Large-eddy simulation of turbulent collision of heavy particles in isotropic turbulence

The small-scale motions relevant to the collision of heavy particles represent a general challenge to the conventional large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent particle-laden flows. As a first step toward addressing this challenge, we examine the capability of the LES method with an eddy viscosity subgrid scale (SGS) model to predict the collision-related statistics such as the particle radial distribution function at contact, the radial relative velocity at contact, and the collision rate for a wide range of particle Stokes numbers. Data from direct numerical simulation (DNS) are used as a benchmark to evaluate the LES using both a priori and a posteriori tests. It is shown that, without the SGS motions, LES cannot accurately predict the particle-pair statistics for heavy particles with small and intermediate Stokes numbers, and a large relative error in collision rate up to 60% may arise when the particle Stokes number is near St_K=0.5. The errors from the filtering operation and the SGS model are evaluated separately using the filtered-DNS (FDNS) and LES flow fields. The errors increase with the filter width and have nonmonotonic variations with the particle Stokes numbers. It is concluded that the error due to filtering dominates the overall error in LES for most particle Stokes numbers. It is found that the overall collision rate can be reasonably predicted by both FDNS and LES for St_K>3. Our analysis suggests that, for St_K<3, a particle SGS model must include the effects of SGS motions on the turbulent collision of heavy particles. The spectral analysis of the concentration fields of the particles with different Stokes numbers further demonstrates the important effects of the small-scale motions on the preferential concentration of the particles with small Stokes numbers.

New Numerical Algorithms in SUPER CE/SE and Their Applications in Explosion Mechanics

The new numerical algorithms in SUPER/CESE and their applications in explosion mechanics are studied. The researched algorithms and models include an improved CE/SE (space-time Conservation Element and Solution Element) method, a local hybrid particle level set method, three chemical reaction models and a two-fluid model. Problems of shock wave reflection over wedges, explosive welding, cellular structure of gaseous detonations and two-phase detonations in the gas-droplet system are simulated by using the above-mentioned algorithms and models. The numerical results reveal that the adopted algorithms have many advantages such as high numerical accuracy, wide application field and good compatibility. The numerical algorithms presented in this paper may be applied to the numerical research of explosion mechanics.

摄动有限体积算法及其在两相流中应用

采用一种全新的摄动有限体积(PFV)算法和水平集(Level Set)技术对液液两相系统中液滴坠落进行数值模拟,数值结果表明,PFV新算法具有节点少、精度高,效率高,编程方便等优点,能成功模拟液液两相流动,为两相流动数值模拟提供了一种新的途径.

Investigation on mechanism of critical cavitating flow in liquid jet pumps under operating limits

The critical cavitating flow in liquid jet pumps under operating limits is investigated in this paper. Measurements on the axial pressure distribution along the wall of jet pumps indicate that two-phase critical flow occurs in the throat pipe under operating limits. The entrained flow rate and the distribution of the wall pressure upstream lowest pressure section does not change when the outlet pressure is lower than a critical value. A liquid-vapor mixing shockwave is also observed under operating limits. The wave front moves back and forth in low frequency around the position of the lowest pressure. With the measured axial wall pressures, the Mach number of the two-phase cavitating flow is calculated. It's found that the maximum Mach number is very close to I under operating limits. Further analysis infers a cross-section where Mach number approaches to I near the wave front. Thus, the liquid-vapor mixture velocity should reach the local sound velocity and resulting in the occurrence of operating limits.

Numerical simulation of condensation of bubbles under microgravity conditions by moving mesh method in the double-staggered grid

A numerical 2D method for simulation of two-phase flows including phase change under microgravity conditions is presented in this paper, with a level set method being coupled with the moving mesh method in the double-staggered grid systems. When the grid lines bend very much in a curvilinear grid, great errors may be generated by using the collocated grid or the staggered grid. So the double-staggered grid was adopted in this paper. The level set method is used to track the liquid-vapor interface. The numerical analysis is fulfilled by solving the Navier-Stokes equations using the SIMPLER method, and the surface tension force is modeled by a continuum surface force approximation. A comparison of the numerical results obtained with different numerical strategies shows that the double-staggered grid moving-mesh method presented in this paper is more accurate than that used previously in the collocated grid system. Based on the method presented in this paper, the condensation of a single bubble in the cold water under different level of gravity is simulated. The results show that the condensation process under the normal gravity condition is different from the condensation process under microgravity conditions. The whole condensation time is much longer under the normal gravity than under the microgravity conditions.

