154 resultados para 8-74
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Samples with different weight ratio of Se to zeolite 5A (Se concentration) have been prepared by loading Se into the pores of zeolite 5A, and the measuerments of the absorption and Raman spectra have been carried out for the prepared samples. The measured absorption edges of the samples are close to the value for monoclinic Se containing Se-8-ring, suggesting the formation of Se-8-ring clusters(1) in the pores. The continuous and broadening features of the absorption spectra are interpreted by the strong electron-nucleus coupling in the Se-8-ring cluster. The absorption edges are red shifted with the increase of the Se concentration. It is tentatively attributed to two reasons. One is the existence of the double Se-8-ring cluster in the high Se concentration samples, and the other is that for the strong electron-nucleus coupling cluster, the absorption edge of the clusters system will be red shifted with the increase of the cluster concentration in the clusters system. A single broad band at about 262 cm(-1) is observed in the Raman spectra, which further supports the formation of Se-8-ring clusters. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science S.A.
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By considering all possible high order diffracted waves, the authors investigate the spectral response of two-dimensional gratings for quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs). A new method is proposed that using long period gratings may improve grating quality and reduce the resulting cross talk in grating-coupled QWIPs. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the influence of variation of the grating constant on the coupling efficiency is less sensitive for the long period gratings than for the short ones. A large coupling efficiency has been demonstrated for long period gratings. The calculated wide grating response spectra are in good agreement with the experiment result. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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Samples with different weight ratio of Se to zeolite 5A (Se composition) have been prepared by loading Se into the cages of zeolite 5A and the measurements of the absorption and Raman spectra have been carried out for the prepared samples. The measured absorption edges of the samples close and blue shifted to the value for monoclinic Se containing Se-8-ring, suggesting the formation of Se-8-ring clusters dagger in the cages. The continuous and broadening features of the absorption spectra are interpreted by the strong electron-phonon coupling in Se-8-ring clusters. The sample with high Se composition has a red shift of the absorption band edge relative to the samples with less Se composition. It is tentatively attributed to the reason that with different Se composition, single Se-8-ring clusters and double Se-8-ring clusters are formed in the cages of zeolite 5A. A single broad band at about 262 cm(-1) is observed in the Raman spectra, that gives the further support of the formation of Se-8-ring clusters. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
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The compressively strained InGaAs/InGaAsP quantum well distributed feedback laser with ridge-wave- guide is fabricated at 1.74μm. It is grown by low-pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD). A strain buffer layer is used to avoid indium segregation. The threshold current of the device uncoated with length of 300μm is 11.5mA. The maximum output power is 14mW at 100mA. A side mode suppression ratio of 35.5dB is obtained.
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用光荧光谱和原子力显微镜测试技术系统研究了在2 nm In0.2Ga0.8As和x ML GaAs的复合应力缓冲层上生长的InAs/GaAs自组织量子点的发光特性和表面形貌.采用In0.2Ga0.8As与薄层GaAs复合的应力缓冲层,由于减少了晶格失配度致使量子点密度从约1.7×109 cm-2显著增加到约3.8×109cm-2.同时,复合层也有利于提高量子点中In的组份,使量子点的高宽比增加,促进量子点发光峰红移.对于x=10 ML的样品室温下基态发光峰达到1350 nm.
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报道了基于应变补偿的InP基In0.53+xGa0.47-xAs/In0.52-yAl0.48+yAs分布反馈量子级联激光器.采用二级光栅作为反馈,激射工作波长为7.8μm,在1%占空比,5kHz频率的工作条件下,在93~173K的温度范围内,单模发射光谱边模抑制比均超过20dB,调谐系数dλ/dT=0.5125nm/K.在93K时,峰值功率为30mW,直到153K时,峰值光功率仍达到12mW.
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半导体材料开放实验室基金,国家自然科学基金
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We demonstrate surface emitting distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers emitting at wavelengths from 8.1 mu m at 90 K to 8.4 mu m at 210 K. The second-order metalized grating is carefully designed using a modified coupled-mode theory and fabricated by contact lithography. The devices show single mode behavior with a side mode suppression ratio above 18 dB at all working temperatures. At 90 K, the device emits an optical power of 101 mW from the surface and 199 mW from the edge. In addition, a double-lobe far-field pattern with a separation of 2.2 degrees is obtained in the direction along the waveguide.
