A Multiscale-Domain Decomposition Method for High Reynolds Number Flows

The high Reynolds number flow contains a wide range of length and time scales, and the flow domain can be divided into several sub-domains with different characteristic scales. In some sub-domains, the viscosity dissipation scale can only be considered in a certain direction; in some sub-domains, the viscosity dissipation scales need to be considered in all directions; in some sub-domains, the viscosity dissipation scales are unnecessary to be considered at all. For laminar boundary layer region, the characteristic length scales in the streamwise and normal directions are L and L Re-1/ 2 , respectively. The characteristic length scale and the velocity scale in the outer region of the boundary layer are L and U, respectively. In the neighborhood region of the separated point, the length scale l<Navier-Stokes (NS) equations computations for high Reynolds number flows, an idea of solving the conservation equations for discrete cells was proposed and named the discrete fluid dynamics (DFD) algorithm. Analysis shows that the basic conservative equations for discrete cells are the Euler equations, NS- and diffusion parabolized (DP) NS equations. In this paper, a new multiscale-domain decomposition method is developed for the high Reynolds number flow. First, the whole domain is decomposed to different sub-domains with the different characteristic scales. Then the different dominant equation of all sub-domains is defined according to the diffusion parabolized (DP) theory of viscous flow. Finally these different equations are solved simultaneously in whole computational region. For numerical tests of high Reynolds numerical flows, two-dimensional supersonic flows over rearward and frontward steps as well as an interaction flow between shock wave and boundary layer were solved numerically. The pressure distributions and local coefficients of skin friction on the wall are given. The numerical results obtained by the multiscale-domain decomposition algorithm are well agreement with those by NS equations. Comparing with the usual method of solving the Navier-Stokes equations in the whole flow, under the same numerical accuracy, the present multiscale domain decomposition method decreases CPU consuming about 20% and reflects the physical mechanism of practical flow more accurately.

Numerical Analyses of Transonic Fluid/Structure interaction in Aircraft Engineering

Through the coupling between aerodynamic and structural governing equations, a fully implicit multiblock aeroelastic solver was developed for transonic fluid/stricture interaction. The Navier-Stokes fluid equations are solved based on LU-SGS (lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel) Time-marching subiteration scheme and HLLEW (Harten-Lax-van Leer-Einfeldt-Wada) spacing discretization scheme and the same subiteration formulation is applied directly to the structural equations of motion in generalized coordinates. Transfinite interpolation (TFI) is used for the grid deformation of blocks neighboring the flexible surfaces. The infinite plate spline (IPS) and the principal of virtual work are utilized for the data transformation between fluid and structure. The developed code was fort validated through the comparison of experimental and computational results for the AGARD 445.6 standard aeroelastic wing. In the subsonic and transonic range, the calculated flutter speeds and frequencies agree well with experimental data, however, in the supersonic range, the present calculation overpredicts the experimental flutter points similar to other computations. Then the flutter character of a complete aircraft configuration is analyzed through the calculation of the change of structural stiffness. Finally, the phenomenon of aileron buzz is simulated for the weakened model of a supersonic transport wing/body model at Mach numbers of 0.98 and l.05. The calculated unsteady flow shows, on the upper surface, the shock wave becomes stronger as the aileron deflects downward, and the flow behaves just contrary on the lower surface of the wing. Corresponding to general theoretical analysis, the flow instability referred to as aileron buzz is induced by a stronger shock alternately moving on the upper and lower surfaces of wing. For the rigid structural model, the flow is stable at all calculated Mach numbers as observed in experiment

