148 resultados para math.GR
Resumo:
Petri网标识的可达性判定问题是进行Petri网分析的基础,而传统的判定方法并不能确保所得结果的可靠性.在揭示Petri网可达性问题的实质之后,讨论了在标识图的同一连通域内标识可达性的判定问题,进而在分析相关原理的基础上提出了一种有效判定Petri网标识可达性的综合判定法.此判定方法综合多种传统判定方法的优点,结合Gr鯾ner基理论,确保了对Petri网标识可达性进行判定所得结果的可靠性.
Resumo:
On the basis of researchon the theory and mathe matics of interference data collection of the spatially modulated polarization interference imaging spectrometer designed by us, this paper mainly analyses and compares three different methods of spectrum reconstruction and interferogram processing. Specially, the authors introduce the nonparametric model of Music algorithm which is maturely used in power spectrum estimation into the spectrum reconstruction processing for the first time. This method prodigiously improves the resolution of reproduced spectrum, and provides a better math matic model for the improvement of resolving power in spectrum reproduction.
Resumo:
137Cs背景值的确定是利用核示踪技术研究土壤侵蚀的前提和根本,直接关系到侵蚀速率计算的准确与否。而大部分研究对137Cs背景值的确定均采取随机采样,没有统一的采样点数与确定的采样面积。本研究利用网格加密采样法,对未扰动地和长期耕种且未平整的农耕地各两块样地的137Cs背景值空间变异进行了分析,结果表明:在未扰动地与农耕地采样地块,137Cs采样点数与背景值空间变异系数都存在指数回归关系;在未扰动地块137Cs背景值存在较大空间变异性,且随着网格面积的扩大137Cs空间变异系数表现为增加趋势,在0.25m2范围内选取最少11个样点才能满足试验精度;在农耕地采样地块,因长期的耕种作用使得137Cs在耕层中混合相对均匀,137Cs背景值空间变异性显著变小,最少选取7个样点就能满足试验精度,且不受采样面积的影响。
Resumo:
我在研究生期间所做的论文为铝及其形态的分析方法。为什么要做这项工作呢?许多研究表明:①铝是天然水和土壤中十分重要的pH缓冲剂,②铝能影响土壤中象磷和有机碳这些重要元素的环比,③铝对动物、植物及人体都有害,这些过程都与铝的形成有关,因此弄清铝的形态及测定各种形态的浓度十分有意义。由于铝在水中含量较低,且水中含有其它共存离子,因此围绕铝形态的分析,首先建立了一种抗干扰,高灵敏的方法来测定总铝量及各种形态铝的浓度。利用铬天青s试剂测定铝的方法很多,铝与铬天青s能形成红色的二元配合物,但其灵敏度低,稳定性差。近年来人们大多采用铝-铬天青S-表面活性剂三元体系,提高了灵敏度和选择性。本文研究了铝-铬天青S-溴代+元烷基吡啶三元显色体系,试验确定了三元显色体系的最佳显色条件。其条件如下:实验结果及选定的条件 影响因素 实验结果 选定条件 显色酸度 pH 5.5~7.5 6.0 1 * 10~(-4)M CAS溶剂用量 0.3~0.5ml 0.4ml 5 * ~(-3)M CPB的用量 0.5~1.5ml 0.9ml此三元体系十分稳定,在常温下,显色液放置40分钟才能基本发色完全,其吸光度在24小时内无变化。实验方法为于50ml容量瓶中,加入铝标准液,然后加0.4ml 1 * 10~(-4)M CAS溶液,0.9ml CPB 5 * 10~(-3)M溶液,加入用盐酸调好的pH≈6的六次甲基四胺缓冲液5ml,用水定容,放置40分钟,于644nm处,1cm比色池,以试剂空白作参电测定吸光度。