (20 fissions and I fusion) are necessary to convert the Burchell's zebra karyotype into that of the white rhinoceros. One fission distinguishes the D. bicornis and C simum karyotypes which, excluding hetero- chromatic differences, are identical in all respects at this level of resolution. Most Burchell's zebra chromosomes correspond to two rhinoceros chromosomes although in four instances (EBU 18, 19, 20 and 21) whole chromosome synteny has been retained among these species. In contrast, one rhinoceros chromosome (DBI1, CSI1) comprises two separate Burchell's zebra chromosomes (EBU11 and EBU17). In spite of the high diploid numbers of the two rhinoceros species their karyotypes are surprisingly conserved offering a glimpse of the putative ancestral perissodactyl condition and a broader understanding of genome organization in mammals. Copyright (C) 2003 S. Karger AG, Base

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Complete sets of chromosome-specific painting probes, derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of human (HSA), Equus caballus (ECA) and Equus burchelli (EBU) were used to delineate conserved chromosomal segments between human and Equits burchelli, and among four equid species, E. przewalskii (EPR), E. caballus, E. burchelli and E. zebra hartmannae (EZH) by cross-species chromosome painting. Genome-wide comparative maps between these species have been established. Twenty-two human autosomal probes revealed 48 conserved segments in E. burchelli. The adjacent segment combinations HSA3/21, 7/16p, 16q/19q, 14/15, 12/22 and 4/8, presumed ancestral syntenies for all eutherian mammals, were also found conserved in E. burchelli. The comparative maps of equids allow for the unequivocal characterization of chromosomal rearrangements that differentiate the karyotypes of these equid species. The karyotypes of E. przewalskii and E. caballus differ by one Robertsonian translocation (ECA5 = EPR23 + EPR24); numerous Robertsonian translocations and tandem fusions and several inversions account for the karyotypic differences between the horses and zebras. Our results shed new light on the karyotypic evolution of Equidae. Copyright (C) 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel.

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在各种真核生物核基因组中,存在一些由线粒体基因组转移进入核基因组中的DNA片段,这些被认为是分子化石的片段叫做线粒体核内插入序列(Numt).由于Numt与真实的线粒体序列高度相似,因此它的存在必然会成为PCR扩增线粒体DNA的不利因素.利用已经公布的家马(Equus caballus)基因组序列(2007年9月公布,GenBank登录号为NC 009144--NC 009175)对家马Numt进行了深入分析,其发现200个可能的Numt,长度范围为29到3727bp,其中有10个的长度大于800bp.分析结果显示由于不存在线粒体控制区域的疑似Numt,因此对基于此区域的群体遗传学研究不会产生影响.本研究还发现在家马进化过程中,第1号和27号染色体更倾向于接受线粒体序列的转移.以上结果将为今后马科动物的研究提供重要的参考信息,有助于避免在线粒体DNA研究中由于Numt污染的存在而得出错误的实验结果.

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In the present study, EA-CATH1 and EA-CATH2 were identified from a constructed lung cDNA library of donkey (Equus asinus) as members of cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptides, using a nested PCR-based cloning strategy. Composed of 25 and 26 residues, respectively, EA-CATH1 and EA-CATH2 are smaller than most other cathelicidins and have no sequence homology to other cathelicidins identified to date. Chemically synthesized EA-CATH1 exerted potent antimicrobial activity against most of the 32 strains of bacteria and fungi tested, especially the clinically isolated drug-resistant strains, and minimal inhibitory concentration values against Gram-positive bacteria were mostly in the range of 0.3-2.4 mu g center dot mL-1. EA-CATH1 showed an extraordinary serum stability and no haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes in a dose up to 20 mu g center dot mL-1. CD spectra showed that EA-CATH1 mainly adopts an alpha-helical conformation in a 50% trifluoroethanol/water solution, but a random coil in aqueous solution. Scanning electron microscope observations of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC2592) treated with EA-CATH1 demonstrated that EA-CATH could cause rapid disruption of the bacterial membrane, and in turn lead to cell lysis. This might explain the much faster killing kinetics of EA-CATH1 than conventional antibiotics revealed by killing kinetics data. In the presence of CaCl2, EA-CATH1 exerted haemagglutination activity, which might potentiate an inhibition against the bacterial polyprotein interaction with the host erythrocyte surface, thereby possibly restricting bacterial colonization and spread.