Information Preservation (IP) Method in Simulation

This paper reviews firstly methods for treating low speed rarefied gas flows: the linearised Boltzmann equation, the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), the Navier-Stokes equation plus slip boundary conditions and the DSMC method, and discusses the difficulties in simulating low speed transitional MEMS flows, especially the internal flows. In particular, the present version of the LBM is shown unfeasible for simulation of MEMS flow in transitional regime. The information preservation (IP) method overcomes the difficulty of the statistical simulation caused by the small information to noise ratio for low speed flows by preserving the average information of the enormous number of molecules a simulated molecule represents. A kind of validation of the method is given in this paper. The specificities of the internal flows in MEMS, i.e. the low speed and the large length to width ratio, result in the problem of elliptic nature of the necessity to regulate the inlet and outlet boundary conditions that influence each other. Through the example of the IP calculation of the microchannel (thousands long) flow it is shown that the adoption of the conservative scheme of the mass conservation equation and the super relaxation method resolves this problem successfully. With employment of the same measures the IP method solves the thin film air bearing problem in transitional regime for authentic hard disc write/read head length ( ) and provides pressure distribution in full agreement with the generalized Reynolds equation, while before this the DSMC check of the validity of the Reynolds equation was done only for short ( ) drive head. The author suggests degenerate the Reynolds equation to solve the microchannel flow problem in transitional regime, thus provides a means with merit of strict kinetic theory for testing various methods intending to treat the internal MEMS flows.

Information preservation (IP) method in simulation of internal rarefied gas flows in MEMS

This paper reviews firstly methods for treating low speed rarefied gas flows: the linearised Boltzmann equation, the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), the Navier-Stokes equation plus slip boundary conditions and the DSMC method, and discusses the difficulties in simulating low speed transitional MEMS flows, especially the internal flows. In particular, the present version of the LBM is shown unfeasible for simulation of MEMS flow in transitional regime. The information preservation (IP) method overcomes the difficulty of the statistical simulation caused by the small information to noise ratio for low speed flows by preserving the average information of the enormous number of molecules a simulated molecule represents. A kind of validation of the method is given in this paper. The specificities of the internal flows in MEMS, i.e. the low speed and the large length to width ratio, result in the problem of elliptic nature of the necessity to regulate the inlet and outlet boundary conditions that influence each other. Through the example of the IP calculation of the microchannel (thousands m ? long) flow it is shown that the adoption of the conservative scheme of the mass conservation equation and the super relaxation method resolves this problem successfully. With employment of the same measures the IP method solves the thin film air bearing problem in transitional regime for authentic hard disc write/read head length ( 1000 L m ? = ) and provides pressure distribution in full agreement with the generalized Reynolds equation, while before this the DSMC check of the validity of the Reynolds equation was done only for short ( 5 L m ? = ) drive head. The author suggests degenerate the Reynolds equation to solve the microchannel flow problem in transitional regime, thus provides a means with merit of strict kinetic theory for testing various methods intending to treat the internal MEMS flows.

Monte Carlo Modeling of Micro Scale Gas Flows

An information preservation (IP) method has been used to simulate many micro scale gas flows. It may efficiently reduce the statistical scatter inherent in conventional particle approaches such as the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. This paper reviews applications of IP to some benchmark problems. Comparison of the IP results with those given by experiment, DSMC, and the linearized Boltzmann equation, as well as the Navier-Stokes equations with a slip boundary condition, and the lattice Boltzmann equation, shows that the IP method is applicable to micro scale gas flows over the entire flow regime from continuum to free molecular.

Numerical Study of Heat Transfer Mechanism in Turbulent Supercritical CO2 Channel Flow

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of supercritical CO2 turbulent channel flow has been performed to investigate the heat transfer mechanism of supercritical fluid. In the present DNS, full compressible Navier-Stokes equations and Peng-Robison state equation are solved. Due to effects of the mean density variation in the wall normal direction, mean velocity in the cooling region becomes high compared with that in the heating region. The mean width between high-and low-speed streaks near the wall decreases in the cooling region, which means that turbulence in the cooling region is enhanced and lots of fine scale eddies are created due to the local high Reynolds number effects. From the turbulent kinetic energy budget, it is found that compressibility effects related with pressure fluctuation and dilatation of velocity fluctuation can be ignored even for supercritical condition. However, the effect of density fluctuation on turbulent kinetic energy cannot be ignored. In the cooling region, low kinematic viscosity and high thermal conductivity in the low speed streaks modify fine scale structure and turbulent transport of temperature, which results in high Nusselt number in the cooling condition of the supercritical CO2.

