Ni基电极淀积前后表面处理对p-GaN欧姆接触的影响

在p-GaN上蒸发Ni/Au电极前,采用王水、HCl、缓冲HF进行前表面处理,O_2气氛下退火后,比较各电极样品的I-V特性和表面形貌.结果显示无表面处理时接触电阻最小,且溶剂处理后残留的电解质会影响电极的电流特性和稳定性.用俄歇电子能谱(AES)测试不同元素随深度分布情况,发现高温退火过程中NiO的形成有自动清洁p-GaN表面的作用,因此对于Ni基电极前表面处理不是必需的.再将样品用10%草酸溶液处理,其I-V特性显示接触电阻率明显下降;X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试显示草酸溶液处理后电极表面Ni含量显著减少,而Au元素信号峰增强,说明表面高阻P型NiO被有效除去,对改善接触性能具有实际意义.

蓝宝石衬底上HVPE-GaN厚膜生长

采用氢化物气相外延（HVPE）方法，以蓝宝石作衬底，分别在MOCVD-GaN模板和蓝宝石衬底上直接外延生长GaN。模板上的GaN生长表面平整、光亮，但开裂严重，其（0002）的双晶衍射半高宽最低为141；蓝宝石衬底上直接生长GaN外延层质量较差，其双晶衍射半高宽为168ff，但不发生开裂，HCl的载气流量对预反应有很大的影响，应力产生于外延层和衬底之间的界面处，界面孔洞的存在可以释放应力，减少开裂，光致发光（PL）谱中氧杂质引起强黄光发射。

Etching Behavior of GaN/GaAs(001) Epilayers Grown by MOVPE

Wet etching characteristics of cubic GAN (c-GaN) thin films grown on GaAs(001) by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) are investigated. The samples are etched in HCl, H_3PO_4, KOH aqueous solutions, and molten KOH at temperatures in the range of 90～300 ℃. It is found that different solution produces different etch figure on the surfaces of a sample. KOH-based solutions produce rectangular pits rather than square pits. The etch pits elongate in [1(1-bar)0] direction, indicating asymmetric etching behavior in the two orthogonal <110> directions. An explanation based on relative reactivity of the various crystallographic planes is employed to interpret qualitatively the asymmetric etching behavior. In addition, it is found that KOH aqueous solution would be more suitable than molten KOH and the two acids for the evaluation of stacking faults in c-GaN epilayers.

硅表面清洗对7nm热SiO_2栅介质可靠性的影响

实验研究了硅表面清洗方式对7nm热氧化SiO_2栅介质可靠性的影响。结果表明，稀HF酸漂洗后RCA清洗时降低SC1(NH_4OH)/H_2O_2/H_2O)温度对提高栅介质可靠性有利，但仍不如用SC2(HCl/H_2O_2/H_2O)或H_2SO_4/H_2O_2清洗效果好。稀HF酸漂洗后用H_2SO_4/H_2O_2清洗得到的栅介质不仅表现出优良的击穿电场分布特性和击穿电场分布特性，抗热电子损伤能力也比较强。

重金属污染土壤毒性的发光菌与斜生栅藻诊断

重金属作为土壤污染的重要污染物，给环境和人类的健康带来严重危害，目前传统的研究方法已不适于土壤污染的快速诊断，如何建立一个新的诊断方法是人们面临的艰巨任务。水生生态毒理学在其长期的发展过程中已形成一系列标准的实验方法,而且具有快速、敏感等优点,但这些方法主要用于水体中污染物的毒性诊断,本研究的主要目的就是应用水生生态毒理学方法对重金属污染土壤的毒性进行诊断,并且确定土壤污染的警戒值,为土壤清洁标准的建立提供依据。实验选取Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb作为土壤污染的污染物,采用清洁土壤人工投加污染物的方法,对4种重金污染的3种土壤采用两种毒性诊断方法进行毒性诊断。首先探讨了应用发光菌法和斜生栅藻增长抑制实验对重金属污染土壤进行毒性诊断的可行性,结果表明2种方法是可行的,并且确定了最佳平衡时间为24小时,最佳浸提时间为2小时。变换不同的浸提方法表明0.1N HCL为最佳的浸提剂,剂量效应曲线表明土壤的重金属投加量与效应间存在明显的相关性。相同重金属条件下不同土壤的EC_(50)依次为粟钙土>暗棕壤>草甸棕壤;同一土壤条件下不同金属的EC_(50)依次为Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd。同一种金属不同诊断方法、不同诊断参数的敏感性依次为斜生栅藻细胞数增长率>斜生栅藻光密度增长率>发光菌相对发光度。对复合污染的研究表明,复合污染条件下,金属间存在明显的协同作用,使土壤的毒性明显增加。本研究首次将水生生态毒理学方法用于土壤污染毒性诊断,并提出了不同土壤、不同诊断方法的土壤污染的警戒值,为土壤的优先修复提供奠定了基础。

