绿洲前沿地区多枝柽柳水分关系的特征及灌溉的影响

对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲前沿地区多枝柽柳 (Tamarixramosissima)进行了研究 ,生长季节和灌溉前后水分关系的特征表明 :多枝柽柳在生长季节保持了较高较稳定的清晨水势 ,植物能够平衡白天水分损失造成的水分亏缺 ,水分恢复状况良好。环境气候变化对渗透势等水分参数的影响不及植物水分恢复状况对它们的影响。除了个别数据 ,多枝柽柳水势和渗透势的降低幅度很小 ,更像是生长过程的结果 ,植物水分胁迫的特征并不明显。对比水分生理上对干旱胁迫的适应———渗透势的迅速降低和质外体水含量的增加 ,膨压消失点相对含水量(RWCp)和渗透势差值 (ΔΠ)等参数显示的生理特征表明 ,植物更加依靠稳定充足的水分供应来适应生长环境中极端的高水压差和与此相应的高大气蒸发要求。与此适应 ,植物和地下水发生了联系 ,并且一次性灌溉对植物水分状况的恢复基本没有帮助 ,保持地下水位稳定在根系的可吸收范围内成为保护绿洲前沿多枝柽柳长期存在的关键。多枝柽柳的水分特征属于中生植物的范畴 ,对极端环境的适应属于躲避的类型。

农林复合系统植物竞争研究进展

植物竞争是农林复合系统成功和可持续性的主要决定因素。使资源竞争最小化,资源利用最大化,是农林复合系统提高产量和总生产力的核心。本文对农林复合系统中林木-作物间对光、水分和养分的竞争作用、化感作用及与竞争相关的植物特性进行了综述。一般认为,在湿润地区,农林复合系统地上部分对光的竞争可能是系统生产力的主要决定因素;而在温带地区和半干旱热带地区,地下部分对水分的竞争可能限制着系统的生产力。在农林复合系统中,植物对光的竞争能力由叶面积、冠层结构等决定,对土壤水分和养分的竞争能力则取决于植物根系所占据的土壤空间、根系的形态和生理塑性、植物根系在土壤中的时空分布格局等。今后应加强不同区域农林复合系统中不同组分间的竞争作用的比较、竞争过程及生理机理、化感作用、菌根影响植物竞争的作用和机理、地上部分竞争和地下部分竞争的相互作用、全球变化与植物竞争等方面的研究。

小麦高留茬田间水分效应研究

通过小区和大田试验,研究了留茬、灭茬和烧茬三种处理土壤、近地层空气温湿度的变化,比较了三种处理夏玉米生长发育状况,分析了小麦高留茬的田间水分效应。结果表明,留茬明显降低了土壤温度,测定日0cm地表温度全天内留茬都处于最低,其中10时到14时降温效果最明显,土壤5￣25cm平均温度分别较灭茬和烧茬低1.45℃和2.3℃;土壤0￣70cm含水量自始至终留茬高于灭茬和烧茬;留茬对近地层空气湿度的影响主要在晚上,麦秆凝结的水汽增大了空气湿度,白天留茬高度内气温低湿度较大,留茬高度外气温高湿度较小(与灭茬和烧茬相比)。留茬对夏玉米生长发育的影响主要表现在中后期,试验结束时留茬株高、茎粗均高于灭茬和烧茬,表现出较大的后劲。

沈阳市森林城市建设途径的探讨

简述了森林城市的概念和沈阳市森林城市的规划,探讨了沈阳森林城市建设中存在的问题,并提出了建设性意见.

全新世寒冷事件与气候变化的千年周期

在统计10000aBP以来我国每百年中寒冷事件记录的频率的基础上,分析了寒冷事件的时间分布特点和频率序列的功率谱.结果表明,10000aBP以来的冷暖变化在500,1000和1300a的周期是明显的.其中,两个相邻寒冷事件的平均时间间隔与500a周期相对应,间隔一个事件的两个寒冷事件之间的平均时间间隔与1000a周期相对应.而包括一长(400～800a)一短(100～200a)两个寒冷时段的一个气候旋回与1300a左右的周期相对应.为千年周期的存在提供了进一步的证据.