Receptivity to free-stream disturbance waves for blunt cone axial symmetry hypersonic boundary layer

Based on high-order compact upwind scheme, a high-order shock-fitting finite difference scheme is studied to simulate the generation of boundary layer disturbance waves due to free-stream waves. Both steady and unsteady flow solutions of the receptivity problem are obtained by resolving the full Navier-Stokes equations. The interactions of bow-shock and free-stream disturbance are researched. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of receptivity to free-stream disturbances for blunt cone hypersonic boundary layers is performed.

不可压和可压缩湍流的多尺度方程组

基于湍流尺度间相互作用的近程特征,作者们曾建议湍流平均分析的多尺度方法。本文进一步研讨这一问题。从空间平均不可压Navier-Stokes方程组,动量和能量湍流交换定义式出发,论证了尺度间相互作用的近程特征,给出近程尺度范围估计,获得近程涡应力,近程涡热传导等的积分和微分近似式;引入尺度间共振相互作用的概念,获得共振涡应力,共振涡热传导等的微分近似式;给出二尺度和三尺度方程组,它们都是不包含经验常数的近似封闭方程组,讨论了多尺度方程组的性质及其与传统大涡模拟方程组的区别;考察了二尺度方程组计算不可压槽道和平面混合层流动三维时间演化的数值结果。对可压缩湍流,通过类似于不可压湍流多尺度方法的处理,给出了可压湍流多尺度(二尺度和三尺度)方程组。可压湍流多尺度方程也含有Favre平均量和物理平均量之间的一组非线性关系式。这些关

翼身组合体跨音速副翼翁鸣现象数值模拟(英文)

本文发展多块网格的生成技术和网格变形方法,通过耦合求解三维薄层Navier-Stokes方程与结构运动方程数值模拟翼身组合体跨音速副翼翁鸣现象。整个翼身组合体网格分成30块子区,子区之间的流场数据传递通过两层虚拟网格单元来完成。在每一步实时推进计算中,通过内迭代使整个耦合计算的时间精度达到二阶。计算中仅考虑了机翼与副翼的结构变形,在整个计算中副翼网格没有单独分区,而是在主翼与副翼之间引进了“剪刀差”网格,所以这种方法只适合于副翼小变形的情况,但从副翼随时间的变形趋势,可以大致推断是否有副翼翁鸣发生。数值模拟结果表明:对副翼刚性较强的结构模型,在小扰动作用下,副翼结构变形的振幅随时间变化减小,最后结构恢复到平衡态。但对副翼刚性较弱的结构模型,在马赫数0.98与1.05时,副翼结构变形的振幅随时间发展迅速增大,呈现副翼翁鸣现象

NS方法数值预测跨音速气动颤振边界(英文)

本文通过耦合求解三维薄层Navier-Stokes方程与结构运动方程数值模拟了跨音速气动颤振现象。其中,流动控制方程的求解采用具有三阶精度的HLLEW(Harten-Lax-vanLeer-EinfeldtWada)迎风TVD空间离散格式和LU-SGS内迭代时间推进方法,同样的内迭代方法用于结构运动方程的求解。在每一步实时推进计算中,通过内迭代,使整个耦合计算的时间精度达到二阶。针对每一时间步的结构变形,发展了一种自适应网格变形方法,在中等结构变形的情况下,该方法能保证变形后的网格具有原网格的质量。为检验发展的跨音速气动颤振计算程序,对一标准气动弹性机翼的跨音速气动弹性边界进行了计算,获得了与实验一致的结果。另外,还详细研究了网格数、时间步长及内迭代步数对气动颤振计算的影响。

