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The allelopathic effects of two submerged macrophytes, Najas minor and Potamogeton malaianus, on growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant systems of Scenedesmus obliquus were assessed in coexistence experiments. The growth of S. obliquus was significantly suppressed by the two macrophytes. Moreover, P. malaianus showed the stronger growth inhibition effect on S. obliquus than N. minor. P. malaianus obviously inhibited the photosynthetic rate of S. obliquus, while N. minor had no inhibitory effect. Lipid peroxidation and three antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD)) of S. obliquus were investigated at the end of the co-cultures. The two macrophytes significantly enhanced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, a product of lipid peroxidation, in S. obliquus. Activities of the three antioxidant enzymes of S. obliquus were simultaneously stimulated in P. malaianus treatment, while no significant variation of POD activity was observed in N. minor treatment. The results indicated that the two macrophytes N. minor and P. malaianus had significant allelopathic effects on S. obliquus. However, the two macrophytes influenced S. obliquus in different ways.

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UV radiation is one of many harmful factors found in space that are detrimental to organisms on earth in space exploration. In the present work, we examined the role of antioxidant system in Nostoc sphaeroides Kutz (Cyanobacterium) and the effects of exogenously applied antioxidant molecules on its photosynthetic rate under UV-B radiation. It was found that UV-B radiation promoted the activity of antioxidant system to protect photosystem 11 (PSII) and exogenously applied antioxidant: sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) had an obvious protection on PSII activity under UV-B radiation. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and content of NIDA (malondialdehyde) and ASC (ascorbate) were improved by 0.5 mM and 1 mM SNP, but 0.1 mM SNP decreased the activity of antioxidant system. Addition of exogenous NAC decreased the activity of SOD, POD, CAT and the content MDA and ASC. In contrast, exogenously applied NAC increased GSH content. The results suggest that exogenous SNP and NAC may protect algae by different mechanisms: SNP may play double roles as both sources of reactive free radicals as well as ROS scavengers in mediating the protective role of PSII on algae under UV-B radiation. On the other hand, NAC functions as an antioxidant or precursor of glutathione, which could protect PSII directly from UV-B radiation. (c) 2007 COSPAR, Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Allelopathic effects of the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton malaianus on Scenedesmus obliquus were assessed using a twophase approach under controlled laboratory conditions. In the co- culture experiment ( phase I), the growth of S. obliquus at two different initial cell densities was significantly inhibited by P. malaianus. Moreover, the growth inhibition was dependent on the biomass density of P. malaianus. Antioxidant enzymes ( SOD, CAT and POD), MDA, APA, total soluble protein, protein electrophoretic pattern and morphology of S. obliquus were determined after the coculture experiment was terminated. The activities of SOD, CAT, POD and APA at the low initial cell density were stimulated, the contents of MDA and total soluble protein were increased, and some special protein bands disappeared in P. malaianus treatments. The macrophyte had no effect on the activities of SOD and APA at the high initial cell density, but significantly influenced other physiological parameters of S. obliquus with the increase of biomass density. The morphology of S. obliquus showed no difference in the macrophyte treatments and the controls, and the cultures were dominated by 4- celled coenobia. The results indicated P. malaianus had significant allelopathic effects on the growth and physiological processes of S. obliquus. Moreover, the allelopathic effects depended on initial algal cell density, biomass density of the macrophyte, and their interaction. In the experiment of P. malaianus culture filtrates ( phase II), filtrates from combined culture of plant and S. obliquus at the low initial cell density exhibited no apparent growth inhibitory effect on S. obliquus. The result showed that initial addition of growth- inhibiting plant filtrates had no allelopathic effect on S. obliquus. We concluded that the allelopathic effects on S. obliquus were found in the presence of P. malaianus, but not in P. malaianus filtrates. However, the absence of allelopathic effect on S. obliquus might be due to the very low concentrations of allelochemicals in the filtrates.

