Controlling factors of spring-summer phytoplankton succession in Lake Taihu (Meiliang Bay, China)

The spring-summer successions of phytoplankton and crustacean zooplankton were examined weekly in Meiliang Bay of the subtropical Lake Taihu in 2004 and 2005. During the study period, the ecosystem of Meiliang Bay was characterized by (i) clearly declined nitrogen compounds (nitrate, TN, and ammonium) and slowly increased phosphorus compounds (TP and SRP), (ii) increased total phytoplankton density and rapid replacement of chlorophyta (mainly Ulothrix) by cyanobacteria (mainly Microcystis), and (iii) rapid replacement of large-sized crustaceans (Daphnia and Moina) by small-sized ones (Bosmina, Limnoithona, and Ceriodaphnia). Results from the CCA and correlation analysis indicate that the spring-summer phytoplankton succession was primarily controlled by abiotic factors. Cyanobacteria were mainly promoted by increased temperature and decreased concentrations of nitrogen compounds. The pure contribution of crustacean was low for the variation of phytoplankton suggesting a weak top-down control by crustacean zooplankton in the subtropical Lake Taihu.

Field studies on the environmental factors in controlling microcystin production in the subtropical shallow lakes of the Yangtze River

Microcystin (MC) problem made more and more care about in China, intercellular MC (Int-MC) and cellular MC (Cel-MC) were important contents to reflect the producing-MC ability by cyanobacteria and by lakes. To study the correlations between Int-MC, Cel-MC concentration and biological and environmental factors, eight cyanobacterial blooming lakes were studied in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Microcystin-RR (MC-RR) and Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) were the primary toxin variants in our data. From the linear correlations between MC and environmental factors, cellular-YR had significant correlation with most of chemical factors except total nitrogen (TN) and the ratio of total nitrogen and total phosphorus (TN/TP), most intracellular MC analogues had significant correlations with total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2-), TP, total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), Microcystis. From the canonal correspondence analysis, Int-MC concentrations were closely related with the chemical and biological factors, such as TP, total organic carbon (TOC), chlorophyll a (Chl a), Microcystis biomass, et al. While Cel-MC contents, especially Cel-RR and Cel-LR, were closely related with light environmental in the lakes such as water depth and transparence.

The role of NH4+ toxicity in the decline of the submersed macrophyte Vallisneria natans in lakes of the Yangtze River basin, China

Experimental and field studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of NH4+ enrichment on growth and distribution of the submersed macrophyte, Vallisneria natans L, in lakes of the Yangtze River in China, based on the balance between free amino acids (FAA) and soluble carbohydrates (SC) in the plant tissue. Increase of NH4+ rather than NO3- concentrations in the water column caused FAA accumulation and SC depletion of the plant. The plant showed a unimodal pattern of biomass distribution along both FAA/SC ratios and external NH4+ concentrations, indicating that a moderate NH4-N concentration (< 0.3 mg L-1) benefited the plant, whereas the high NH4-N concentration (> 0.56 mg L-1) eliminated the plant completely. Therefore, 0.56 mg NH4-N mg L-1 in the water column was taken as the upper limit for V. natans in lakes of the Yangtze River basin. The mesocosm experiment showed that at a high external NH4-N (0.81 mg L-1), V. natans failed to propagate with a loss of half SC content (5 mg g(-1) DW) in the rhizomes, indicating that the consumption of carbohydrates for detoxification of excess NH4+ into non-toxic FAA significantly diminished carbohydrate supply to the rhizomes. This might consequently inhibit the vegetative reproduction of the plant, and also might be an important cause for the decline and disappearance of the plant with eutrophication. The present study for the first time reports substantial ecophysiological evidences for NH4+ stress to submersed macrophytes, and indicates that NH4+ toxicity arising from eutrophication probably plays a key role in the deterioration of submersed macrophytes like V. natans.