微重力流体力学

目录

前言
第一章 微重力流体科学概论
一、微重力科学与微重力流体科学
1、微重力环境
2、重力的影响
3、微重力流体科学的发展
二、微重力流体力学概述
1、对流
2、扩散及输运现象
3、液滴和气泡动力学
4、多相流过程
5、残余重力效应
6、其他流体力学问题
三、微重力物理化学概述
1、临界现象
2、燃烧
3、分散体悬浮系统
4、晶体生长的物理化学问题
四、微重力流体科学的研究途径
1、微重力研究的一般途径
2、微重力实验手段
参考文献
第二章 基本方程组和流体运动特性
一、引言
二、连续性方程和迁移方程
三、动量方程
1、流体的粘性——Reynolds应力
2、动量守恒定律
3、Navier-Stokes方程
四、能量方程
1、总能量方程
2、动能方程
3、内能方程
4、粘性耗散函数
5、Fourier定律及另外二种形式的能量方程
6、不可压流体的导热方程
五、Newton流体的运动方程组及定解条件
1、基本方程组和适定性
2、定解条件
六、Boussinesq近似及适用范围
七、相似律和无量纲参数
1、利用Buckinghan〓定理导出相似参数
2、微重力流体力学的有关物理量和无量纲参数
参考文献
第三章 毛细现象以及界面的平衡和稳定
一、引言
二、表面张力的物理描述
三、液体射流的表面不稳定
1、基本方程组和基态
2、小扰动的线性化方程
3、本征值方程及其解
四、等温条件下液桥的平衡位型和稳定
1、表面张力作用下的平衡条件
2、毛细稳定性
3、旋转稳定性
第五章 液桥的流体动力学稳定理论
1、基本假设和液桥的平衡条件
2、稳定问题的数学提法
3、液桥的Liapunov稳定理论
4、特殊情形（Ω〓=μ=0）以及纯半波不稳定（n=1，m=1）
5、小扰动方程的变分方程
6、小Weber数和大Reynolds数情形的不稳定发展率
7、液桥微重力实验的结果的分析
8、讨论和结论
参考文献
第四章 对流和扩散
一、Pearson对流
1、自由面不变形时的小扰动分析
2、自由面可变形情形
3、非线性理论
4、多层不混溶液体系统
二、热毛细对流
1、矩形容器中的热毛细对流
2、柱形液桥的热毛细对流
3、半浮区液桥热毛细对流的数值模拟
4、薄层液体的热毛细对流
三、热毛细振荡对流的实验研究
1、液桥内部的温度振荡
2、热毛细对流的表面振荡
3、综合测量
四、热毛细对流的振荡机理
1、热流体波不稳定性
2、表面波不稳定性
3、有限高度液桥的线性不稳定性
4、三维不定常数值模拟
5、重力的影响
6、一种非稳定性理论
7、关于振荡的激发机制
参考文献
第五章 液滴动力学
一、等温液滴动力学
1、球形液滴的振荡
2、不混溶液体中球形液滴的振荡
3、弱非线性理论
4、实验模拟
二、非等温液滴的Marangoni迁移
1、定常线性化理论（小Reynolds数，小Marangoni数）
2、非线性理论
3、实验结果
三、液滴和气泡的相互作用
1、双气泡的轴对称理论
2、多液滴的轴对称理论
四、旋转液滴的演化序列和分叉理论
1、旋转液滴的演化
2、旋转液滴的Thomson-Tait稳定准则
3、长期稳定性和动力稳定性
4、长期稳定性真实性的实验证明
5、结论
参考文献
第六章 微重力材料流体力学
一、晶体生长过程
二、纯扩散过程
1、一维扩散过程
2、二维扩散过程
3、固-液界面弯曲对径向分凝的影响
三、浮区晶体生长
1、浮区的热毛细对流
2、浮区的熔质毛细对流
3、浮区对流的振荡特征（小Prandtl数对流）
4、耦合过程
四、溶液晶体生长
1、溶液晶体生长的相变界面过程
2、一维纯扩散过程
3、准定常溶液晶体生长过程
4、不定常溶液生长过程
五、气相晶体生长
1、气相晶体生长过程
2、一维模型
3、物理气相输运中的对流效应
4、化学气相沉积（CVD）过程
参考文献