Unique electrochemiluminescence behavior of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) in a gold/Nafion/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) composite

The unique electrochemiluminescence (ECL) behavior of tris(bipyridine) ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) immobilized in a gold/Nafion/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) composite material was investigated. In this composite, the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL was found mainly occurred at 0-0.4 V during the cathodic scan process and the ECL peak was at about 0.1 V, which was quite different to the reported Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL. Similar to the generally observed Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL, the present ECL also could be enhanced by tri-n-propylarnine (TPA). It is also unique that in the presence of TPA, another ECL peak at about 0.38 V occurred.

Synthesis and self-assembly of a novel Y-shaped copolymer with a helical polypeptide arm

novel biodegradable Y-shaped copolymer, poly(L-lactide)(2)-b-poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamic acid) (PLLA(2)-b-PBLG), was synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydride of gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate (BLG-NCA) with centrally amino-functionalized poly(L-lactide), PLLA(2)-NH2, as a macroinitiator in a convenient way. The Y-shaped copolymer and its precursors were characterized by H-1 NMR, FT-IR, GPC, WAXD and DSC measurements. The self-assembly of the PLLA(2)-b-PBLG copolymer in toluene and benzyl alcohol was examined. It was found that the self-assembly of the copolymer was dependent on solvent and on relative length of the PBLG block. For a copolymer with PLLA blocks of 26 in total degree of polymerization (DP), if the PBLG block was long enough (e.g., DP = 54 or more), the copolymer/toluene solution became a transparent gel at room temperature. In benzyl alcohol Solution, only PLLA(2)-b-PBLG containing ca. 190 BLG residues could form a gel: those with shorter PBLG blocks (e.g., DP = 54) became nano-scale fibrous aggregates and these aggregates were dispersed in benzyl alcohol homogeneously.

Effects of bridge ions, DNA species, and developing temperature on flat-lying DNA monolayers

Recently, we have successfully constructed flat-lying DNA monolayers on a mica surface (J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 10792-10798). In this work, the effects of various factors including bridge ions, DNA species, and developing temperature on the configuration of DNA monolayers have been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in detail. AFM results show that the species of bridge ions and developing temperature play a crucial role during the formation process. For example, the divalent cation Zn2+ resulted in many DNA chains stuck side by side in the monolayers due to the strong interactions between it and DNA's bases or the mica surface. Most DNA chain's conglutinations disappeared when the developing temperature was higher than 40 degrees C. Cd2+ and Ca2+ produced more compact DNA monolayers with some obvious aggregations, especially for the DNA monolayers constructed by using Ca2+ as the bridge ion. Co2+ produced well-ordered, flat-lying DNA monolayers similar to that of Mg2+. Furthermore, it was found that the flat-lying DNA monolayers could still form on a mica surface when plasmid DNA pBR 322 and linear DNA pBR 322/Pst I were used as the DNA source. Whereas, it was hard to form DNA monolayers on a (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-mica surface because the strong interactions between DNA and substrate prevented the lateral movement of DNA molecules.

耐甲醇氧还原复合催化剂四苯基铁卟啉-铂的研究

用平衡吸附法制备了炭载四苯基铁卟啉 铂 (FeTPP Pt/C)复合催化剂 ,比较了经不同温度热处理的FeTPP Pt/C和Pt/C对O2 还原的催化活性和耐甲醇能力。结果表明 ,热处理可改善Pt/C催化剂的耐甲醇能力 ;热处理的FeTPP Pt/C复合催化剂具有较高的氧还原催化活性和良好的耐甲醇能力 ,并且 70 0℃处理的FeTPP Pt/C对O2 还原的催化活性最高。

Low temperature preparation of ceria solid solutions doubly doped with rare-earth and alkali-earth and their properties as solid oxide fuel cells