Studies on temporal and spatial variations of phytoplankton in Lake Chaohu

Temporal and spatial variations of the phytoplankton assemblage in Lake Chaohu, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China, were studied from September 2002 to August 2003. A total of 191 phytoplankton species was identified, among which Chlorophytes (101) ranked the first, followed by Cyanophytes (46) and Bacillariophytes (28). On average over the entire lake, the maximum total algal biomass appeared in June (19.70 mg/L) with a minimum (5.05 mg/ L) in November. In terms of annual mean biomass, cyanobacteria contributed 45.43% to total algal biomass, followed by Chlorophytes (27.14%), and Bacillariophytes (20.6%). When nitrate (NO3-N) and ammonium (NH4-N) concentrations dropped in spring, fixing-nitrogen cyanobacterium (Anabaena) developed quickly and ranked the first in terms of biomass in summer. It is likely that dominance of zooplanktivorous fish and small crustacean zooplankton favored the development of the inedible filamentous or colony forming cyanobacteria. The persistent dominance of cyanobacteria throughout all seasons may indicate a new tendency of the response of phytoplankton to eutrophication in Lake Chaohu.

Changes in the patterns of inorganic nitrogen and TN/TP ratio and the associated mechanism of biological regulation in the shallow lakes of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The changes of NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N and TN/TP were studied during growth and non-growth season in 33 subtropical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There were significant positive correlations among all nutrient concentrations, and the correlations were better in growth season than in non-growth season. When TP > 0.1 mgL(-1), NH3-N increased sharply in non-growth season with increasing TP, and NO3-N increased in growth season but decreased in non-growth season with TP. These might be attributed to lower dissolved oxygen and low temperature in non-growth season of the hypereutrophic lakes, since nitrification is more sensitive to dissolved oxygen and temperature than anti nitrification. When 0.1 mgL(-1)> TP > 0.035 mgL(-1), TN and all kinds of inorganic nitrogen were lower in growth season than in non-growth season, and phytoplankton might be the vital regulating factor. When TP < 0.035 mgL(-1), inorganic nitrogen concentrations were relatively low and NH3-N, NO2-N had significant correlations with phytoplankton, indicating that NH3-N and NO2-N might be limiting factors to phytoplankton. In addition, TN/TP went down with decline in TIP concentration, and TN and inorganic nitrogen concentrations were obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season, suggesting that decreasing nitrogen (especially NH3-N and NO3-N) was an important reason for the decreasing TN/TP in growth season. The ranges of TN/TP were closely related to trophic level in both growth and non-growth seasons, and it is apparent that in the eutrophic and hypertrophic state the TN/TP ratio was obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season. The changes of the TN/TP ratio were closely correlated with trophic levels, and both declines of TN in the water column and TP release from the sediment were important factors for the decline of the TN/TP ratio in growth season.

Effects of nitrogen forms on the production of cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR by an isolated Microcystis aeruginosa

A cyanobacterial strain, which produced high content of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) but no rnicrocystin-RR (MC-RR), was isolated from the hypertrophic Dianchi Lake in China and identified as Microcystis aeruginosa DC-1. Effects of nitrogen containing chemicals and trace elements on the growth and the production of MC-LR by this strain were Studied. In the presence of bicine, compared with urea and ammonium, nitrate greatly promoted the growth and the production of MC-LR. However, leucine and arginine, which were the constitutional components in the molecular structure of MC-LR or RR, inhibited the production of MC-LR. Iron and silicon up to 10mg/L had little effects on the growth of M. aeruginosa DC-1, but the production of MC-LR was apparently enhanced. Under all conditions studied here, only MC-LR but no RR was detected within the cells of M. aeruginosa DC-1. Thus, chemical forms of nitrogen, rather than the usually concerned the total nitrogen, Lind trace elements played important roles in the production of MC toxins during cyanobacterial blooms.

Budgets and dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in a shallow, hypereutrophic lake in China

Budgets and dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in Lake Donghu were investigated from Oct. 1997 to Sept. 1999. The water residence time was estimated to be 89 days in 1997-1998 and 124 days in 1998-1999. The total external loadings were 53 g N m(-2) yr(-1) and 3.2 g P m(-2) yr(-1) in 1997-1998, and 42 g N m(-2) yr(-1) and 3.1 g P m(-2) yr(-1) in 1998-1999. On average, about 80% of nitrogen and phosphorus input was from sewage outlets, while the rest was from land runoff and precipitation. Ammonium ion was the most abundant form of inorganic nitrogen in the sewage. The nutrient output was mainly through water outflow and fish catch. The percentages of nutrients in fish were estimated to be 7.8%-11.2% for nitrogen and 47.6%- 49.6% for phosphorus. Lake Donghu has a very high nutrient retention (63% for nitrogen and 79% for phosphorus) mainly due to its closure and long water residence time. Sedimentation is an important nutrient retention mechanism in this lake. Using mass balance method, we estimated that denitrification of Lake Donghu involves about 50% of the retained nitrogen. Lake Donghu is rich in inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus and showed great seasonal variation.