计算流体力学

飞行器流/固耦合静气动弹性分析及考虑结构变形气动性能优化

现代大型飞机采用的大展弦比超临界机翼设计技术使得机翼的静气动弹性效应明显，静气动弹性变形对飞机气动性能和操纵面控制效率的影响成为先进大型飞机设计必须面对的重要技术问题。需要采用多专业、多学科综合研究的手段，建立一套系统的、工程实用的气动/结构耦合弹性机翼分析和设计技术，为大型民用飞机设计服务。传统的动气动弹性数值模拟程序由于数值方法上的特点，并不适用于静气动弹性数值模拟，有必要发展独立的静气动弹性数值模程序，弥补风洞实验技术的不足，为大型飞机的静气动弹性设计提供技术参考。 作者采用基于柔度矩阵方法的结构静力学方程，分别与基于结构网格的Navier-Stokes方程和基于非结构网格的Euler方程相耦合，发展了基于非结构气动网格和结构气动网格的静气动弹性数值分析程序。编制了统一的数据接口技术，使其可更换不同的流体力学求解器与结构静力学模型耦合，为采用不同求解器进行静气动弹性数值模拟对比奠定了基础。 使用作者独立开发出的静气动弹性数值分析程序，分别对某型号飞翼和翼身组合体进行了静气动弹性数值模拟，比较了基于不同类型气动网格结果的异同，分析了静气动弹性效应对翼身组合体造成的升力导数下降和控制面效率降低的影响，并对其中包含的物理机理进行了探讨。 作者在静气动弹性数值模拟程序的基础上，进一步发展了基于遗传算法与响应面法结合的飞行器型架外形设计优化方法，在优化过程中，以已有的静气动弹性数据建立响应面模型替代传统的调用Euler/N-S方程静气动弹性计算，大大减小了优化的运算时间，使静气动弹性优化设计成为可能。并对NACA0012翼型和某飞翼进行了型架外形优化，并得到了良好的结果，验证了作者发展的考虑静气动弹性效应影响的飞行器型架外形优化程序。

可压缩流气动声场的数值模拟

气动声学是一门流动力学和声学之间的交叉学科，主要研究流动及其与物体相互作用产生噪声的机理。动用计算技术研究气动声学问题的手段称为计算气动声学。本文的目的是，基于高精度数值算法的研究，分别运用Lighthill比拟理论、Kirchhoff积分和直接数值模拟等方法，针对翼型绕流、激波-涡干扰和轴对称射流，研究了物面非定常脉动压力、涡脱落、激波-涡干扰以及涡对并等产生噪声的机理。首先针对声场与主流场在能级和特征尺度等方面的差异，从空间离散角度分析了几种差分格式，表明迎风紧致格式/对称紧致格式有较小的数值色散、耗散和各向异性误差，因而适用于气动噪声的计算。以Runge-Kutta格式为例，对时间离散带来的误差进行了分析。指出对声波计算来说，仅考虑格式稳定性是不够的，时间步长还受到允许色散误差和耗散误差的限制。基于保色戎关系的思想，构造了优化Runge-Kutta格式。处例显示优化Runge-Kutta格式相对于经典格式有更高的计算效率。采用3阶迎风紧致格式和3阶Runge-Kutta格式数值模拟了NACA0012翼型的可压缩非定常绕流流场，并将此流场作为近场声源，运用声学比拟理论对偶极子声和四极子声进行研究。结果指出，主流速度对远场声压有决定性影响，在来流马赫数较大时，四极子噪声和偶极子噪声具有相同量级，不能被忽略，表明了可压缩效应对声场的影响。采用5阶迎风紧致格式和4阶Runge-Kutta格式求解非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程，对激波-单涡/双涡干扰导致的声场进行了直接数值模拟。详细研究了激波-涡干扰产生噪声的机理，指出噪声的产生及其性质和激波变形密切相关。研究了近场噪声衰减和传播距离r的关系，发现噪声衰减大致和r~(4/5)而不是r~(1/2)成反比关系，提出这种差异是由流场的非线性效应引起的。构造了Kirchhoff积分和非定常流动计算相结合的算法。采用5阶迎风紧致格式和3阶Runge-Kutta格式对亚声速轴对称射流进行直接数值模拟。将射流流场作为近场声源，结合Kirchhoff方法求解远场 气动噪声。数值结果表明远场噪声具有方向性，噪声声压在离开对称轴20°处达到最大值。随着传播距离增大，噪声方向性逐渐减弱。

