126 resultados para Boltzmann s H theorem


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The photoabsorption processes of Au2+, Au3+, and Au4+ have been investigated experimentally and theoretically in the 70-127 eV region. Using the dual laser-produced plasma technique, the 4f and 5p photoabsorption spectrum has been recorded at 50 ns time delay and was found to be dominated by a great number of lines from 4f-5d, 6d and 5p-5d, 6s transitions, which have been identified by comparison with the aid of Hartree-Fock with configuration interaction calculations. The characteristic feature of the spectrum is that satellite lines from excited configurations containing one or two 6s electrons are more important than resonance lines, and with increasing ionization, satellite contributions from states with one 6s spectator electron gradually become more important than those with two 6s spectator electrons. Based on the assumption of a normalized Boltzmann distribution among the excited states and a steady-state collisional-radiative model, we succeeded in reproducing a spectrum which is in good agreement with experiment.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The 4d photoabsorption spectra of I2+, I3+, and I4+ have been obtained in the 70-127 eV region with the dual laser-produced plasma technique at time delays ranging from 400 to 520 ns. With decreasing time delay, the dominant contribution to the spectra evolves from the I2+ to the I4+ ions, and each spectrum contains discrete 4d-nf transitions and a broad 4d-epsilon f shape resonance, which are identified with the aid of multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock calculations. The excited states decay by direct autoionization involving 5s or 5p electrons, and rates for the different processes and resulting linewidths were calculated. With increasing ionization, the 4d-epsilon f shape resonance become intense and broader in going from I2+ to I3+, and then vanishes at I5+. In addition, the discrete structure of the calculated spectrum of each ion gradually approaches the corresponding shape resonance position. Based on the assumption of a normalized Boltzmann distribution among the excited states and a steady-state collisional-radiative model, we reproduced spectra which are in good agreement with experiment.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

According to the method of path integral quantization for the canonical constrained system in Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin scheme, the supersymmetric electromagnetic interaction system was quantized. Both the Hamiltonian of the supersymmetric electromagnetic interaction system in phase space and the quantization procedure were simplified. The BRST generator was constructed, and the BRST transformations of supersymmetric fields were gotten; the effective action was calculated, and the generating functional for the Green function was achieved; also, the gauge generator was constructed, and the gauge transformation of the system was obtained. Finally, the Ward-Takahashi identities based on the canonical Noether theorem were calculated, and two relations between proper vertices and propagators were obtained.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Within the framework of Dirac Brueckner-Hartree-Fock (DBHF) approach, we calculate the energy per nucleon, the pressure, the nucleon self-energy, and the single-nucleon energy in the nuclear matter by adopting two different covariant representations for T-matrix. We mainly investigate the influence of different covariant representations on the satisfiable extent of the Hugenholtz-Van Hove (HVH) theorem in the nuclear medium in the framework of DBHF. By adopting the two different covariant representations of T-matrix, the predicted nucleon self-energy shows a quite different momentum and density dependence. Different covariant representations affect remarkably the satisfiable extent of the HVH theorem. By adopting the complete pseudo-vector representation of the T-matrix, HVH theorem is largely violated, which is in agreement with the result in the non-relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach and reflects the importance of ground state correlations for single nucleon properties in nuclear medium, whereas by using the pseudoscalar representation, the ground state correlation cannot be shown. It indicates that the complete pseudo-vector presentation is more feasible than the pseudo-scalar one.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In terms of the quantitative causal principle, this paper obtains a general variational principle, gives unified expressions of the general, Hamilton, Voss, Holder, Maupertuis-Lagrange variational principles of integral style, the invariant quantities of the general, Voss, Holder, Maupertuis-Lagrange variational principles are given, finally the Noether conservation charges of the general, Voss, Holder, Maupertuis-Lagrange variational principles axe deduced, and the intrinsic relations among the invariant quantities and the Noether conservation charges of all the integral variational principles axe achieved.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Within the Boltzmann-Langevin equation, the neutron cluster production cross sections in the reactions induced by Be-14, He-8, He-6, Li-11, B-17, Be-11, C-19 on C-12 at 35MeV/u were studied. The experimental data for (4)n production cross section from Be-14+C-12 at 35MeV/u can be reproduced. It is found that the production cross section of neutron cluster is large in the reaction that the projectile has more halo nucleons. And the projectiles with big mass number are easy to produce the neutron cluster, when they have the same number of halo nucleons. The neutron cluster is probably mainly from the halo nucleons of projectile.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Based on the isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model and the scaling model according to nucleon effective mass, effects of elastic and inelastic NN scattering cross sections on pi(-)/pi(+) in the neutron-rich reaction of Ca-48 + Ca-48 at a beam energy of 400 MeV/nucleon are studied. It is found that cross-section effects of both NN elastic and inelastic scatterings affect Delta(1232), pi(-) and pi(+) production, as well as the value of pi(-)/pi(+).