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Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide hepatoxins produced by cyanobacteria. It has been shown that microcystins have adverse effects on animals and on plants as well. Previous researches also indicated that microcystins were capable of inducing oxidative damage in animals both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, tobacco BY-2 suspension cell line was applied to examine the effects of microcystin-RR on plant cells. Cell viability and five biochemical parameters including reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxide (GPX) and peroxide dismutase (POD) were investigated when cells were exposed to 50 mg/L microcystin-RR. Results showed that microcystin-RR evoked decline of the cell viability to approximately 80% after treating for 144 h. ROS levels, POD and GPX activities of the treated cells were gradually increased with a time dependent manner. Changes of SOD and CAT activities were also detected in BY-2 cells. After 168 h recovery, ROS contents, POD, GPX and CAT activities returned to normal levels. These results suggest that the microcystin-RR can cause the increase of ROS contents in plant cells and these changes led to oxidant stress, at the same time, the plant cells would improve their antioxidant abilities to combat mirocystin-RR induced oxidative injury. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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抗氧化防御系统在植物抗旱中发挥着极大的作用。本试验采用PEG胁迫和叶片35℃烘干处理的方法,研究了模拟干旱胁迫条件下蚕豆叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性变化。结果表明,三种抗氧化酶随胁迫时间的延长活性升高;随胁迫程度增加SOD活性活性降低,POD和CAT活性变化规律性不明显。总体而言,SOD活性对胁迫的耐受性更强。

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用不同浓度Hg处理两种基因型小麦种子,较低浓度的Hg对小麦种子萌发影响比较小,对抗旱品种的小麦种子(陕合)的萌发有略微的刺激作用。小剂量、短时间的重金属处理可以提高POD的活性,发芽后受到Hg胁迫的陕合对Hg的耐受性低于发芽前就受到Hg胁迫的陕合,也低于同样胁迫处理的小麦品种(郑引)。发芽后进行Hg胁迫处理情况下,陕合对于Hg胁迫比较敏感,POD活性随着Hg浓度的升高而下降;而郑引,低浓度Hg对其POD活性有促进作用。在小麦发芽前就受到Hg胁迫的情况下,陕合和郑引的POD活性都随着Hg浓度增加表现为先上升而后下降趋势。

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采用盆栽试验与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了6种低分子有机酸和一种有机酸盐对辣椒生长发育和叶片活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:柠檬酸、乙酰丙酸和有机酸钾处理不仅可显著提高辣椒根系干质量,增加辣椒vC含量,而且提高了辣椒的产量。甲酸、柠檬酸、乙酰丙酸和有机酸钾处理使根系活力比对照分别提高83%、93.8%、96.75%和99.5%。柠檬酸、乙酰丙酸和有机酸钾处理提高了辣椒叶片的SOD和POD活性,降低了膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量,延缓了叶片衰老。但是低分子有机酸处理对CAT活性的影响较小。

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探讨盐胁迫对苜蓿幼苗不同器官生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响,为苜蓿植被恢复技术的研发提供理论参考。【方法】以新牧一号(盐忍耐品种)和北极星(盐敏感品种)2个苜蓿品种为材料,以0mmol/L NaCl处理为对照,用200mmol/L NaCl胁迫处理,测定萌发7d苜蓿幼苗芽、根生长及其H2O2、丙二醛(MDA)含量,相对质膜透性、抗氧化保护酶活性及其同功酶的变化。【结果】200mmol/L NaCl胁迫抑制了苜蓿幼苗的生长,并导致芽、根H2O2、MDA含量及相对质膜透性升高,但新牧一号芽、根器官均表现出比北极星较低程度的生长抑制或质膜损伤。盐胁迫后超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均明显增加。CAT和POD对活性氧的清除具有器官差异性,CAT活性在芽中较强,POD则与之相反。SOD-Ⅱ、APX-Ⅰ、POD-Ⅲ及POD-Ⅳ为芽、根中盐胁迫敏感的同功酶谱带。【结论】苜蓿盐忍耐品种通过更强的抗氧化保护能力,降低了盐胁迫对其幼苗的损伤。