黑土中铜的环境容量

本文以土壤一植物系统为中心，通过铜在三个类型区黑土中的作物效应，作物残毒，环境效应，封对铜的自净能力，综合确定了黑土中铜的临界含量，根据野外调查和室内模拟的各项物质平衡参数，代入数学模型，计算出不同年限黑土中铜的环境容量。作物盆栽（春小麦、大豆）试验表明，作物受铜害的起始浓度在200-400ppm以上。以作物减产10%为依据，经相关方程计算，黑土中铜作物效应的临界值为348.46ppm（全铜），和217.93ppm（有效铜，0.1N Hcl）。在本实验土壤铜浓度范围内（0-1000ppm），作物籽实，茎（叶、荚）中铜含量很少超过20ug/g毒性标准。土壤对铜的吸附一解吸试验表明，代表土壤对铜自净能力的指标一固态吸附量在本实验条件下为806.77-1456.16ug/g土。铜对环境影响试验表明，土壤投加铜1204.09ppm和土壤投加铜200ppm不导致地下水和地表水超标。综合以上各个单一体系的临界指标，选择限制性因子，确定黑土中铜的临界值为348.46ppm（全铜）。根据野外调查和模拟的各项物质平衡参数，经数学模型计算出了黑土中不同年限的变动容量（Q）和总容量（Q总）。如，t = 50年，Q = 1700.58g/亩·年，Q总 = 85029 g/亩。

水蒸气存在下氧化钙脱氯性能的实验研究

在一个模拟流化床反应器中, 研究160~600℃下水蒸气的存在对CaO脱除HCl的影响. 采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析产物成分, SEM电镜对产物进行微观结构分析, 从而分析CaO的脱氯性能. 实验结果表明:随着水蒸气浓度增加, HCl的净化效率呈现一个先下降后上升的趋势. XRD分析表明, 产物的主要成分为CaClOH, 在净化效率达到一定量时, 产物中生成了Ca(OH)_2;SEM电镜观测到中低温下产物的针状形态以及高温条件下稀松产物层的生成.