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In the framework of an isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (IBUU) transport model, for the central Au-197 + Au-197 reaction at an incident beam energy of 400 MeV/nucleon, the effect of nuclear symmetry potential at supra-saturation densities on the preequilibrium clusters emission is studied. It is found that for the positive symmetry potential at supra-saturation densities the neutron-to-proton ratio of lighter clusters with mass number A less than or similar to 3 [(n/p)(A less than or similar to 3)] is larger than that of the heavier clusters with mass number A > 3 [(n/p)(A>3)], whereas for the negative symmetry potential at supra-saturation densities the (n/p)(A less than or similar to 3) is smaller than the (n/p)(A>3). This may be considered as a probe of the negative symmetry potential at supra-saturation densities.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In this paper, the capabilities of laser-induced break down spectroscopy (LIBS) for rapid analysis to multi-component plant are illustrated using a 1064 nm laser focused onto the surface of folium lycii. Based on homogeneous plasma assumption, nine of essential micronutrients in folium lycii are identified. Using Saha equation and Boltzmann plot method electron density and plasma temperature are obtained, and the irrelative concentration (Ca, Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Na, K, Li, and Sr) are obtained employing a semi-quantitative method.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本文在碎裂反应实验的基础上研究了原子核的团簇结构以及晕核的特性。由兰州放射性束流线(RIBLL)提供的6He和6Li次级束与Be靶的反应,用24单元的CsI(Tl)阵列探测器测量了6He和6Li的碎裂产物的能量以及小范围内的角分布。用脉冲形状的方法鉴别出了6He与6Li的轻带电粒子碎片。通过重构不变质量谱的方法得到了RGM预言的6He和6Li的3核子共振态。拟合实验数据发现6Li在Ex=22.9MeV和Ex=30.3MeV出现t+3He团簇共振态,6He在Ex=19.2MeV和Ex=29.8MeV出现t+t团簇共振态。