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采用不同浓度NaCl溶液(100 mmol/L、200 mmol/L)胁迫处理甜高粱幼苗,测定了叶片中叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量及三种保护酶活性等生理指标。结果表明:100 mmol/L和200 mmol/L处理的甜高粱幼苗质膜相对透性、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量升高;可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量降低;保护酶系统中叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均升高,且在100 mmol/L浓度处理下达到最大,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先升高再降低趋势。NaCl胁迫对甜高粱幼苗的一些生理特性产生一定影响。

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为了观察猴艾滋病D型逆转录病毒I型(SRV1)感染却未感染的Raji细胞同工酶 活性的变化,用超声波破碎细胞,提取细胞内总蛋白+然后 垂直薄层聚丙烯酰胺凝肢等电聚焦 电泳对其进行酶谱分析。 以n醋酸萘酯和/或 醋酸萘酯为底物时,SRV1感染的Raji细胞近酸性端酯酶Est 1l一1 4妁 活性是未感染Raji细胞的2,2倍,提示酯酶活性的变化与病毒感染有关。SRV]感染弄口未感染Raji 细胞系的酸性磷酸酶的酶带数.pI值和酶活性无差异,二者均没有检出乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、醇脱 氢酶(ADH)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH),但有较弱的碱性磷睦酶(APH)。这些结 果提示酯酶活性的增加有可能作为SRVJ感染Raji细胞的一种指标

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豆磺隆在土壤中残效期较长,易对后茬敏感作物以及周围敏感植物物种产生药害,造成农业生态环境污染,危害区域性陆地生态系统完整性。化肥和其它农药的使用,带入了重金属如:铜、镉、铅和锌等,导致豆磺隆和重金属的复合污染的发生。本研究所得参数不仅为豆磺隆-重金属复合污染的生态风险评价提供了一定的理论依据,还为诊断豆磺隆-重金属复合污染提供了快捷有效的生物标记物。 低浓度豆磺隆、Cu、Cd复合时,豆磺隆与重金属对根长抑制率具有拮抗作用;当Cu、Cd浓度较高时,豆磺隆与重金属对小麦幼苗芽长、根长的抑制率具有显著的协同作用(P<0.05);同时,复合污染的联合毒性更多的倾向于重金属的毒性。 作为可见症状之一,叶绿素下降只在豆磺隆、Cd单一处理时表现出来,复合处理时由于有机物与重金属的相互作用抵消了两者对叶片叶绿素含量的影响。 酶活变化与可溶性蛋白质含量的变化有一定的相关性,但是可溶性蛋白质的变化主要还是由于污染物抑制植物体生长,抑制蛋白质生物合成的性质有关。污染物的化学性质决定其对生物体的毒性机制以及在复合污染时的联合效应;有机物、重金属单一处理之间以及两者与有机物-重金属复合处理之间的毒性机理有明显的不同。但是正如不同重金属之间的毒性机理有一定共性一样,不同重金属和有机物的联合毒性机理也有一定的共性。豆磺隆-重金属对小麦幼苗生化水平上的联合效应随着不同的浓度组合以及不同的植物部位而不同。小麦幼苗根系POD、SOD酶活以及SP含量的下降可以被用来作为指示除草剂以及重金属胁迫的生物指示物。 Cd比豆磺隆单因子以及豆磺隆-Cd复合处理更容易对DNA分子产生伤害。一定浓度组合的豆磺隆-Cd复合处理下,豆磺隆能够减轻Cd对DNA分子的毒性。引物序列的不同对污染物的敏感性也不同。豆磺隆、Cd引起的损伤可能发生在DNA序列上的特定位置。单因子和复合处理对新条带出现有不同的敏感性,这可能是因为豆磺隆和Cd的交互作用降低了引物S1156位点上的DNA变化概率。