A Simple Model For Predicting The Void Fraction Of Gas/Non-Newtonian Fluid Intermittent Flows In Upward Inclined Pipes

In this work, a simple correlation, which incorporates the mixture velocity, drift velocity, and the correction factor of Farooqi and Richardson, was proposed to predict the void fraction of gas/non-Newtonian intermittent flow in upward inclined pipes. The correlation was based on 352 data points covering a wide range of flow rates for different CMC solutions at diverse angles. A good agreement was obtained between the predicted and experimental results. These results substantiated the general validity of the model presented for gas/non-Newtonian two-phase intermittent flows.

节流器内液-固两相流固体颗粒冲蚀数值模拟

建立了考虑颗粒碰撞的颗粒冲蚀计算模型,该数学模型包括:在Eulerian坐标系下求解连续相流场;在Lagrangian坐标系下运用离散颗粒硬球模型求解颗粒碰撞;应用半实验关联式求解颗粒冲蚀速率。对水力加砂压裂施工中节流器内液-固两相流的固体颗粒运动和冲蚀特性进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明,固体颗粒密集于节流器入口到出口的一段狭长区域内,冲蚀速率随流体速度呈指数性变化。颗粒直径越大,冲蚀速率也越大。节流器内冲蚀最严重的位置发生在距离节流器出口上边缘10mm以内的局部区域。

Ultrafast dynamics in ZnO thin films irradiated by femtosecond lasers

The damage morphologies, threshold fluences in ZnO films were studied with femtosecond laser pulses. Time-resolved reflectivity and transmissivity have been measured by the pump-probe technique at different pump fluences and wavelengths. The results indicate that two-phase transition is the dominant damage mechanism, which is similar to that in narrow band gap semiconductors. The estimated energy loss rate of conduction electrons is 1.5 eV/ps. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Outer membrane proteins induced by iron deficiency in Anabaena sp PCC 7120

Iron deficiency can induce cyanobacteria to synthesize siderophore receptor proteins on the outer membrane to enhance the uptake of iron. In this study, an outer membrane of high purity was prepared from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 based on aqueous polymer two-phase partitioning and discontinuous sucrose density ultra-centrifugation, and the induction of outer membrane proteins by iron deficiency was investigated using 2-D gel electrophoresis. At least. five outer membrane proteins were newly synthesized or significantly up-regulated in cells transferred to iron-deficient conditions, which were all identified to be siderophore receptor proteins according to MALDI-TOF-MS analyses. Bacterial luciferase reporter genes luxAB were employed to monitor the transcription of the encoding genes. The genes were induced by iron deficiency at the transcriptional level in different responsive modes. Luciferase activity expressed from an iron-regulated promoter may be used as a bioreporter for utilizable iron in natural water samples. (C) 2009 National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited and Science in China Press. All rights reserved.

Experimental investigation on TBAB clathrate hydrate slurry flows in a horizontal tube: Forced convective heat transfer behaviors

Tetra-n-butyl-ammonium bromide (TBAB) clathrate hydrate slurry (CHS) is one kind of secondary refrigerants, which is promising to be applied into air-conditioning or latent-heat transportation systems as a thermal storage or cold carrying medium for energy saving. It is a solid-liquid two phase mixture which is easy to produce and has high latent heat and good fluidity. In this paper, the heat transfer characteristics of TBAB slurry were investigated in a horizontal stainless steel tube under different solid mass fractions and flow velocities with constant heat flux. One velocity region of weakened heat transfer was found. Moreover, TBAB CHS was treated as a kind of Bingham fluids, and the influences of the solid particles, flow velocity and types of flow on the forced convective heat transfer coefficients of TBAB CHS were investigated. At last, criterial correlations of Nusselt number for laminar and turbulent flows in the form of power function were summarized, and the error with experimental results was within 20%.

栽培和施肥模式对黄土区旱地土壤微生物量及可溶性有机碳、氮的影响

以黄土高原南部地区的两个定位试验为基础,研究了旱地不同栽培和施肥模式对土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖显著提高土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)含量,地膜覆盖使SMBN含量显著降低;秸秆和地膜覆盖显著降低小麦拔节期和灌浆期土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)含量。适量施用化学氮肥(120kg/hm2)有利于小麦生长后期SMBN含量的升高,而过量施用(240 kg/hm2)显著降低SMBN含量。与不施肥处理相比,土地经长期撂荒后0-10 cm土层SMBC,SMBN,SOC和SON含量显著提高;氮磷钾配施有机肥显著提高小麦各生育期0-10,10-20 cm土层SMBC,SMBN,SOC和SON的含量;单施氮磷钾肥对土壤SMBC,SMBN含量无明显影响,提高土壤SOC,SON的平均含量。土壤SMBC,SMBN,SOC和SON含量两两之间呈极显著正相关关系,四者含量与土壤有机碳、全氮含量间的正相关关系也达显著或极显著水平。