并且与理论以及其它的实验的结果进行了比较。这是在实验上首次通过重构不变质量谱的方法直接观测到6He和6Li的三核子共振态。比较了6He和6Li的碎片产生几率,结果表明丰中子的6He产生丰中子碎片的几率要比6Li大,而产生缺中子碎片的几率要比6Li低,结论与BLE的计算是一致的。通过比较6He和6Li反应产生3He和3H的截面角分布,发现丰中子核反应容易产生丰中子的碎片这种现象在前角区更为敏感,随着角度的增大差别逐渐变小。因此前角区的3H与3He的发射产额比是一个鉴别晕核的灵敏探针。用双碎片关联和电粒子产额估算了6He碎裂各出射道的分支比,还估算了6Li碎裂成双带电粒子出射道的相对比例。由出射道的分支比估算了自由发射的中子质子比,并且与QMD的结果进行了比较,发现晕核的自由发射中子质子比要比稳定核大,这也可作为鉴别晕核的一种探针。另外用同位旋相关的BLE(Boltzmann-Langevin Equation)模型计算了轻丰中子核反应中子团簇集团产生的截面,发现3,4n团簇的截面最大,其中4n的产生截面与实验值相近。还计算了丰质子核反应的轻带电粒子发射的同位旋效应,发现质子晕核反应中轻带电粒子的产额相对于稳定核会突然的增大。这也为寻找和判断晕核结构提供了新的手段

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本论文介绍了放射性核束物理研究的现状以及当前常用的几种同位旋相关的重离子微观输运理论,系统描述了非对称核物质的状态方程、中能重离子碰撞中的同位旋效应以及中子星的性质。基于 Hartree-Fock 理论和扩展的 Skyrme 相互作用,在核物质近似下得到了一个非相对论性的密度、温度和同位旋相关的核物质状态方程 (IEOS)。系统研究了核物质状态方程的同位旋效应。讨论了核子的平均场、核物质的不可压缩系数、核子的有效质量以及核物质临界温度的同位旋相关性,并且给出了核物质饱笔点处的饱和密度、不可压缩系数以及单核子结合能的抛物线规律。同时,探讨了对称能的温度和密度相关性,给出了零温度时对称能的解析表达式,并提出了对称能温度相关性的抛物线规律,发现对称能随着温度的升高而减小。另外,基于以上的同位旋相关的核物质状态方程,对 ALADIN's Caloric Curve 给出了一种静态解释。在传统量子分子动力学 (QMD) 模型的基础上,通过在相互作用平均场、两体碰撞、泡利阻塞、初始化以及碎片构造过程中适当地考虑同位旋自由度,得到了一个同位旋相关的 QMD 模型 (IQMD 模型)。利用IQMD模型系统研究了中能重离子碰撞中的同位旋效应。例如,中能重离子碰撞中同位旋自由度的弛豫、重离子碰撞中核子前平衡发射的同位旋效应、重离子碰撞中的集体流(包括直接流、转动流、挤出流和径向流)及其同位旋相关性、原子核多重碎裂的同位旋效应及其消失、重离子碰撞中的化学不稳定性以及中能重离子碰撞中如何选取事件的碰撞参数及其同位旋效应等。同样,在传统的 Boltzmann-Langevin 方程中适当地考虑同位旋自由度,得到了同位旋相关的Boltzmann-Langevin方程 (IBLE),利用IBLE研究了 ~(19)Na的产生截面。另外,利用IQMD模型探讨了多重碎裂的"neck" 机制以及重离子碰撞中局域势的有限程效应。基于前面给出的非相对论的核物质状态方程,系统研究了中子星的性质,如中子星的化学组份、质量、结合能、半径、密度剖面、转动惯量及表面红移等。结果表明,使用一些常用的 Skyrme 势参数能够给出与天文学观测相一致的结果。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本论文介绍了放射性核束物理研究的现状以及当前常用的几种同位旋相关的重离子微观输运理论,对传统的 Boltzmann-Langevin 方程(BLE)考虑了同位旋相关的平均场、核子-核子碰撞截面和泡里阻塞,面且在初始化相空间的抽样中区分了中子和质子,并合模型也考虑了同位旋效应,建立了同位旋相关的 Boltzmann-Langevin 方程(IBLE)。利用IBLE对放射性核引起反应中的同位素分布,~(19)Na 的产生截面,以及中能重离子碰撞中的径向膨胀流进行了系统的研究,并对超重核的合成进行了一些初步的讨论。