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在已发现的超积累植物中,镉超积累植物种类较少,对其重金属耐性及超积累机理的研究还未有突破性进展,这些植物金属耐性机理的描述对于镉污染土壤的植物修复研究是非常有意义的。本研究以镉超积累植物龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)、球果蔊菜(Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Thell.)为研究对象,以茄子(Solanum melongena L.)和风花菜(Rorippa islandica (Oeder.) Borb.)为对照植物,描述了镉超积累植物污染耐性的生态特征,系统探讨了镉超积累植物的耐性机制。 (1)龙葵较茄子有更高的镉耐性及镉积累性;球果蔊菜较风花菜有更高的镉耐性及镉积累性,球果蔊菜茎部受抑制现象是实现其特异吸收和积累重金属的适应性反应,这种地上部营养物质的重新分配现象可能是球果蔊菜作为超积累植物独特的生态特征。 (2)龙葵根系中SOD和CAT活性及叶片中POD和CAT活性的协同作用在缓解镉积累引起的膜脂过氧化损伤中发挥着积极作用,球果蔊菜叶片SOD和CAT的协同作用在缓解镉积累引起的膜脂过氧化损伤中也发挥重要作用,可以推断龙葵、球果蔊菜体内抗氧化酶防御系统在其镉耐性中扮演重要的角色。 (3)镉的污染胁迫均能明显促进龙葵和球果蔊菜体内脯氨酸的积累,脯氨酸在其镉耐性及积累性中扮演着重要角色,其中叶片脯氨酸可能发挥着更大的作用。 (4)龙葵叶片中柠檬酸和乙酸含量的动态变化与其镉积累有关,球果蔊菜叶片中苹果酸和酒石酸含量的动态变化与其镉积累有关,有机酸可能在龙葵及球果蔊菜镉耐性及积累性中起到一定的作用,但高含量的有机酸并不是植物镉耐性和超积累性的主要原因。 (5)植物螯合肽可以作为植物镉超积累特征的生物指标,但植物螯合肽的合成并非镉超积累植物耐性的主要机制。

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以高等植物为试验材料,建立了细胞色素P450含量的测定方法。在此基础上通过对5种植物(小麦、玉米、白菜、萝卜、大豆)的筛选试验,最终选择小麦绿苗和玉米黄化苗作为供试材料,进行土壤菲、芘单一与复合污染条件下,细胞色素P450含量与多环芳烃污染的量-效关系生态毒理诊断研究。同时为比较不同指标对污染物生态毒性敏感性,进行了相同剂量条件下,SOD、POD、CAT活性,高等植物种子发芽与根伸长抑制率与菲、芘单一与复合污染诱导的剂量-效应关系试验研究。 细胞色素P450含量污染诱导研究结果表明,在较低的浓度下,土壤菲、芘单一暴露与小麦和玉米幼苗P450含量具有显著的污染诱导剂量-效应关系,菲、芘复合污染对小麦和玉米的P450产生协同毒性作用。两种植物P450含量对菲、芘污染指示较为敏感。 SOD、POD、CAT活性比较试验结果表明,SOD、POD、CAT活性对菲、芘污染具有响应,但响应敏感性不及植物色素P450,有些不能进行定量诊断,但可用于定性诊断。 发芽率和根伸长抑制率试验比较结果表明,在同样的供试浓度范围内,小麦发芽率和根伸长与对照相当,未出现明显诱导或抑制的响应。植物色素P450含量对菲、芘单一与复合污染的指示作用比植物种子发芽率和根伸长抑制率更为敏感。 植物细胞色素P450这一敏感指标可以作为生物标记物,与化学分析及抗氧化酶系指标结合起来进行土壤PAHs早期诊断。既有助于提高指标的准确性和敏感性,推动形成完善的土壤污染生态毒理诊断方法,还可从生理和分子水平使污染诱发障碍的机理等得到破译。