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本文对施不同剂量磷稻田土壤有效磷变化进程、淹水培养表面水全磷浓度的动态变化、强淋洗(每天100mm)对土壤中磷垂直迁移、损失的影响及不同土水比和施磷量下土壤中磷向水体释放规律的模拟研究结果表明,土壤Olsen-P浓度在施磷后下降迅速,60天后趋于稳定。随施磷量增加,淹水稻田土壤速效磷递增,土壤速效磷与施磷量呈显著的线性相关关系(y=21.49+0.086x,r=0.999 )。施磷后表面水中全磷迅速上升后又缓慢下降, 120天后,表面水中全磷浓度与施磷量呈的指数曲线关系(y=0.372e0.0022x,r=0.986),利用分段回归(split line)模型预测出导致表面水中磷激增的土壤Olsen-P浓度“突变点”是82.7mg kg-1,达到或超过该值,磷则容易进入表面水并导致流失。对水稻土施磷后立即进行高强度淋洗,结果各种形态的磷淋溶到60cm以下的浓度不超过0.1mg kg-1,折合每公倾损失全磷仅为2.5~2.8 kg,对地下水影响很小。当施磷量高于800kg hm-2时,磷从上层向下移动现象明显。与split-line模型预测出上层土壤可能发生磷的移动和淋溶的土壤Olsen-P阈值为74.1mg kg-1的施磷量接近。土壤浸提液磷浓度受土壤施磷量和土水比共同影响;施磷量对土壤释放磷量影响起主要作用,随施磷量增加,溶液中磷浓度增加。总之,增大施磷量使土壤速效磷超过阈值,会使土壤可溶性磷、田面水全磷迅速增加,加速磷的垂直迁移。
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土壤碳循环过程是目前全球碳源碳汇研究的核心,目前对土壤碳循环过程和机制的研究还十分缺乏。杉木人工林约占我国人工林面积的1/4,由于近几十年经营管理措施不当,土壤有机碳的下降已经成为不争的事实,极大地影响了杉木人工林生产力的可持续发展。本研究通过对杉木人工林土壤有机碳来源、分解和释放动态的区分量化,结合13C标记示踪试验,开展了杉木凋落物分解对土壤有机碳平衡影响的研究,为土壤碳平衡和转化机理及杉木人工林的可持续经营提供了可靠的理论依据。通过系统的研究,得出以下结论: ⑴估算了典型杉木人工林土壤碳的周转状况,研究发现典型杉木人工林土壤碳更新较慢。土壤碳年输入量、形成量、转化量、输出量和贮存量分别为2.79 t hm-2、1.58 t hm-2、2.04 t hm-2、4.57 t hm-2、113.21 t hm-2。其中在土壤碳年排放量中矿质土层呼吸、根呼吸、凋落物层呼吸碳分别占土壤碳总排放量的50.6%、26.0%、23.1%。 ⑵计算了凋落物分解对土壤碳平衡的贡献。不同器官凋落物在土壤中的矿化释放碳量和进入土壤碳库量均随着凋落物易分解性的增大而增大,并且各器官凋落物分解以CO2-C释放最多,以微生物量碳存在的量次之,以可溶性碳存在的量最少。年均温16.5 ℃条件下培养100天,分别来自于叶、枝、细根、粗根有机碳的13.81%、9.26%、5.74%、4.62%被矿化释放,占总CO2-C释放量的比例分别为43.7%、37.2%、31.9%、29.0%。同时不同器官凋落物依次有3.05%、3.26%、2.24%、1.84%存在于土壤微生物碳库,占总微生物量碳的比例分别为12.9%、14.3%、10.5%、8.8%;不同器官凋落物依次有0.62%、0.62%、0.31%、0.24%存在于可溶性有机碳库,占总可溶性有机碳的比例分别为3.99%、4.10%、2.13%、1.73%。 ⑶不同器官凋落物进入土壤对土壤碳排放的激发效应不同,叶、枝、细根、粗根加入土壤产生了正激发效应,激发率依次为6.6%、7.0%、2.2%、2.8%。并且土壤风干-湿润过程影响了凋落物在土壤中的分解和转化过程。土壤风干-湿润使起始矿化底物库增大,培养初期凋落物分解速率上升,同时土壤原有机碳矿化速率降低,微生物对凋落物碳的利用以及凋落物对可溶性有机碳的贡献下降。 ⑷凋落物碳在不同轻组密度组分中的分布不同,但各器官凋落物间无明显差异,均为中等密度自由轻组最多,其次为最小密度自由轻组,最少为闭蓄轻组。室外培养224天,结果表明叶、枝、细根、粗根凋落物在各密度组分中的分配情况为:<1.0 g cm-3自由轻组中16.5~19.1%,1.0~1.8 g cm-3自由轻组中56.8~65.2%,闭蓄轻组中残留5.7~6.9%,其余的9.9~21.0%被矿化损失。研究还表明,凋落物粉碎添加方式能改变其在土壤组分中的分布比例,倾向于向较重的密度组分中分布而被保护起来利于有机碳的积累。