利用 IBLE 分别研究了不同弹核 ~(14)O,~(16)O 和 ~(18)O 在入射能量为 28.7MeV/u 下轰击不同靶核~7Be 和 ~9Be的反应,计算生成碎片的产生截面,发现用丰中子(缺中子)炮弹或丰中子(缺中子)靶进行反应,所得到的产物均有丰中子(缺中子)的碎片出现。同位素分布宽度和峰位入射体系密切相关,产生碎片的电荷数越接近于入射弹核的电荷数,则同位素分布的宽度越大,峰位偏离β稳定线值越远,其同位旋效应越明显。在28.7 MeV/u入射能量下,对反应系统 ~(17-20,22)Ne + ~(12)C 和 ~(20)Ne + ~9 进行了研究。对核素 ~(19)Na 产生截面进行计算和比较后,发现缺中子核引起的反应,具有更大~(19)Na的产生截面。通过研究反应系统 ~(40)Ca + ~(58)Ni 和 ~(40)Ca + ~(58)Fe 的径向膨胀流随入射能量的变化关系,发现径向膨胀流存在着强烈的同位旋相关性。利用径向膨胀流随入射能量的变化关系和拟和结果,从理论上证实了存在使径向膨胀流为零的特定入射能量,发现对于不同的反应体系这个能量是不同的,它随同位旋自由度的变化而变化。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

我们利用流体动力学宏观理论与HF微观理论对同位旋标量多极巨共振能量随温度的变化机制做了讨论。首先用流体动力学方法导出了同位旋标量多极巨共振能量随温度变化的一般关系式。公式表明巨共振能量随温度的变化受制于热核体积膨胀和核子平均动能增加两个因素之间的竟争,它们分别使共振能减小和增加。接着又用Skyrme-HF方法得到了核半径系数和核子平均动能随温度变化的关系式。最后得到同位旋标量多极巨共振能量随温度变化的一个简单关系式。体积膨胀和核子平均动能增加这两种因素的影响大体互相抵消,最终导致热核同位旋标量多极巨共振能量基本不随温度变化。我们用Boltzmann-Nordherin-Vlasov方程数值计算和分析了重离子反应中单极巨共振OMR的形成与衰减。为了系统地比较入射能、碰撞参数对不同反应系统GMR的形成与衰减的影响,我们计算了不同条件下不同重离子反应系统的四极矩、动能和单极矩随时间的演化。计算表明,1)GMR能量与入射能和碰撞参数无关,仅仅是核子数的函数。2) 入射能愈大GMR形成稍有提前,GMR振幅也越大但OMR振幅衰减越快GMR消亡越早。3) 碰撞参数越大GMR振幅越小GMR消亡越早。4) GMR在40fm/c左右形成,依照入射能和碰撞参数的不同在200到400fm/c后消亡,入射能愈大或碰撞参数愈大GMR消亡越早。概括地讲,GMR能量是核子数的光滑函数,与入射能或激发能无关;入射能越大GMR振幅越大,GMR形成时间稍早但衰减和消亡更快。我们用经典唯象输运模型和量子输运模型讨论了核系统扩张过程中OQR模式的密度涨落并用它们来模拟系统的集体行为。我们讨论了集体坐标Q与集体动量P的涨落随时间的演化。计算显示集体变量Q的涨落发展主要取决于通过随机驱动力引入的初始统计涨落,统计涨落与量子涨落行为相似。在核系统扩张阶段耗散与涨落机制对于动量分布的影响是重要的。量子涨落在初值中已经存在,对于低温系统,量子涨落所起的作用尤为重要,它能够缩短涨落达到特定值的临界时间,从而在动力学对称性破缺中发挥重要作用。由于量子涨落的作用,处于spinodal状态的核系统将更早地分解。我们也讨论了双核系统GDR的形成与性质,还探讨了GDR宽度随温度变化的机制。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本论文通过在兰州放射性束流线(RIBLL)上进行的6He同Si靶和Pb靶反应实验测量得到了6He与Si靶、Pb靶反应总截面和去除双中子截面以及6He与Si靶、Pb靶反应弹核碎裂产生4He碎片的纵向动量分布。采用能够很好描述正常核反应总截面的半经验的Shen公式计算了4,6 He同Be,C,Al,Si靶的反应总截面。对于4He,从低能到高能理论计算和实验数据符合很好。但是对于6He,理论计算和实验数据符合不好。