当铝量为0~5ug/50ml时,有色配合物遵从电尔定律,其线性相关系数为0.9999,表观摩尔吸光系数ε_(644nm) = 1.43 * 10~5 l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)。本法做了三十六种共存离子的影响实验,多数常见离子不干扰铝的测定,此法主要用于水中铝的测定,家Gr~(3+), Ln~(3+), Ti~(4+), Sn~(4+), Be~(2+)这些离子对铝离子测定的干扰尽管很大,但它们在水中的含量很低,因此可以不考察其干扰作用,F~-和PO_4~(3-)都易与铝离子形成配合物,但水中F~-,PO_4~(≡)含量很小,一般情况下不干扰铝的测定。本法主要考虑了Cu~(2+), Fe~(3+)对铝测定的干扰,用硫脲掩蔽Cu~(2+), 用抗坏血酸掩蔽Fe~(3+), 得到了满意的结果。应用本法测定实际水样,五次测定结果的相对标准偏差为5%,用标准加入法测得其回收率在92~104%之间。由以上工作可以看出,由于CPB的加入,使得Al-CAS-CPB三元体系的摩尔吸光系数较Al-CAS二元配合物的大3.5 倍,最大吸收波长也产生了较大的红移,因此,有必要进一步探讨一下此三元体系的反应机理。目前,阳离子表面活性剂对显色反应作用机理的研究较多,但尚没取得一致的见解,这些研究结果可以归纳为四个方面,1.拟均相萃取模型,2.电荷胶米模型,3.双区作用模型,4.配位体-配位体相互作用的理论和协同微扰机理。本文以Al-CAS-CPB体系作为代表,通过Al-CAS-CPB三元配合物的结构、吸收光谱的变化和表面能力测定的结果探讨了CPB作用机理。利用电泳和离子交换实验说明了Al-CAS-CPB的配阴离子,利用平衡移动法和直线法测得Al:CAS的配位电为1:2,用等摩尔连续变换法测定Al:CPB的配位电为1:4,因而配合物的组成比Al:CAS:CPB=1:2:4。最后推出此配合物的可能结构。从CAS、Al-CAS、Al-CAS-CPB的结构出发,研究了配位体之间相互作用对CAS中大共轭π键中π-电子流动难易的影响,成功地解释了Al-CAS-CPB最大吸收波长产生红移的原因。通过对CAS溶液浓度与三元配合物最大吸收波长、吸光度影响的研究,说明CPB有三个作用,一是与Al、CAS反应形成三元配合物,同时提高了Al与CAS的配位电;二能与CASi试剂产生缔合作用;三是能够形成胶米;增大了三元配合物在水中的溶解充,这三种作用相互制约,并与Al、CAS及CPB之间的摩尔比有关。通过对配合物吸光度,表面张力和表面活性剂浓度关系的研究及CMC值前后此三元体系吸光度、表面张力变化的比较,结果表明,单分子和形成胶米的表面活性剂同样具有增敏作用,这与郑用熙提出的双区作用机理相一致。在CMC值前,单分子表面活性剂与Al、CAS形成三元配合物而起增敏作用,在CMC值以后,CPB与Al、CAS形成胶米配合物而产生增敏作用。最后,讨论了三元体系的最大吸收波长与表面活性剂浓度的关系,结果表明,随CPB浓度的增大,三元体系的最大吸收波长发生蓝移。产生蓝移的原因可以从结构化学的角度得到解释,导致最大吸收波长不同的原因是在CMC前后,Al-CAS-CPB三元配合物所处的微环境不同。对稀酸性水体中铝形态的分离分析及低浓度铝的测定已有人进行研究,普遍认为无机单核铝是致毒因子,因此无机单核铝的浓度较其实际浓度对生命物质的意义更为重要。本文基本上采用Dirscoll形态分离法进行测定土壤酸性浸出液中铝的形态,用Al-CAS-CPB三元显色反应测定各部分铝形态和浓度。其各部分铝形态的分离如下:总活性铝(Al_r):将样品用0.2um微孔滤膜过滤,用1N HCl将样品酸化为pH等于1,持续24小时,用Al-CAS-CPB测得其中铝含量。总单核态铝(Ala):将样品用0.2um微孔膜过滤,直接用Al-CAS-CPB法测定铝量。稳定单核铝(Alo):稳定的单核铝和不稳定的单核铝通过阳离子交换树脂分离。稳定单核铝通过阳离子树脂后,不能被树脂交换,用Al-CAS-CPB法可以直接流出液中铝量为Alo。不稳定单核铝(Alb)为Ala-Alo。在铝形态的分离过程中,我们使用了过滤和树脂交换二种分离方法。对此做了较详细的条件实验。研究了pH值对滤液中铝的影响,随pH值升高,滤液中铝量减小,这就说明,pH值升高,可能形成某些不能通过滤膜的形态,另外也可能是由膜吸附引起的。本文还比较了用静态平衡法和动态法阳离子交换分离稳定单核铝和不稳定单核铝,指出静态平衡法受到溶液pH值的制约,平衡所需时间过长,容易引起溶液中铝形态的变化和沾污,而动态法则能克服这些缺点,因此在实验中采用动态法。把形态分离的方法应用到土壤酸性浸提液中,结果表明,不稳定的单核铝形态(Alb)远远大于稳定的单核铝形态,而不稳定的单核铝形态中含有对植物的致毒因子,因而酸雨能导致森林死亡,农作物发育不良。