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卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区是世界著名的荒漠有蹄类自然保护区, 区内有蒙古野驴(E. hemionus)、鹅喉羚(G. subgutturosa)、盘羊(Ovis ammon)以及近期野放的普氏野马(E. przewalski)。经过多年有效保护和管理,区内蒙古野驴及鹅喉羚种群得到恢复并有较大增长。从2006年开始,我们在该保护区开展了蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的食性构成、社群结构、种群密度、卧息及采食生境利用、季节性栖息地利用等方面的研究。主要结果如下: 采用粪样显微分析技术研究了蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚与家羊、家马和家骆驼3种家养动物春季、秋季和冬季食性组成及食物生态位。结果发现:(1) 该区域的蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜所采食的植物科数和种数都不相同,针茅、驼绒藜、蒿和梭梭在各自食谱中所占的比例不同, 但蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜主要采食针茅、驼绒藜、蒿和梭梭;(2) 春季、秋季和冬季这些野生与家养草食动物两两之间的食物生态位重叠均在0.8以上,最低为0.832(冬季:鹅喉羚和家马),最高达到0.986(秋季:蒙古野驴和家羊;秋季:家马和家羊)。五种有蹄类之间的食物生态位重叠度也达到了0.3以上。表明在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区,上述野生动物及季节性进入该自然保护区的家畜之间均存在食物竞争。冬季积雪深,食物短缺, 荒漠有蹄类易因冻饿及疾病等造成死亡。因此,应采取限制秋冬季进入该自然保护区家畜数量及调整放牧区域等保护管理措施,对该区域荒漠有蹄类实施有效保护。 对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的集群行为进行了初步研究。将鹅喉羚或蒙古野驴集群划分为雌性群、雄性群、母仔群、雌雄混群和独羚或独驴5种类型。共统计蒙古野驴556群次,计8235匹次。其中,雌雄混群223群次, 占40%, 为最多的集群类型;其余为雄性群(24%)、独驴(19%)、雌性群(11%)和母仔群(6% )。不同集群大小的比例差异极显著 (P=0.000)。其中2-30匹的集群占69%,独驴占18%,其余为13%。最大集群为266匹。除独驴外,其余4种集群类型的集群大小存在极显著差异。独驴作为一种特殊的集群类型,其占雄性个体的比例达63%,说明雄性个体比雌性更容易形成独驴。观察记录到鹅喉羚1286群次,计9148只次。其中,雌雄混群459群次, 占35%,为最多的集群类型;其余为独羚(18%)、母仔群(18%)、雄性群(17%)和雌性群(12%)。不同大小集群的比例差异极显著(P=0.000),其中2一15头的集群占73%, 16头以上集群占42%,独羚仅占3%,不同集群大小差异也极为显著(P=0.000)。除独羚外,其余4种集群类型的集群大小存在极显著差异。独羚作为一种特殊的集群类型,其雌性个体的比例占到55%,因此, 不能说明雄性比雌性更容易形成独羚。 分四个季节采用截线取样法,用DISTANCE5.0估计了蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚的密度和遇见率。根据DISTANCE5.0计算,该区域春季蒙古野驴种群密度为0.55±0.14匹/km2 (平均数±标准差,下同),夏季为0.60±0.13匹/km2,秋季为0.78±0.19匹/km2和冬季为0.54±0.14匹/km2。春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的鹅喉羚种群密度分别为1.14± 0.18头/km2,0.95±0.12头/km2,1.08±0.18头/km2和1.54±0.31头/km2。将这些结果与本区域不同时期及不同地域的蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚密度和遇见率数据进行了比较对比。截线取样法为研究干旱地区的有蹄类动物提供了一种标准方法,本研究结果为卡拉麦里自然保护区蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的长期监测提供了基础数据。 采用样方法研究了鹅喉羚夏季和冬季卧息生境选择。夏季测定了49个卧迹样方,36个对照样方;冬季测定了75个卧迹样方,75个对照样方。研究发现,春季鹅喉羚主要选择平滩、下坡位和无坡位、海拔高度910米以上、与水源距离较远、远离道路、远离居民点、隐蔽级高、中低植被密度和中高草本密度的区域作为卧息生境;而冬季则主要选择山坡、阳坡和半阴半阳坡、中上坡位和下坡位、海拔900~1000m范围、离道路501~1000m以及大于2000m的距离、靠近居民点、中低隐蔽级、中厚度(1.1-3cm)雪深、中高植被密度和中高草本密度的区域作为卧息生境。主成分分析表明,卡拉麦里山鹅喉羚夏季季卧息样方前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到86.57%,第1主成分主要反映卧迹样方的植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度、至最近居民点距离、至永久水源最近距离和海拔。冬季该区域鹅喉羚卧息样方前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到73.88%,第1主成分主要反映卧迹样方的植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度和坡度。 通过设立样方研究了蒙古野驴的采食生境。研究发现,夏季和秋季两个季节蒙古野驴主要在平滩和山沟采食。