A series of solid electrolytes, (Ce(0.8)Ln(0.2))(1 - x)MxO2 - delta(Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Gd, M:Alkali-earth), were prepared by amorphous citrate gel method. XRD patterns indicate that a pure fluorite phase is formed at 800 degreesC. The electrical conductivity and the AC impedance spectra were measured. XPS spectra show that the oxygen vacancies increase owing to the MO doping, which results in the increase of the oxygen ionic transport number and conductivity. The performance of ceria-based solid electrolyte is improved. The effects of rare-earth and alkali-earth ions on the electricity were discussed. The open-circuit voltages and maximum power density of planar solid oxide fuel cell using (Ce0.8Sm0.2)(1 - 0.05)Ca0.05O2 - delta as electrolyte are 0.86 V and 33 mW . cm(-2), respectively.

Influence of intermolecular entanglements on the glass transition and structural relaxation behaviors of macromolecules. 2. Polystyrene and phenolphthalein poly(ether sulfone)

The effect of entanglements on the glass transition and structural relaxation behaviors has been studied for polystyrene (PS) and phenolphthalein poly(ether sulfone) (PES-C) samples by fast evaporation of the solution of concentrations varying from above the overlapping concentration to far below it, and compared to the results we have studied previously in PC. It has been found that for all the polymers we have studied, in the concentrated solution region, the T-g of the samples obtained from solution are independent of the change of concentration and are very close to that of normal bulk samples, whereas in the dilute solution region the T-g of the samples decrease with the logarithm of decreasing concentration. The critical concentrations that divide the two distinct regions for the three polymers are 0.9% g/mL for PC, 0.1% g/mL for PS, and 1% g/mL for PES-C. The decrease of T-g of the samples is interpreted by the decrease of intermolecular entanglements as the isolation of polymer chains, and the entanglement of polymer chains restrained the mobility of the segments. The structural relaxation behavior of the polymers is also found to be different from that of normal bulk samples. The enthalpies of single-chain samples are lower than that of the bulk ones, which correspond to the lower glass transition temperature; the peaks are lower and broader, and the relaxed enthalpy is much lower as compared to that of bulk samples. In the three polymers we have studied, the influence of change of entanglements on both the decrease in glass transition temperature and relaxed enthalpy is the most significant for PS and the least for PES-C. It is indicated that the interactions in the flexible polymers are weak; thus, the restraint of the entanglements on the mobility of the segments plays a more important role in the flexible polymers, and the change of entanglement in the flexible polymers has a more significant influence on the physical properties.

Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of C-60 with the plasma of methyl acrylate

The gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of C-60 with the plasma generated from methyl acrylate under self-chemical ionization conditions were studied by use of a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. The adduct cation [C60C3H3O](+) and protonated molecular ion [C60H](+) were observed as the major product ions. The former adduct ion is formed by electrophilic reaction of C-60 with the ion [CH2=CHCO](+), a main fragment ion resulting from the methyl acrylate molecular ion [CH2=CHCOOCH3](+) through alpha cleavage. The latter ion is generated by proton transfer from protonated methyl acrylate to C-60. Semi-empirical quantum chemical calculations have been performed for the eight possible isomers of [C60C3H3O](+) at the Hartree-Fock level by use of the AMI method. The results show three types of cycloadducts as the most stable structures among the possible isomers.

The development in oxidation of olefins to ketones catalyzed by palladium compounds

The development in the oxidation of olefins to ketones catalyzed by palladium compounds was reviewed. Some improved methods for the oxidation of olefins catalyzed by Wacker-type catalyst systems are also summarized. For this reaction, some new catalyst systems and the reaction mechanism are described. Emphasis has been given to the applications of Pd(I)/HPA(heteropoly acid), Pd(I)/FePc (iron phthalocyanine), Pd (I)/HQ (hydroquinone)/FePc, Pd (I)/HQ/HPA, Pd (I)/CuSO4/HPA catalyst systems in the oxidation of olefins to ketones; the application of Pd(I)/LCoNO2, PdCl2 (MeCN)(2)/CuCl, Pd(OAc)(2)/ pyridine, fluorous biphasic catalyst systems in the oxidation of olefins to ketones is also surveyed.