KINETICS OF SIZE-FRACTIONATED AND DISSOLVED ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE IN A FARM POND

Nutrient addition bioassays were conducted in 10 L carboys with water from a eutrophic farm pond. The four bioassay treatments each conducted in triplicate were control (no nutrients added), +N (160 mu mol L(-1) NH4Cl), +P (10 mu mol L(-1) KH2PO4), and N+P (160 mu mol L(-1) NH4Cl and 10 mu mol L(-1) KH2PO4). The size fractionated (0.2-0.8, 0.8-3, > 3 mu m) contents of the carboys were analyzed after 7 d for alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and chlorophyll-a content. Chlorophyll data suggested P deficiency in ammonium and control mesocosms and no P deficiency with phosphate additions. Pond water also was collected in June, August, October, and March for measurement of APA. In water from the pond, the greatest V-max of APA usually was associated with microorganisms in the size classes between 0.8-3 mu m. In mesocosm experiments, the N+P treatment increased V-max of dissolved and particulate associated APA in the 0.2-0.8 mu m size range and in dissolved form. The V-max of APA in the largest size-fraction (> 3 mu m) increased markedly with P deficiency (+N treatment) and decreased in the P-enrichment treatment. The patterns of APA and chlorophyll associated with different size fractions often varied independently among different treatments and seasons and not always as a function of P deficiency, indicating the difficulty of attempting to normalize APA to phytoplankton biomass or chlorophyll. The Michaelis half saturation constant of APA in the pond water showed no strong trends with varied seasons or size fraction.

Electronic properties of sulfur passivated undoped-n(+) type GaAs surface studied by photoreflectance

Photoreflectance (PR) has been used to study surface electronic properties (electric field, Fermi level pinning, and density of surface states) of undoped-n(+) (UN+) GaAs treated in the solution of ammonium sulfide in isopropanol. Complex Fourier transformation (CFT) of PR spectra from passivated surface shows that the sulfur overlay on GaAs surface makes no contribution to Franz-Keldysh oscillations (FKOs). The barrier height measured by PR is derived from surface states directly, rather than the total barrier height, which includes the potentials derived from Ga-S and As-S dipole layers. Comparing with native oxidated surface, the passivation leads to 80 meV movement of surface Fermi level towards the conduction band minimum, and reduction by more than one order in density of surface states. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Experimental investigation on TBAB clathrate hydrate slurry flows in a horizontal tube: Forced convective heat transfer behaviors

Tetra-n-butyl-ammonium bromide (TBAB) clathrate hydrate slurry (CHS) is one kind of secondary refrigerants, which is promising to be applied into air-conditioning or latent-heat transportation systems as a thermal storage or cold carrying medium for energy saving. It is a solid-liquid two phase mixture which is easy to produce and has high latent heat and good fluidity. In this paper, the heat transfer characteristics of TBAB slurry were investigated in a horizontal stainless steel tube under different solid mass fractions and flow velocities with constant heat flux. One velocity region of weakened heat transfer was found. Moreover, TBAB CHS was treated as a kind of Bingham fluids, and the influences of the solid particles, flow velocity and types of flow on the forced convective heat transfer coefficients of TBAB CHS were investigated. At last, criterial correlations of Nusselt number for laminar and turbulent flows in the form of power function were summarized, and the error with experimental results was within 20%.

Fluorescence pH probe based on microstructured polymer optical fiber

A kind of optical pH sensor was demonstrated that is based on a pH-sensitive fluorescence dye-doped (eosin) cellulose acetate (CA) thin-film modified microstructured polymer optical fiber (MPOF). It was obtained by directly inhaling an eosin-CA-acetic acid mixed solution into array holes in a MPOF and then removing the solvent (acetic acid). The sensing film showed different fluorescence intensities to different pH solutions in a pH range of 2.5-4.5. Furthermore, the pH response range could be tailored through doping a surfactant, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), in the sensing film. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用模式对土壤氮素淋溶的影响