集中在无坡向的平滩、1001m以上的海拔高度、与水源距离较近、远离道路、远离矿区等人类活动点、植被盖度高、草本盖度高、植物多样性高、草本多样性高(P<0.05)的区域采食。主成分分析表明,夏季影响蒙古野驴采食生境选择的环境因子是植物盖度、草本盖度、针茅盖度、植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度、植物种类、草本种类和禾本科种类。秋季影响蒙古野驴采食生境选择的环境因子是海拔、植物盖度、草本盖度、针茅盖度、植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度、植物种类、草本种类和禾本科种类。 利用卡山保护区不同季节野外种群调查数据,以3S技术为手段,评价了蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地适宜性。首先把各季节蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚分布点图层,分别和固定水源点图层、道路图层、固定冬牧点图层和矿点图层进行叠加和距离查询,用Vanderploeg & Scavia’s选择指数(Ei*)分析了蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地选择及其主要影响因素,建立了固定水源点、植被、道路、固定冬牧点和矿点对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚栖息地影响强度的评价标准。通过缓冲区分析,分别研究了固定水源点、道路、固定冬牧点、矿点对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地的影响。通过缓冲区分析,综合研究了与人类活动有关的道路、固定冬牧点和矿点因子对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地的影响。最后将固定水源点、植被、道路、固定冬牧点和矿点等5个因子结合起来通过地图综合查询研究分析了这些因子对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地的综合影响,在固定水源点较适宜以上范围给出了该保护区蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性不同适宜等级的生境面积。 我们建议采取以下积极措施来保护卡山保护区荒漠生态系统多样性以有效保护该区域内栖息的蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚:提高保护区周边社区政府的认识,提高公众参与自然资源和生物多样性保护的意识;加强水源地建设,积极采取飞播等措施,恢复植被,提高栖息生境质量;逐步限制进入卡拉麦里山越冬渡春的家畜数量;严格进入卡山保护区采矿制度,取缔非法矿业;加强草原围栏生态通道建设;与蒙古国合作建立跨国界的国际自然保护区;建立卡山自然保护区自然资源有偿使用机制;开展长期蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚种群监测。

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青藏高原是世界上最大、最年轻的高原。大气氧分压低、太阳辐射强烈和 气候寒冷等自然特点使得生活在青藏高原上的动物在形态、生态、行为以及生 理机能上都受到深刻的影响,并在进化过程中对高原环境产生了特殊的适应性。 生活在高原上的动物分为世居动物和移居动物,它们处于高原适应过程中的不 同阶段,并且有着不同的高原适应性的特点。为了研究高原哺乳动物所拥有的 特殊高原适应性的遗传基础和进化历史,以及探讨处于不同高原适应阶段的哺 乳动物对高原的适应性在遗传基础上的异同,本研究首次测定和分析了高原世 居动物中的藏羚羊(Pantholops hodgsonii)和高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae) 以及高原移居动物中的藏马(Equns caballus)这三种具有代表性的高原动物的 线粒体全基因组。 1. 藏羚羊线粒体DNA 中的变异及其进化史 在对线粒体上13 个基因进行了进化分析后,我们发现细胞色素氧化酶1 (COX1)基因在藏羚羊和牦牛中都有高的非同义突变的现象。COX1 基因编码 的蛋白是线粒体氧化呼吸链上复合物Ⅳ的一部分,它将电子传递给氧,进行有 氧呼吸并产生能量。考虑到藏羚羊与牦牛都是生活在相同的气候环境中,我们 猜想线粒体基因组编码的COX1 基因的进化可能对青藏高原世居动物适应高原 环境起到作用。藏羚羊的线粒体DNA 数据表明,藏羚羊与绵羊、山羊的亲缘 关系较近,而与羚羊属家族的动物则相对较远,同时我们估算了藏羚羊与绵羊 山羊的分化时间大约为220 万年左右。这一时间与一些学者所估计的青藏高原 隆起时间大致吻合。 2. 高原鼠兔线粒体DNA 中的变异及其进化史 对高原鼠兔线粒体基因组上的基因进行进化分析后发现,对于高原鼠兔这一 分枝上,COX1 基因也有高的非同义突变速率。这表明COX1 基因在高原鼠兔 适应青藏高原高寒缺氧的环境过程中也可能受到选择压力的作用,结合我们在 藏羚羊和牦牛中的分析结果,我们推测高原世居动物在COX1 基因的进化过程 中很多都表现出类似的受选择现象。3. 藏马线粒体DNA 中的变异及其进化史 我们测定了西藏那曲(4500m)、云南中甸(3300m)、云南德钦(3300m)地区共 三匹藏马线粒体全基因组序列。通过对线粒体蛋白编码区的分析发现,与藏羚 羊、高原鼠兔等高原世居动物表现出的COX1 基因受选择不同,在三匹藏马中 NADH6 基因均表现高的非同义突变现象。NDAH6 基因编码的蛋白是线粒体氧 化呼吸链上复合物Ⅰ的一部分,它催化电子从NADH 传递给辅酶Q。不同地区 藏马中NADH6 基因类似的进化方式表明NADH6 基因的进化可能与藏马对高 原极端环境的适应有关。藏马在线粒体基因进化上所表现出的与其它高原世居 动物的不同究竟是由于动物在适应高原的不同阶段其遗传基础和策略的不同所 造成的,还是由于物种间的差异所造成的我们尚不能确定。还需要进一步对高 原动物线粒体基因进行研究。此外,我们对藏马进化史的研究表明藏马可能为 多地区起源