Resumo:
本文新种部分,记述了分布在横断山地区、台湾以及苏门答腊、菲律宾等地果蝇科的新种55种,异物同名3种。在果蝇属果蝇亚属的伊米果蝇种组建立了一个新的种复组-弯头果蝇种亚组(Drosophila curviceps species subgroup);在quadrilineata种亚组内建立了一个新的种复组-背条果蝇种复组(Drosophila notostriata species-complex)。对横断山地区的果蝇进行研究,计有119个种,主要由东洋种、古北种、特有种和广布种组成;对其渊源关系进行分析。运用分支分类学的观点和方法对伊米果蝇种组中5个种亚组间的系统发育进行研究显示,hypocausta种亚组最原始,位地分支图的最底部,是外群向伊米果蝇种组过渡的一个类群,进化中心在热带的苏门答腊及其附近;其次分化的immigrans种亚组其进化中心仍在热带的苏门答腊及其附近;但该亚组的特种逐渐向北扩散,在中国云南的西双版纳及其附近地区形成次级进化中心。伊米果蝇种组总的进化方向是从热带向温带的逐渐演化。
Resumo:
报道了用MBE生长轻掺Si高迁移率GaAs材料的杂质补偿特性实验研究。已得到77K温度下迁移率为16.2×10~4cm~2/(V·s)的GaAs材料。样品的Hall测量结果表明:在较低的杂质浓度范围(1×10~(13)cm~(-3)<n<1×10~(15)cm~(-3))内,在大体相同的生长温度(590℃左右)下,选择适当的生长速率Gr会增强对浅受主杂质的抑制作用,同时也会一致Si的自补偿效应,减小杂质的补偿度N_a/N_d之值,从而提高MBE外延GaAs材料的迁移率。
Resumo:
In this work, The TBS glass microspheres doped with Er3+ for morphology-dependent resonances of upconversion emission were designed. The glass sample components are 25TiO(2)-27BaCO(3)-8Ba(NO3)(2)-6ZnO(2)-9CaCO(3)-5H(3)BO(3)-10SiO(2)-7water glass-3Er(2)O(3) (wt%), and the emission spectra of TBS glass and a TBS glass microsphere (about 48 mum in diameter) were measured under 633 nm excitation and discussed. The strong morphology-dependent resonances of upconversion luminescences in the microsphere were observed. The observed resonances could be assigned by using the well-known Lorenz-Mie Formalism. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Quantum computing is a quickly growing research field. This article introduces the basic concepts of quantum computing, recent developments in quantum searching, and decoherence in a possible quantum dot realization.