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沙蚕(Nereis diversicolor)是一种栖息于水陆交错带沉积物中、具有重要生态学意义的底栖无脊椎动物。本项研究以水陆交错带典型重金属污染物(Cd、Cu)和石油烃为代表,就其单一与复合污染对沙蚕的生态毒理效应进行研究,从污染生态化学的角度对其毒性机理进行探讨,并找出可用于对潮间带地区重金属和石油烃污染进行生态毒理评价的敏感生物标记物(biomarker),为水生生态系统的水质监测、污染诊断以及环境管理工作提供理论支持。 研究表明,在急性毒性污染暴露过程中,各污染物均可对沙蚕种群产生毒性效应,其毒性大小依次为: Cu>Cd>石油烃;复合污染对沙蚕的联合毒性效应机制十分复杂,可用联合效应广义理论加以解释。 随着时间的延长,Cd、石油烃单一污染暴露导致SOD活性先上升后下降,POD活性未表现出一致的变化趋势,而可溶性蛋白含量下降;Cu单一污染使SOD活性与可溶性蛋白含量先被诱导后抑制,POD活性先是显著下降,而后缓慢上升;Cd、Cu与石油烃的复合污染效应对沙蚕体内SOD、POD活性以及可溶性蛋白含量的影响与其不同浓度组合以及染毒时间有关;初步认为SOD活性可作为敏感的生物标记物来反映水陆交错带地区重金属和石油烃污染状况。 在实验浓度范围内,低浓度石油烃(100μl L-1)与高浓度Cu复合污染会在一定程度上促进Cu在沙蚕体内的蓄积量,而Cd与石油烃复合污染并未诱导Cd在沙蚕体内积累量的增加。研究还发现,沙蚕体型大小对Cu和石油烃在沙蚕体内的积累量没有影响,重要的是沙蚕体内Cd、Cu与石油烃的含量基本能够反映出其生境中重金属与石油烃的污染状况,但在实践应用中需要考虑采样时间、海水温度以及盐度等因素的影响。

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本文探讨了蚯蚓细胞色素P450作为生物标记物诊断土壤低剂量PAHs污染的可行性,主要以蚯蚓P450含量和AHH活性二项指标为主,开展“土壤低剂量PAHs污染敏感生态毒理诊断指标研究”,并结合其它分子毒理诊断指标,通过指示敏感性比较,最终建立土壤低剂量PAHs污染早期诊断的敏感生物标记指标或指标组合,为土壤污染早期诊断奠定基础。 蚯蚓P450含量测定方法研究表明,在强化预处理的基础上,通过微粒体增溶、物理分离和解剖后内脏直接测定等去干扰手段均可实现P450含量的测定。通过三种方法的比较,最终确定内脏直接测定法为最佳方法。在此基础上,对CO通气量进一步优化,确保P450含量的准确定性和定量。 低剂量PAHs胁迫下蚯蚓细胞色素P450响应研究表明,P450含量和AHH活性两指标随暴露时间的增加总体上表现为“先诱导后抑制”的响应规律,且响应因PAHs的不同而存在差异,对芘的指示效应最强,荧蒽次之,菲最弱,与其毒性大小相关。其中,AHH对PAHs的指示作用优于P450含量,两指标的响应情况显示了它们作为生物标记物的可行性。为增强污染诊断的灵敏性和有效性,可将蚯蚓P450含量和特异性同工酶活性联合,彼此互为补充,共同应用于土壤污染生态毒理诊断中。 低剂量PAHs胁迫下,参比指标的响应情况与P450相比结果显示,P450含量和AHH活性的指示效应最明显;SOD和POD活性的指示次之;GST和CAT活性虽表现出指示效应,但并不是对三种PAHs都具有指示效果;MDA含量对低剂量PAHs的指示性最差。不同指标对污染物的指示敏感性存在差异,因而在进行土壤污染生态毒理诊断时,应选用多指标联合,彼此相互补充,以适应不同污染状况下的污染诊断。酶活性对毒物暴露的响应在时间上是一个动态变化过程,单一时段的暴露结果可能不足以揭示污染物的毒性效应,选择多时段检测对污染暴露的灵敏指示尤为重要。 应用蚯蚓生化指标对沈阳污灌区土壤进行毒性诊断,结果表明P450、AHH、GST、POD和CAT五个指标通过不同时段的检测均可对供试土壤显示出指示效应;而SOD和MDA两指标均出现“漏诊”现象。同实验室条件下低剂量污染情况相比,P450含量和POD的指示效果在两种情况下均较好;AHH、SOD在实验室条件下的指示更为优越;而GST、CAT和MDA更适合于污染物复杂的实际土壤诊断。研究结果从实际应用的角度再一次证实,任何一种指标若采用单时段的检测均存在其污染诊断的“盲区”。在进行实际环境污染诊断时,采用多指标和多时段检测是不可或缺的。