碱法草浆造纸蒸煮黑液厌氧生物降解性及其主要微生物类群研究

造纸行业是造成我国水环境有机污染物的重要污染源之一，其水污染的特点是小厂多、草浆多、工艺落后、污染扩散面广、造成废 水排放量大，每年排放的废水量约39亿立方米，占全国工业废水排放量的1/6，其中有机污染物（以BOD5计）160万吨左右，约占全 国工业废水中有机污染物总量的1/4。尤以占全国制浆造纸行业90%以上的碱法草浆造纸厂的蒸煮黑液量大面广，除含有机物外，还 含有木质素、残碱、硫化物、氯化物等污染物，属于PH值高、色度深、难于治理的高浓度有机废水，对水体污染特别严重，各地要 求治理呼声很高，急待研究并尽快找出各种有效的治理途径。对于碱法草浆蒸煮，黑液高浓度废水的治理，有各种方法，根据国内 的研究进展和我们已有试验工作表明，最经济有效，具有实用价值，在生产上可获得成功是厌氧处理法。近10多年来，国外关于高 效厌氧处理技术研究进展迅速，并出现了多种多样的工艺设备，如高效厌氧生物反应器，并在实用化方面取得了很大成绩，建立了 生产性装置，达到了高负荷运行，效果良好。本试验是根据我们已有研究基础，针对我国国情，对小型制浆造纸厂水污染防治除了 开发碱回收及各种综合利用技术外，要特别加强废水(废液)实用技术研究的指导思想，本试验采用改进型的上流式厌氧污泥床反应 器，设计了两种试验方案，通过试验结果如下。1. 试验方案I—碱法草浆黑液酸化和厌氧发酵I号UASB反应器动态模型试验结果表 明：(1). 采用中温35℃±1℃高效厌氧反应器USAB内装有填料(陶粒)和三相分离器，具有保持高浓度生物量和防止污泥流失的特点 ，污泥浓度Vs 可达30%以上，因而具有高效、节能、产能、滞留期短的优点，当进水CODcr在7500-10000mg/l，HRT由7天缩短到3天 ，有机容积负荷在1.22gCODcr/l·d-3.43gCODcr/l·d时，CODcr平均去除率可达55%-45.5%，最高CODcr去除率可达60.2-63.5%， BOD5去除率可达75.9-83.2%,沼气容积产气率可达0.29-0.67l/l·d，每克CODcr转化为沼气产率达0.39-0.48l/gCODcr·d，CH4含量 65.8-75.5%。厌氧发酵出水再用化学法进行后处理脱除难降解的木质素，CODcr总去除率达80%以上。(2). 动态试验结果表明：采 用酸化—厌氧发酵处理黑液工艺合理，技术路线可行。2. 试验方案II—黑液用化学法(Hcl)去除木质素进行厌氧发酵，II号UASB反 应器动态模型试验结果表明：(1). 采用中温35℃±1℃高效厌氧反应器UASB(内有软填料)，当进水CODcr7000-13000mg/l左右，HRT 由6天缩短到1天，有机负荷由0.98gCODcr/l·d增加到11gCODcr/l·d时，COD平均去除率均可稳定在70-77%，BOD5去除率为87.3- 93.1%，沼气容积产气率0.21-2.6l/l·d，每克CODcr转化为沼气产率为0.39-0.48l/gCODcr·d，高的可达0.53l/gCODcr·d，转化 率较高，CH4含量63-70%。(2). 试验证明碱法草浆黑液物化预处理—厌氧发酵处理的技术路线也是可行的，工艺合理、效果较好。 在有条件的工厂可采用。3.厌氧发酵阶段几大类群微生物计数表明：(1). 当发酵工艺和运行处于相对稳定状态时，微生物群体的 组成也达到相对的稳定，各类微生物之间保持动态平衡关系。当产乙酸菌的数量为107-108个/ml时，产甲烷菌的数量为105-106 个/ml，当产乙酸菌数量为106-107个/ml时，产甲烷菌的数量为103-105个/ml。(2).稳态运行条件下，黑液预处理为甲烷发酵创造 了有利的生态环境，获得了较好的处理效果和较高的COD转化为沼气的产率0.39-0.48l/g·CODcr·d，反应器中形成较为稳定而数 量较下水污泥中高1-2个数量级的厌氧发酵微生物区系组成。这一结果为黑液厌氧发酵提供了微生物理论依据。Paper industry is one of the important pollution source of water environment in our country. Its character of water pollution is many small factories, much grass pulp, disadvantageous technique, large preading area of pullution. Its effluent makes up 1/6 of whole country's industry wastwater. Its organic pollutant accounts 1/4 of whole country's. Alkaline grass paper pulp effluent with pollutants such as ligoin, remaining alkali sulfide, chloride besides organic material, is a kind of high concentrate organic wastewater which has high PH walug, dark colour and is difficult in treatment. There is urgent require to find ways to treat the wastewater. There are different ways to treat alkaline paper grass pulp effluent. According to the research advances and our experiment work, the most economical and useful way is anaerobic degradation which was advanced quick in last ten years. In the control of waste water of small pulp paper mill, the study of wastewater utilization technology should be emphasized, besides alkaline retrieving and different kinds of comprehensive utilization technology. Our experiment used modified UASB(Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor). Two kinds of plan were disgned. The results are lined below. 1. The first experiment plant-aciding black pulp effluent and methanogenic digestion. The dynamic model experiment results of I-UASB reactor showed: (1)The mesophilic(35℃±1℃)high effect UASB reactor having haydite and threee state seperation in it had the character of keeping high bioimass concentration and preventing losss of sludge. It had advantages of high effect, energe saving, energe prodcing and short HRT(Hydroulic retention time). When the influent COD was 7500-10000mg, HRT was shortened from 7 days to 3days, organic loading rate was 1.22g-3.43COD/l· d, the average COD removal efficiency was 55%-45%. The highest COD efficiency was 60.2-63.5%, BOD removal of 75.9 -83.4% was achieved. Biogass production rate were up to 0.29-0.67l/l·d. Biogass converted efficiency from every gram of COD could reach 0.39-0.48l/gCOD·d. Methane content was 65.0-75.5%. Chemical method was used to deplate lignin in anaerobic digestion effluent. Total COD removal efficiency could be more than 80%. (2)Using aciding annaerobic digestion to treat the black effluent was reseanable in technique and technology. 2. The second experiment plan-anaerobic digestion was used after the chemical method was used to deplate lignin in the black effluent. The result of dynamic experiment of II-UASB reactor showed: (1)High effect mesophilic (35℃±1℃)UASB reactor having soft slaffing in was used. When influent COD was about 7000-13000mg/l, HRT was shortened from 6 days to 1 day and organic loading rate was increased from 0.90 to 11g COD /l·d, average COD removal efficiency remained stable on 70-77%. BOD, removal efficiency was between 87.3-93.1%. Biogass production rate was 0.2-2.6l/l ·d .Biogass converted efficiency from a gram of COD was 0.39-0.481/gCOD·d with the high value of 0.53l/gCOD·d. Methane content was 63-70%. (2)The way that using physical, chemical Pre-treatment-anaerobic digestion to treat alkaline black effluent is feasible and can be used in some factories when the condition exists. 3. Counting of several class of microoganisms in anaerobic digestion stage showed: (1)As the disgestion was in stable motion, the compositon of microorganic colony could get relative stable. Dynamic balance was remaining among different kinds of microorganism such as methanogenic bacteria, Acidogenic bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria. (2)Under stable motion, the pre-treatment of black effluent produced favourable eco-enviroment for methanegenic digestion. Good treatment effect and high biogass convertent efficiency from COD(0.39-0.48l/g·COD· d)were gotten. Some stable and high quantity(10-100times more than sewage sludge)microorganism colony were formed in the reactor. This result provided theoretical basis for anaerobic digestion of black effluent.