Resumo:
本文以开顶箱法分别控制CO2、O3浓度,在CO2、O3浓度升高及其二者相互作用条件下,分析沈阳城市森林主要树种油松、银杏活性氧水平,抗氧化系统活性以及膜脂过氧化程度动态变化,揭示城市油松、银杏抗氧化系统对全球气候变化的响应规律。 1. 在短期(60天)内CO2浓度倍增(700µmol mol-1)使油松、银杏超氧自由基(O2-.) 产生速率与过氧化氢(H2O2)含量减少,而抗坏血酸(ASA)含量与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(GR)活性升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量下降。与对照相比,大多数测定显示出显著差别。植株抗氧化能力增强,对活性氧清除能力提高。但长期(70天以上)CO2浓度倍增处理则使试验结果发生逆转。 2. 高浓度O3(80nmol mol-1)使O2-. 产生速率提高,H2O2 含量增加,MDA含量也随之增加。ASA含量与SOD、APX及GR活性在高浓度臭氧熏蒸的前期升高,但随着臭氧暴露时间的延长ASA含量与保护酶活性均变得低于对照。因此,在高浓度臭氧熏蒸的前期(30天以内),抗氧化酶能够在一定程度上调节自身的活性适应环境变化。但连续的高浓度臭氧胁迫导致活性氧含量升高,抗氧化酶活性下降。在试验后期, 虽然肉眼可见的伤害尚未观察到,但丙二醛含量显著升高,膜脂过氧化程度加深,油松、银杏的抗氧化系统已经不能抵抗长期臭氧胁迫所带来的氧化伤害。 3. 高浓度O3熏蒸初期,经倍增浓度CO2预处理的油松、银杏O2-.产生速率与H2O2含量,SOD、APX、MDAR、GR活性与自然O3浓度条件下植株无显著差异,表明高浓度CO2预处理银杏、油松对O3的抵抗能力增强。但随着高O3曝露时间的延长,O2-.产生速率与H2O2含量增加,SOD、APX、MDAR与GR活性低于对照,而且(经高CO2预处理后移入自然CO2、O3浓度中的植株)之差异逐渐增大,在试验末期达到差异显著水平,表明高CO2诱导油松、银杏产生的对O3胁迫的高抗性是不稳定的。 4.高浓度O3预处理(50天)使油松、银杏的抗氧化系统活性下降,已如前述。将经高浓度O3预处理的油松、银杏分别置入倍增浓度CO2与自然CO2环境中,随后的20天高CO2处理使活性氧水平低于自然CO2环境,而抗氧化酶活性高于自然CO2环境。这表明倍增CO2浓度能有效的恢复高浓度O3处理对油松、银杏的氧化胁迫。
Resumo:
在人类活动导致全球变暖的前提下,由于全球气温的升高,地表水分加速向空中蒸发。从20世纪70年代至今,地球上严重干旱地区的面积几乎扩大了一倍。这一增长的一半可归因于气温升高而不是降雨量下降,因为实际上同期全球平均降水量还略有增长。干旱对陆地植物和农林生态系统产生深远影响,并已成为全球变化研究的一个重要方面。位于青藏高原东部的川西亚高山针叶林是研究气候变暖对陆地生态系统影响的重要森林类型。森林采伐迹地、人工林下和林窗环境作为目前该区人工造林和森林更新的重要生境,其截然不同的光环境对亚高山针叶林更新和森林动态有非常重要的影响。凋落物产生的化感物质可通过影响种子萌发和早期幼苗的定居而影响种群的建立和更新,而人工林和自然林物种以及更新速度的差异性也都受凋落物的影响。 云杉是川西亚高山针叶林群落的重要树种之一,在维持亚高山森林的景观格局和区域生态安全方面具有十分重要的作用,其自然更新能力及其影响机制一直是研究的热点问题。本试验以云杉种子和2年生幼苗为研究对象,从萌发、根尖形态、幼苗生长、光合作用、渗透调节和抗氧化能力等方面研究了不同光环境下水分亏缺和凋落物水浸液对云杉种子和幼苗生长的影响。旨在从更新的角度探讨亚高山针叶林自然更新的过程,其研究成果可在一定程度上为川西亚高山针叶林更新提供科学依据,同时也可为林业生产管理提供科学指导。主要研究结论如下: 水分亏缺在生长形态、光合作用、抗氧化能力、活性氧化对云杉幼苗都有显著影响。总体表现为,水分亏缺导致了云杉幼苗的高度、地径、单株总生物量降低,增加了地下部分的生长;水分亏缺显著降低了云杉叶片中相对含水量、光合色素、叶氮含量,净光合速率和最大量子产量(Fv/Fm),提高了幼苗叶片中膜脂过氧化产物(MDA)的含量;水分亏缺提高了幼苗叶片中过氧化氢(H2O2)含量,超氧荫离子(O2-)生成速率以及脯氨酸和抗氧化系统的活性(ASA, SOD, CAT, POD, APX和GR)。从这些结果可知,植物在遭受水分亏缺导致的伤害时,其自身会形成防御策略,并通过改变形态和生理方面的特性以减轻害。但是,这种自我保护机制依然不能抵抗严重水分亏缺对植物的伤害。 模拟林下低光照条件显著增加单株植物的地上部分生长,尤其是其叶片的比叶面积(叶面积/叶干重),同时其光合色素含量和叶片相对含水量也显著增加,这些改变直接导致植株光合速率和生物量的增加。同时,与高光照水平相比,低光照幼苗的膜脂过氧化产物(MDA)和活性氧物质均较低,显示出低光照比高光照水平对植物的更低的氧化伤害。尽管低光照也导致大部分抗氧化酶活性降低,但这正显示出植物遭受低的氧化伤害,更印证了前面的结论。 凋落物水浸液影响了云杉种子的萌发和根系的生长,更在形态、光合作用、抗氧化能力、活性氧物质以及叶氮水平上显著影响了云杉幼苗,其中,以人工纯林凋落物的影响更有强烈。具体表现在,种子萌发速率和萌发种子幼根的长度表现为对照>自然林处理>人工纯林;凋落物水浸液抑制种子分生区和伸长区的生长,人工林处理更降低了根毛区的生长,使根吸水分和养分困难。对2年生幼苗的影响主要表现在叶绿素含量、光合速率以及叶氮含量的降低;膜脂过氧化产物、活性氧物质和抗氧化酶系统的显著增加。同样的,人工纯林处理对云杉幼苗的影响显著于自然林处理。 在自然生态系统中,由于全球变暖气温升高导致的水分亏缺和森林凋落物都存在森林的砍伐迹地,林窗和林下环境中。我们的研究表明,与迹地或林窗强光照比较,林下的低光照环境由于为植物的生长营造了较为湿润的微环境,因此水分亏缺在林下对云杉幼苗造成的影响微弱。这可以从植物的形态、光合速率以及生物量积累,过氧化伤害和抗氧化酶系统表现出来。另一方面,凋落物水浸液在模拟林下低光照环境对植物的伤害也微弱于强光照环境,这与强光照环境高的水分散失导致环境水分亏缺有关;而人工纯林处理对云杉幼苗的伤害比对照和自然林处理显示出强烈的抑制作用。 