垂直激励圆柱形容器中的非线性表面波及其不稳定性研究

本文分别在理想流体和弱粘性流体中，利用奇异摄动理论的两时间变量展开法，研究了垂直强迫激励圆柱形容器中的单一表面驻波模式的形成、结构特，点及其随时间的演化规律。首先假设流体是无粘、不可压且运动是无旋的，在忽略了表面张力的影响下，得到了描述表面波运动的非线性振幅方程及二阶自由面位移的解析表达式。通过数值计算，在不同驱动频率下，从理论上得到了非常丰富且只有少数在鄂学全等（19％，1998）的实验中报道过的表面波流谱模式。尽管所建立的数学模型和鄂学全等（19％。1998）的实验显示有所差别，但计算的结果可以用来解释他们实验中所观察到的表面波模态。进而研究了特定模式的空间结构（如节点的个数及分布规律）及其随时间三维演化规律，从理论上验证了此类表面波具有驻波的特点，丰富了前人的研究成果。液体表面张力的影响在所研究问题的尺度（如容器的半径为几个厘米，驱动的振幅只有微米量级）范围内对表面波的模式选择也不可忽视。故本文通过边界条件引入了表面张力的影响，研究了表面波模式的性质，并和无表面张力时的情况进行了比较。结果表明，当外激励频率较小时，表面张力对表面波模式选择的影响较小；但当驱动频率较大时，表面张力对表面波的模式选择影响很大，反映出表面张力具有使得自由面回到平衡位置的作用，更加逼近问题的真实情况。由于实际的物理系统中会产生阻尼，而阻尼系数的确定对研究表面波的模式特点及其发展规律有非常重要的意义。本文在弱粘性流体中，把Navier-Stokes方程线性化，研究了圆柱形容器受垂直强迫激励的表面驻波运动。将整个流场分为外部势流区和内部的边界层流动，求得了粘性阻尼系数的解析表达式，并研究了阻尼系数随某些参数，如粘度、驱动振幅、液体的深度等的变化规律。将在弱粘性流体情况下得到的粘性阻尼系数加到无粘流体中所得的色散关系和非线性振幅方程中对其进行修正，修正的结果使得所研究的问题更进一步接近实验的真实情况。粘性阻尼和表面张力二者对模式选择的影响中，当波数较小，即表面波的模式较简单时，粘性阻尼的影响起主要作用；相反，当波数较大，即表面波的模式较复杂时，表面张力的影响起主要作用。最后将阻尼项加到理想流体中得到的非线性振幅方程中，对其进行修正。对新的修正方程进行了稳定性分析。结合相平面特点研究了解的性质，得到形成稳定表面波模式的必要条件，给出了不稳定区域。。研究结果表明对已形成的稳态模式来说，它对小的扰动是不会失稳的。