通过对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用模式土壤剖面NO-3-N、NH+4-N、有机质和全氮分布的测定,论述黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用模式对土壤氮素淋溶的影响,对当地农业发展提出建议。结果表明:在200 cm内土壤NO-3-N最大值都出现在200 cm处,其中日光温室最大为20.36 mg/kg。土壤NH+4-N在200 cm内是较均匀的分布在10~25 mg/kg。不同土地利用模式对土壤剖面土壤NH+4-N、有机质和全氮分布没有影响。随着深度的变化对土壤NH+4-N分布也没有影响。土壤有机质和全氮在土壤剖面的分布是,随着深度的增加而减少,60 cm以下有机质保持在1.07~5.95 g/kg,全氮保持在0.12~0.35 g/kg。根据试验结果得出,土壤氮素淋溶的主要成分是NO-3-N,土壤NO-3-N淋溶程度与降雨、灌溉、施肥量呈正比,在坡地的淋溶较少。

铵态氮肥对黄土高原典型土壤氮素激发效应的影响

以黄土高原从北向南不同地区典型土壤类型为对象,采用Bremner淹水培养法,研究铵态氮肥对黄土高原典型土壤氮素的激发效应。结果表明,在测定NH4+-N的激发效应时,只有考虑粘土矿物对有机氮矿化产物或者添加NH4+-N的固定,才可获得可靠结果。在培养20 d和60 d时,NH4+-N对不同土类氮素激发效应存在极显著和显著的影响(P≤0.01和<0.05);培养40 d时,尽管不同土类氮素激发效应也存在很大差异,但统计检验不显著。从整体评价,NH4+-N对土垫旱耕人为土和黄土正常新成土表现出正的激发效应,而对干润砂质新成土表现出负的激发效应,对简育干润均腐土在培养20 d和40 d时无激发效应,而在培养60 d时,表现出显著的负激发效应。结果还看出,在培养40 d和60 d时,NH4+-N对农田土壤表现出负激发效应,对林地和裸地土壤表现出正激发效应,而草地土壤在培养40 d时为正激发效应;培养20 d和60 d时无激发效应。添加有机物料在培养20 d和40 d时对激发效应的影响不显著(P=0.0872和0.1641),培养时间延长至60 d时影响显著(P=0.049)。添加紫花苜蓿(Medicago sati-v...