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A number of proxy records of paleoenvironment using stable isotopes could show the history of past environmental changes. These archives include peat and lake sediments, loess-paleosot sequence, fossil mammals and stalagmite, and so on. The stable isotopic composition of carbonate and organic matter and frequency magnetic susceptibility from Tianshuigou and Yuanlei loess-palesol sequence can be used to give estimates of the paleoenvironmental history of Dali, and even of the whole Chinese Loess Plateau during the last 250ka. Features of the High Temperature and Large Precipitation Event in the Tibet Plateau and its adjacent area during 40~30kaBP had been studied by Professor Shi Y. In this dissertation, its impact on Chinese Loess Plateau has been discussed again. Carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios, magnetic susceptibility and frequency magnetic susceptibility in Tianshuigou and Yuanlei profiles show that the Event in this area is not so stronger as the Tibet Plateau. The carbon isotopic composition of organic matter in Tianshuigou, Yuanlei, dingcun and Jingcun loess-palesol sequences are indicative of major changes in the paleovagetation between terrace and plain of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Water is one of the most important factors adjusting the relative biomass of C4 plant in terrestrial ecosystems. Stable carbon isotope ratio of vertebrate tooth enamel is used increasingly to reconstruct environmental and ecological information modern and ancient ecosystems. The SI3C value of tooth enamel bioapatites can distinguish between browsers and grazers. Data from typical grassland of Inter Mongolia, the Alpine meadow of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Yaluzangbu Great Canyon indicate that diets of mammals could record the relative biomass of C4 plant only in the C4 dominated ecosystem. In a C3 dominated ecosystem, diet of mammals would include more C3 plants than vegetation. According to Professor Cerling, proxy records from North and South America, Africa and Pakistan show that at the end of the Miocene (between 8Ma to 6 Ma) there was a global expansion of CA biomass, probably when atmospheric CO2 levels declined. Thus, "C4 world" and "CO2 starvation" are put forward. In this dissertation, carbon isotopes of fossil tooth such as Equus sanmeniensis and Hipparion chiai from Linxia, China reveal that there is a C3 dominated ecosystem in the late Miocene. Diets of ancient mammals in Linxia are not evidence of global expansion of C4 biomass.