生物活性有机锗及HPCPC双水相分离生物大分子的研究

本论文内容主要分为4个部分：“有机锗化合物抑制Maillard反应的研究”、“Ge-132对体外培养幼鼠胰岛细胞的作用研究”、“PEG／磷酸盐双水相体系中生物大分子分配的研究”和“HPCPC（High Performance Centrifugal Partition Chromatography，高效离心分配色谱）双水相体系对生物大分子分离的研究”。前两部分主要从有机锗化合物防治糖尿病及其并发症的代谢机理和细胞学角度进行研究，本文引入HPCPC和双水相体系分离生物大分子的技术，为进一步阐明有机锗化合物在Maillard反应过程中的作用机理：对双水相体系中生物大分子的分配及HPCPC在双水相体系中分离生物大分子也做了大量的基础性研究，为开发HPCPC的应用作出了有价值的探索工作。本论文的主要创新点归纳如下：一、有机锗化合物对Maillard反应的抑制作用：针对国际上有机锗发展的前沿课题，在国内首先开展了有机锗化合物对Maillard反应抑制作用的研究，取得了有价值的研究结果。1、在模拟体内的生理条件下，研究了不同浓度Ge-132对精氨酸、组氨酸、甘氨酸和缬氨酸对Maillard反应荧光峰强度的影响：不同类型的氨基酸Maillard反应产物结构上的差异和不同浓度有机锗对组氨酸糖化反应420nm处特征吸光度的影响。2、苯丙氨酸是侧链带有苯环的芳香族氨基酸，是一种具有弱的天然荧光的生物小分子，其荧光最大发射位置在281.6nm。由于aillard反应是葡萄糖和氨基酸的-NHR基发生的反应，其反应产物的特征荧光在440nm附近。这两类荧光的发射位置相差较远，相互之间没有影响，因此利用荧光法观察Phe在反应过程中自身的荧光变化和Ge-132对Phe的Maillard反应荧光产物的抑制情况。3、血清白蛋白是哺乳动物体内的重要蛋白质，可作为多种内源性、外源性物质的存储和转运蛋白，其Maillard反应已经被广泛重视，但较复杂的实验条件限制了它的研究。通过观测蛋白质Maillard反应产物特征荧光的变化是一有效的研究方法。BSA的内源性荧光是由肽链色氨酸和酪氨酸残基贡献的，其最大发射位置340nm左右。其Maillard反应产物的特征荧光在440nm附近，这两类荧光发射位置相差较远，基本上没有影响，因此能够通过荧光光谱研究BSA的Maillard反应荧光产物的情况。本文观测了Ge-132对BSA的Maillard反应荧光产物的抑制作用，同时还通过荧光法确定了一个文献中没有的新的反应位点。4、本文研究了具有更高水溶性的一类双有机锗化合物(HO)_2Ge(CHR_1CHR_2COOH)_2．2H_20抑制Maillard反应的特性，结果证明它比Ge-132具有更高的抑制作用，我们通过化合物的构效关系解释了上述作用的机制。5、本文研究了Tb(Ge-132)_3和Eu(Ge-132)_3两种含稀土的配合物对氨基酸、蛋白质Maillard反应的影响，观察了稀土离子对Maillard反应体系的影响，对实验现象作出了合理的解释。二、Ge-132对体外培养幼鼠胰岛细胞的作用为进一步考察有机锗对糖尿病的防治作用，我们与白求恩医大合作，首次观察了Ge-132对体外培养的幼鼠胰岛细胞结构和功能的影响，研究了不同剂量的含锗化合物对幼鼠胰岛细胞分泌胰岛素的作用，认为低浓度的Ge-132对胰岛细胞分泌胰岛素具有明显的促进作用。该部分内容为首次报导。三、PEG／磷酸盐双水相体系中生物大分子分配的研究双水相萃取TPE(Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction)具有下述优点：生物相容性好、界面张力低、能量低、易于工业规模的放大、可以进行连续操作等。本论文系统地研究了各种蛋白质在PEG／磷酸盐体系中的分离情况，如在各种pH条件下，从6.8到9.2，各种分子量的PEG，包括PEGl000，2000，5000，6000，10000，和20000和磷酸盐双水相体系的物化性质，以及对lysozyme（溶菌酶），BSA（牛血清白蛋白），HSA（人血清白蛋白），Hemoglobin（血红蛋白）在各种体系中的分配系数，探讨了各种因素对生物大分子分配的影响。四、HPCPC在双水相体系对生物大分子分离的研究由于荧光光谱法证实了Ge-132对牛血清白蛋白Maillard反应的抑制作用。但对于如何能够分离出糖化产物，达到进行定量表征的目的是我们研究的一个重要内容。九十年代初，由日本研制出一种色谱中新技术HPCPC。HPCPC与传统的液相色谱(LC)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)不同，不需要固体作为支持体。流动相和固定相分别为两种不相混溶的液体，通过离心力的作用使其中一相作为固定相保持在类似多级萃取器的微小分配槽中，另一相作为流动相流经固定相。HPCPC在双水相体系的应用是一种利用多级连续萃取从双水相中分离生物物质的方法它具有运行时间快、高效高选择性，流动相与固定相之间比例可以任意改变，并在任何pH值均可进行正向和反向操作并且实验室规模可一步直接放大到生产规模。它不仅可以作为一种分离的工具，而且也是一种研究生物萃取反应动力学机理，反映热力学与动力学之间相关性的重要方法。本论文中研究了常用的两种双水相体系，利用PEG6000／Dex20000／H_20对BSA和Maillard反应产生的糖化BSA进行了初步分离，取得了一些阶段性结论。另外，通过对各种条件的筛选，选择了具有代表性的lysozyme和BSA，BSA和血红蛋白(Hb)进行HPCPC色谱仪上的分离，研究了色谱分离条件如：转数、流速、pH等对分离效率及理论塔板数的影响，取得了一系列重要的结论。为工业上大规模的生物样品分离提供了重要的参数。