有机胺-多金属氧酸盐超分子化合物的合成、结构及其光、热变色性质研究

近年来随着纳米材料科学、功能材料科学和超分子材料科学等学科的交叉渗透和迅猛发展，设计合成新型的多金属氧酸盐超分子变色材料和研究其结构、性质及变色机理具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。 本文以光致变色材料和热致变色材料的合成、结构与性质的研究为主线，通过水热法和溶液法制备了一系列含氮有机分子多金属氧酸盐的超分子化合物。解析了它们的晶体结构并研究了它们的光致变色与热致变色性质。采用低温固相反应法制备了具有变色特性的纳米氨基酸多金属氧酸盐。主要研究结果如下： 利用水热合成法制备了乙二胺三钼酸盐晶体,发现乙二胺三钼酸盐不仅具有光致变色性质，而且具有热致变色性质。在 365 nm 的紫外光照射下乙二胺三钼酸盐的光致变色样品呈红棕色，而热致变色样品在 180～250 ℃ 之间为蓝黑色。紫外-可见漫反射光谱被用于表征它们的变色性质。FT-IR 和 XRD 的结果确定着色后的样品其晶体结构和钼氧阴离子的骨架不改变，只是发生了轻微的畸变。一系列的光致变色样品和热致变色样品的ESR谱分别保持着各自特征，但二者有明显的差别，这反映出该化合物的热致变色机理与光致变色机理可能有所不同。这一现象是被首次发现和提出的。 利用水热法成功地合成了1, 6-己二胺三钼酸盐及四钼酸盐超分子化合物。单晶X-射线揭示出1, 6-己二胺三钼酸盐是一个新的超分子化合物，在它的晶体结构中，平行于 a 轴的新的无限链[Mo3O10]2–是由扭曲的MoO6八面体通过共边和共角连接的。质子化的己二胺阳离子占据着由无限链[Mo3O10]2–形成的隧道，它们之间以较强的氢键相互作用，形成了一维网络结构。我们发现这两种晶体均展示了新颖的光致变色与热致变色性质。我们利用FTIR、XRD、ESR和XPS对它们的变色性质进行了研究与探索。 选用4, 4'-联吡啶这种线状双基刚性配体, 利用水热法合成了两种4, 4'-联吡啶多金属钼酸盐晶体：一种是化学式为C10H12Mo7N2O23化合物, 另一种是化学式为C10H12Mo3N2O11化合物。测定了前者的晶体结构。两种晶体同样地展示了光致变色和热致变色性质，但后一种化合物有着明显比前一种化合物敏感的光热变色性质。ESR谱揭示出在UV光照射和加热的条件下，两个化合物中的Mo (Ⅵ) 原子均能被还原成Mo(Ⅴ)原子，但仅后一种化合物通过光热着色后有自由基产生。这是否是造成二者光热变色性质差别的原因，有待于今后更深入的研究和探索。 我们利用水溶液法成功地合成了氨基酸多金属氧酸盐晶体。晶体结构分析表明：组氨酸硅钨酸盐基本结构单元由一个[SiW12O40]4–多阴离子和两个质子化的[H2His]2+有机阳离子靠两个氢键相互作用组成。这个化合物展示了一个新颖的三维网络结构。脯氨酸硅钨酸盐的晶体结构正在解析中。在光照或加热后，这两个化合物的颜色由白色变为蓝色。我们利用FTIR、XRD、Raman和ESR研究了它们的光热变色性质。 将低温固相化学反应制备纳米材料的方法应用于纳米氨基酸多金属氧酸盐的制备，选取Silverton型多酸与多种氨基酸反应合成了系列纳米氨基酸-杂多酸电荷转移化合物。苏氨酸((HThr)7PMo12O42•4H2O) 磷钼多酸盐为形状不很规则的二维纳米片，酪氨酸磷钼多酸盐((HTyr)7PMo12O42•5H2O) 为一维纳米棒，丝氨酸磷钼多酸盐((HSer)7PMo12O42•5H2O)和谷氨酸磷钼多酸盐((HGlu)7PMo12O42•4H2O)为零维纳米粒子。有机给体氨基酸的结构对 Silverton 结构杂多化合物的形成起模板剂的作用，从而导致形貌的差异。在紫外光照射下，这些化合物会从白色变成蓝色，且对光比较敏感。

新型吡唑类硝化抑制剂对铵氧化的作用效果

通过室内培养、模拟和田间试验相结合的方法，对吡唑类化合物的硝化抑制效应与其结构的关系进行了详细研究。结果表明，多数吡唑类化合物都能有效抑制土壤中的硝化作用，其中以3-甲基吡唑（MP）、3，4-二甲基吡唑和4-氯-3-甲基吡唑（ClMP）及其衍生物效果最佳。4-位被氯原子取代能够提高吡唑类化合物硝化抑制效果。但因水解作用的发生，1-位的取代反应、中和反应和络合反应均不能改变其硝化抑制效果。三种效果较好的吡唑类硝化抑制剂，3，4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）、1-甲胺酰基-3-甲基吡唑（CMP）和ClMP在土壤中的最适用量分别为纯N用量的1.0%、1.0%和0.5%。吡唑类化合物的硝化抑制效果随土壤温度和有机质含量的升高而降低；在培养前期（0～14d）随土壤含水量和pH的升高而升高，在培养后期（>14d）随土壤含水量和pH的升高而降低。 吡唑类化合物随水在土层中垂直迁移与水平扩散速率与其分子的亲疏水性有关，垂直和水平迁移速率均为MP>DMPP> ClMP。土壤有机质含量是影响吡唑类化合物在土壤中吸附量的主要因素，有机质含量越高土壤对吡唑类化合物的吸附性越强。随pH的升高，土壤对吡唑类化合物的吸附能力降低，但在土壤通常所能达到的pH范围（4.5～8.5），pH对吡唑类化合物在土壤中的吸附作用影响不显著。土壤类型、抑制剂种类、温度与是否重复使用都影响吡唑类硝化抑制剂在土壤中的降解速率，一般褐土>棕壤，DMPP>MPC，低温>高温，未重复施用>重复施用。 以玉米为供试作物进行了吡唑类硝化抑制剂效果的田间试验，结果表明，吡唑类硝化抑制剂和尿素同时施用能显著提高玉米生育前期土壤中NH4+-N含量，降低土壤中NO3--N含量；并能提高玉米产量和氮肥表观利用率；且能使NO3-向土壤下层淋移趋势明显减缓。