Under the pre-condition of global warming resulted from intensive human activities, water in the earth’s surface rapidly evaporates due to the increase of global air temperature. From 1970s up to now, the area of serious drought in the world is almost twice as ever. This increase might be due to the increasing air temperature and not decreasing rainfall because global average rainfall in the corresponding period slightly is incremental. Drought will have profound impacts on terrestrial and agriculture-forest system and has also become the important issue of global change research. The subalpine coniferous forests in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau provide a natural laboratory for the studying the effects of global warming on terrestrial ecosystems. The light environment significantly differs among cutting blanks, forest gap and understory, which is particularly important for plant regeneration and forest dynamics in the subalpine coniferous forests. Picea asperata is one of the keystone species of subalpine coniferouis forests in western China, and it is very important in preserving landscape structure and regional ecological security of subalpine forests. The natural regeneration capacities and influence mechanism of Picea asperata are always the hot topics. In the present study, the short-term effects of two light levels (100% of full sunlight and 15% of full sunlight), two watering regimes (100% of field capacity and 30% of field capacity), two litter aqueous extracts (primitive forest and plantation aqueous extracts) on the seed germination, early growth and physiological traits of Picea asperata were determined in the laboratory and natural greenhouse. The present study was undertaken so as to give a better understanding of the regeneration progress affected by water deficit, low light and litter aqueous extracts. Our results could provide insights into the effects of climate warming on community composition and regeneration behavior for the subalpine coniferous forest ecosystem processes, and provide scientific direction for the forest production and management. Water deficit had significant effects on growth, morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of Picea asperata seedlings. Water deficit resulted in the decrease in height, basal diameter, total biomass and increase in under-ground development; water deficit significantly reduced the needle relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, needle nitrogen concentration, net photosynthetic rate and the maximum potential quantum yield of photosynthesis (Fv/Fm), and increased the degree of lipid peroxidation (MDA) in Picea asperata seedlings; water deficit also increased the rate of superoxide radical (O2-) production, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, free proline content and the activities of antioxidant systems (ASA, SOD, POD, CAT, APX and GR) in Picea asperata seedlings. These results indicated that some protective mechanism was formed when plants suffered from drought stress, but the protection could not counteract the harm resulting from the serious drought stress on them. Low light in