Protactinium在试管壁上的吸附

用~(233)Pa做示踪剂,分别使用ABS树脂、有机玻璃、聚乙烯和普通玻璃试管做吸附材料,研究了在不同浓度的HCL溶液中~(233)Pa在试管壁上的吸附。结果显示,~(233)Pa在试管壁上的吸附随盐酸浓度的增加而减少。当HCL浓度≥0．5mol/L时,同ABS树脂和有机玻璃比较,~(233)Pa在玻璃试管壁上的吸附最少。当HCL浓度≤0．25mol/L时,~(233)Pa在玻璃试管壁上的吸附反而比在ABS树脂和有机玻璃试管壁上的大。若~(233)Pa的HCL溶液在聚乙烯、ABS树脂和玻璃试管中存放较长的时间(24h),聚乙烯试管壁对~(233)Pa的吸附量最少。

用1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰基-5-吡唑啉酮萃取~(46)Sc的研究

用1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMBP)做萃取剂,氯仿和环己烷为稀释剂,观察了在HCl溶液46Sc的溶剂萃取行为。实验结果表明,从10-3~10-2mol/L的HCl溶液中用PMBP-氯仿(或环己烷)能有效地萃取46Sc,萃取率可达95%以上。另外,对PMBP从HCl溶液中萃取46Sc和234Th的结果也做了比较,结果表明,通过控制水溶液中HCl的浓度,能实现234Th与46Sc的分离。