通过SHF理论、RMF理论、RDDH理论、各种核子密度分布形式(2PHO-tyPe,HO-tyPe,2PFM-tyPe及新提出的修正的费米密度分布MFM-type)计算出6He的各种密度分布(包括晕核密度、皮核密度及正常核密度),带入Glotlber模型计算了6He同Be,C,Al,Si靶的反应总截面以及双中子去除截面,只有使用晕核密度理论计算才能够很好地符合实验数据,进一步证实6He具有双中子晕核结构,确定其基本构型。比较了轻靶(Si革巴)和重靶(Pb靶)电磁离解效应刘一反应总截面和去除双中子截面的影响,重靶电磁离解效应明显。采用能够很好描述稳定核的动量分布宽度的Goldllaber理论、Morrissey经验公式、W.A.Friedman的重离子弹核碎裂模型,以及Lise小组发展的Lise程序,计算了6He与Si靶和Pb靶反应弹核碎裂产生的4He碎片的纵向动量分布,也同样证实了6He具有双中子晕核结构。论文最后,利用同位旋相关的Boltzmann-Langevin方程(IBLE)计算稳定核4He和奇异核6He同c靶的反应系统来研究6He反应动力学特性,研究反应产生的核素产生截面,以及4,5 He产生截面随碰撞参数的变化。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

论文系统地介绍和分析了当前几类描述重离子碰撞动力学过程输运理论的优点和缺点,并针对这些理论的不足作为建立我们理论模型的出发点。例如BUU(Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck)系列的输运过程,可以通过不同方法从量子多体理论依照扩展的时间相关的Hartree-Fock(ETDHF)的基本思想推导出来,并对重离子碰撞过程中有关平均场物理量给出了合理的描述。但由于推导中采用了一些半经典近似和参数化近似,破坏了平均场合碰撞项之间的动力学自洽耦合。特别是数值计算中采用了实验粒子系综平均法,从而丢失了多体关联和涨落,使其无法直接描述重离子碰撞中基本的碎块形成和多重碎裂过程。而量子分子动力学(QMD)系列的理论能够给出重离子碰撞过程中碎块形成的动力学描述,但至今无法从量子多体理论推导出有关QMD的输运方程。碰撞项是在数值计算中通过Monte Carlo抽样技术人为地加入的。那么,如何从量子多体理论出发推导出描述重离子碰撞动力学过程的,可将时间相关的平均场,多体关联进行自洽耦合描述的量子输运理论就成了本论文工作的中心目的。 基于王顺金等人建立的多体关联动力学理论,选用时间相关的相干态单粒子基矢作为新理论的工作表象,对两体关联动力学中的一体密度矩阵和两体关联函数进行轨道展开,推导出了描述非相对论重离子碰撞动力学过程的两体关联输运理论TBCTT(Two-Body Correlation Transport Theory)。TBCTT是一组包括时间相关的平均场,两体关联和Pauli原理的自洽耦合的动力学方程组。其中时间相关的相干单粒子基矢是该理论的一个关键问题。其时间演化的动力学可由多种不同的方法得到,如时间相关的Hartree-Fock方法,时间相关的变分方法等。但作为建立TBCTT工作的第一步,为了计算简便,我们采用经典的Hamilton方程来描述相干单粒子基矢中相空间参数的时间演化,然后通过与两体关联动力学的耦合而恢复TBCCT基本的量子特征。 利用TBCTT对几组轻的碰撞系统进行了数值计算和分析。计算结果表明:TBCTT可以给出重离子碰撞过程中的有关物理量时间演化过程的合理描述,得到了在不同入射道条件下与QMD模型的可比性结果。同时也在组态空间的有限截断和两体关联函数不同的等级截断下均得到了碰撞系统总动量,总能量和总粒子数的近似守恒结果,特别是能量守恒,这是一般半经典输运理论中一个重要的困难问题。另外还得到了两体关联函数不同的等级截断近似对碰撞动力学方面不同的描述。所用这些数值计算结果充分表明:TBCTT是一个有希望和有发展前途的能够描述重离子碰撞动力学的量子输运理论。最后我们对当前计算中所采用的近似和存在的问题进行了分析和讨论,提出了进一步改进和完善TBCTT的途径和方案。 我们在开始TBCTT的研究之前还对QMD进行了仔细的研究和改进。通过在平均场中引入Pauli势和对称势并利用摩擦冷却方法构造原子核基态,得到了一种改进的量子分子动力学MQMD。利用这种MQMD研究了12C+12C反应多重碎裂过程中的核结构效应,得到了与AMD和实验数据基本一致的结果。对QMD的改进和应用为开展TBCTT的研究工作创造了必要条件和准备。