the understory significantly increased seedling above-ground development, especially the species leaf area (SLA), and photosynthetic pigments and relative needle content. These changes resulted in the increase in net photosynthetic rate and total biomass. Moreover, the lower MDA content and active oxygen species (AOS) (H2O2 and O2-) in low light seedlings suggested that low light had weaker oxidative damage as compared to high light. Lower antioxidant enzymes activities in low light seedlings indicated the weaker oxidative damage on Picea asperata seedlings than high light seedlings, which was correlative with the changes in MDA and AOS. Litter aqueous extracts affected seed germination and root system of Picea asperata seedlings. Significant changes in growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant activities, active oxygen species and leaf nitrogen concentration were also found in Picea asperata seedlings, and plantation treatment showed the stronger effects on these traits than those in control and primitive forest treatment. The present results indicated that seed germination and radicle length parameters in control were superior to those in primitive forest treatment, and those of primitive forest treatment were superior to plantation treatment; litter aqueous extracts inhibited the meristematic and elongation zone, and plantation treatment caused a decrease in root hairs so as to be difficult in absorbing water and nutrient in root system. On the other hand, litter aqueous extracts significantly decreased chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and leaf nitrogen concentration of Picea asperata seedlings; MDA, AOS and antioxidant system activities were significantly increased in Picea asperata seedlings. Similarly, plantation treatment had more significant effect on Picea asperata seedlings as compared to primitive forest treatment. In the nature ecosystem, water deficit resulted from elevating air temperature and litter aqueous extract may probably coexist in the cutting blank, forest gap and understory. Our present study showed that water deficit had weaker effects on low light seedlings in the understory as compared to high light seedlings in the cutting blank and forest gap. The fact was confirmed from seedlings growth, gas exchange and biomass accumulation, peroxidation and antioxidant systems. This might be due to that low light-reduced leaf and air temperatures, vapour-pressure deficit, and the oxidative stresses can aggravate the impact of drought under higher light. On the other hand, litter aqueous extracts in the low light had weaker effects on the Picea asperata seedlings than those at high light level, which might be correlative to the water evapotranspiration under high light. Moreover, plantation litter aqueous extracts showed stronger inhibition for seed germination and seedling growth than control and primitive forest treatments.