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污水处理过程中最为棘手的问题是可以产生大量含有重金属等污染物的固态、半固态或液态的污泥。随着工业化和城市化的迅猛发展以及污水处理能力的提高,日益增多的污泥不仅困扰着污水处理厂的正常运作,若处理不当,还会危及到生态健康与人体健康,并造成资源与经济的浪费。污泥中含有丰富的氮、磷、钾等营养元素,这使污泥资源化利用成为可能;但污泥中同时含有大量的重金属元素,给污泥的资源化利用造成了许多麻烦。因此,如何有效地去除污泥中的重金属,使其达到相应的标准之内,是污泥回用前亟待解决的关键问题。本研究主要针对如何减少和降低城市污泥中重金属毒害作用,以有效的、去除和降低城市污泥中有毒有害重金属元素为目的,尤其是一些经常性超标重金属元素,对城市污泥进行重金属脱除开展实验研究。 在实验研究过程中,主要采用柠檬酸、草酸和乙酸这3种最常见的有机酸作为淋洗剂,研究了柠檬酸、草酸和乙酸对污泥中Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn等重金属的去除效果,并分析了实验前后污泥中重金属形态变化和生物有效性,以及处理前后析出液和污泥中硝态氮和铵态氮的浓度变化。 研究结果表明,随着反应时间和酸溶液浓度的增加,污泥中重金属(Cu除外)的去除率也相应增加。污泥中加入有机酸溶液反应24h后,柠檬酸可去除76.0%的Pb和92.5%的Zn,草酸和乙酸对重金属的去除率并不大。柠檬酸经过7h即可去除污泥中大部分的Pb和Zn,分别为52.0%(Pb)和74.2%(Zn)。去除的Pb和Zn主要为以稳定形式存在的,不稳定态的比例有所上升,其中可交换态的浓度有不同程度的增加。污泥经有机酸处理后,有大量的硝态氮和铵态氮溶解于析出液中。与污泥中加入蒸馏水的对照处理相比,有机酸可大幅度增加析出液中铵态氮的含量,减少硝态氮的含量。由于污泥处理过程中有其他形态的氮的转化,处理后污泥中仍含有较高浓度的硝态氮和铵态氮。采用0.5 mol•L-1草酸处理析出液中硝态氮和铵态氮浓度分别为2.8 mg•L-1和888.1 mg•L-1,且重金属去除率不大,析出液可作为较好的“液体肥料”进行回收利用。
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本研究以长白山地区原始和次生的阔叶红松林为对象,在2007和2008年共建立了8种类型10块1 ha样地。通过野外调查和取样分析,得到各样地森林生态系统的植物、枯死物和土壤碳密度值,并结合采伐样地经营历史情况(采伐时间和强度),得到长白山地区原始阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度参考值和次生阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度对采伐强度和植被恢复时间的响应特征。在此基础上,通过建立阔叶红松林乔木碳密度与生态系统碳密度的回归关系,并结合露水河林业局3个时期(1987、1995和2003年)的小班数据和原始林碳密度参考值,估算露水河林业局林业用地3个时期和潜在的碳储量。主要研究结果如下: (1)原始阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度参考值:植被、枯死物、土壤和生态系统碳密度值分别为149.18±54.57、20.93±14.33、156.39±14.99、326.50±34.52 t•ha-1。其中下木层、乔木层碳密度分别是1.55±0.74,147.63±54.39 t•ha-1;粗木质残体和枯枝落叶碳密度分别是15.64±13.66、5.29±1.72 t•ha-1;0-50 cm的各层土壤碳密度分别为62.14±6.31、46.17±10.25、27.82±6.20、12.57±4.67、7.69±2.20 t•ha-1。 (2)原始阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度对采伐干扰的响应特征为:采伐干扰均会减少生态系统碳密度;其中植被碳库对采伐干扰最为敏感且碳密度值均减少,采伐强度直接决定植被碳密度的减少程度和恢复时间;枯死物碳库对采伐干扰最不敏感且碳密度值是先增加后减少,采伐强度和植被恢复时建群树种决定枯死物碳密度的变化程度;土壤碳库对高强度采伐干扰敏感,采伐强度决定土壤碳密度是否发生变化。 (3)估算露水河林业局林业用地在1987、1995、2003年和潜在的森林生态系统碳储量分别为29.58×106 t、27.55×106 t、30.46×106 t和38.75×106 t。