Numerical simulation of a bubble rising in shear-thinning fluids

The motion of a single bubble rising freely in quiescent non-Newtonian viscous fluids was investigated experimentally and computationally. The non-Newtonian effects in the flow of viscous inelastic fluids are modeled by the Carreau theological model. An improved level set approach for computing the incompressible two-phase flow with deformable free interface is used. The control volume formulation with the SIMPLEC algorithm incorporated is used to solve the governing equations on a staggered Eulerian grid. The simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm is robust for shear-thinning liquids with large density (rho(1)/rho(g) up to 10(3)) and high viscosity (eta(1)/eta(g) up to 10(4)). The comparison of the experimental measurements of terminal bubble shape and velocity with the computational results is satisfactory. It is shown that the local change in viscosity around a bubble greatly depends on the bubble shape and the zero-shear viscosity of non-Newtonian shear-thinning liquids. The shear-rate distribution and velocity fields are used to elucidate the formation of a region of large viscosity at the rear of a bubble as a result of the rather stagnant flow behind the bubble. The numerical results provide the basis for further investigations, such as the numerical simulation of viscoelastic fluids. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Experimental Investigation of Performance of a Miniature Direct Methanol Fuel Cell in Short-Term Microgravity

Experimental study of a liquid fed direct methanol fuel cell has been conducted in different gravity environments. A small single cell with 5 cm x 5 cm active area has single serpentine channel on the graphite cathode polar plate and 11 parallel straight channels on the graphite anode flow bed. Cell voltage and current have been measured and two-phase flow in anode channels has been in situ visually observed. The experimental results indicate that the effect of gravity on power performance of the direct methanol fuel cell is large when the concentration polarization governs fuel cells operation. Gravitational effect becomes larger at higher current density. Increasing methanol feeding molarity is conducive to weaken the influence of gravity on performance of liquid fed direct methanol fuel cells. Increasing feeding flow rate of methanol solution from 6 to 15 ml/min could reduce the size of carbon dioxide bubbles, while the influence of gravity still exist. Transport phenomena inside direct methanol fuel cells in microgravity is also analyzed and discussed.

用双流体模型模拟超声速气固两相流动

采用了双流体模型对JPL(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)喷管中气固两相流动以及超声速射流两相流动进行了数值模拟,并研究了可压缩两相流动中气相与颗粒的相互作用规律.自主开发的一般曲线坐标系下二维轴对称可压缩双流体程序Solve2D,对气相求解Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程组,采用k-ε湍流模型,颗粒相求解Euler方程组.对JPL喷管内的两相流场和湍流两相射流流场进行了数值模拟,研究了不同颗粒质量百分数以及不同颗粒直径时的气固两相流场的流动规律.