甲基异丁基酮萃取Pa(Ⅴ)的研究

为了快速萃取分离Pa,并了解Pa在水溶液中的化学性质,以甲基异丁基酮(MIBK)为萃取剂,苯为稀释剂,以233Pa为示踪剂,研究了盐酸溶液中Pa(Ⅴ)的萃取行为,讨论了萃取时间、盐酸浓度、萃取剂浓度和HF对萃取Pa(Ⅴ)的影响。结果表明,萃取在10 s内达到平衡,甲基异丁基酮能够从大于8 mol/L的HCl溶液中定量萃取Pa,同时HCl介质中加入少量的HF会严重改变Pa的萃取行为。

Liquid-liquid extraction of Pa-233(V) with Aliquat 336

The extraction of protactinium with Aliquat 336 (methyl-tri-caprylyl ammonium chloride) in toluene, cyclohexane and chloroform from HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, HF and mixed HCl-HF media was investigated by radioactive tracer technique. Distribution ratios of protactinium between the aqueous solution and the organic phase were determined as a function of shaking time, concentrations of acid in aqueous solution phase, extractant concentration and type of diluents in the organic phase. Aliquat 336 can almost quantitatively extract protactinium from strong HCl solution. At the same time, small amounts of HF in HCl solutions have a strong effect on Pa distribution.

Liquid-liquid extraction of protactinium(V) using tri-iso-octylamine

Solvent extraction of protactinium with tri-iso-octyl-amine (TIOA) in xylene, benzene, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform from HCl, HF, HNO3, HClO4 and H2SO4 media was studied using Pa-233 as a radiotracer. The extraction efficiencies of protactinium were determined as a function of shaking time, concentrations of mineral acids in aqueous phase, extractant concentrations and diluents in organic phase. The extraction mechanism was discussed. The results show that the extracted species in the organic phase is [(R3N-H)(n)Pa(OH)(x)Cl-y(5-x-y)].

板栗壳对水中Cu~(2+)吸附性能的研究

【目的】研究食品加工剩余物板栗壳对水中Cu2+的吸附性能,为其用于含铜废水的处理提供理论依据。【方法】研究吸附质溶液pH、Cu2+质量浓度、吸附剂用量、粒径、吸附温度和时间对板栗壳吸附Cu2+效果的影响,探讨吸剂和吸附剂循环利用次数对解吸和再生的影响;并采用穿透曲线和洗脱曲线对动态吸附进行了分析。【结果】吸附质溶液pH值为6、Cu2+起始质量浓度为20 mg/L、吸附剂粒径为0.25 mm时的吸附效果较好,该吸附为放热过程,升高温度虽然可以加快吸附进程,但却降低了吸附量和去除率。Na+和Ca2+对Cu2+的解吸置换能力较弱,0.1mol/L HCl可使96.1%的Cu2+得以解吸回收。通过Thomas模型预测,在固定床柱吸附条件下饱和吸附量为10.94mg/g。【结论】板栗壳对水中Cu2+的吸附性能较好,因而具有很好的应用前景。

表层沉积物(生物膜)非残渣态组分的选择性萃取分离及其吸附铜/锌的特性

采用化学萃取技术对表层沉积物(生物膜)的非残渣态组分(铁、锰氧化物及有机质)进行了分离,并研究了表层沉积物(生物膜)非残渣态和残渣态组分吸附铜、锌的特性.结果表明,0.1mol/LNH2OH.HCl+0.1mol/LHNO3,(NH4)2C2O4-H2C2O4缓冲溶液和体积分数为30%的H2O2可选择性地萃取分离表层沉积物(生物膜)非残渣态的锰氧化物、铁锰氧化物和有机质,萃取率为63.15%～97.59%,同时对非目的组分影响较小;表层沉积物(生物膜)及其各组分对铜的吸附能力均大于对锌的吸附能力,且生物膜及其各组分对铜、锌的吸附能力均高于表层沉积物及其相应组分对铜、锌的吸附能力;表层沉积物(生物膜)非残渣态组分对铜、锌的吸附能力均大于残渣态组分,且非残渣态组分中锰氧化物的单位吸附能力最强,其次是铁氧化物,而有机质的单位吸附能力较弱,比锰氧化物低2个数量级,说明生物膜对水体中痕量重金属的迁移转化作用强于表层沉积物,而表层沉积物(生物膜)中金属(铁、锰)氧化物对水中痕量重金属起主要控制作用.