Chlorohydrin water swellable rubber compatibilized by an amphiphilic craft copolymer. I. Synthesis and characterization of compatibilizer PVA-g-PBA

The graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto poly(vinyl alcohol) with eerie ammonium nitrate as redox initiator in a aqueous medium has been investigated. The formation of graft copolymer was confirmed by means of IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The percentage of mononer conversion and percentage of grafting varied with concentrations of initiator, nitric acid, monomer, macromolecular backbone (X-n = 1750, M = 80 000), reaction temperature and reaction time. Some inorganic salts and organic solvents have a great influence upon grafting. The reaction mechanism has been explored, and rate equations for the reaction are established. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Cure processing modeling and cure cycle simulation of epoxy-terminated poly(phenylene ether ketone) .3. Determination of the time of pressure application

The curing temperature, pressure, and curing time have significant influence on finished thermosetting composite products. The time of pressure application is one of the most important processing parameters in the manufacture of a thermosetting composite. The determination of the time of pressure application relies on analysis of the viscosity variation of the polymer, associated with curing temperature and curing time. To determine it, the influence of the time of pressure application on the physical properties of epoxy-terminated poly(phenylene ether ketone) (E-PEK)-based continuous carbon fiber composite was studied. It was found that a stepwise temperature cure cycle is more suitable for manufacture of this composite. There are two viscosity valleys, in the case of the E-PEK system, associated with temperature during a stepwise cure cycle. The analysis on the effects of reinforcement fraction and defect content on the composite sheet quality indicates that the width-adjustable second viscosity valley provides a suitable pressing window. The viscosity, ranging from 400 to 1200 Pa . s at the second viscosity valley, is the optimal viscosity range for applying pressure to ensure appropriate resin flow during curing process, which enables one to get a finished composite with optimal fiber volume fraction and low void content. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Study of ion solvation and ion association in polymer gel electrolyte with polyethylene oxide-co-polypropylene oxide as a plasticizer

Using a molal conductance method, ion solvation and ion association in polytriethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PTREGD)-LiClO4 gel electrolytes with amorphous ethylene oxide-co-propylene oxide (EO-co-PO, <(M)over bar (n)>, = 1750) as the plasticizer were investigated. It was found that the fraction of solute existing as single ions (alpha(i)) and ion pairs (alpha(p)) decreases, while that of triple ions (alpha(t)) increases linearly with increasing salt concentration. The dependence of these fractions on molecular weight of plasticizer was also examined. It was shown that alpha(i) and alpha(t) increase and alpha(p) decreases with increasing molecular weight. The result of temperature dependence of these fractions was very interesting: when the temperature is lower than 55 degrees C, alpha(i) increases while alpha(p) and alpha(t) decrease with increasing temperature; however, when the temperature is higher than 55 degrees C, the reverse is true.

Li_8SiN_4-Li_3N-BN体系中立方BN转化行为的研究

研究了高温高压下x·Li_8SiN_4-0.1(1-x)·Li_3N-0.9(1-x)·BN体系中立方氮化硼(cBN)的转化行为。Li_8SiN_4的存在可显著改善cBN晶体的发育,提高晶体质量。在4.2～5.5GPa,1340～1750℃范围内确定了x=4.8％时体系的cBN转化区,并对转化区内cBN转化率、平均生长速度、成核速度及破碎强度与转化温度和压力的关系进行了研究。

Crystallization of Clinopyroxene NaAlSi2O6 from Glass

Clinopyroxene NaAlSi2O6 was synthesized under varying pressures of 3.0-5.0GPa and at the temperature range of 1150.1750 degrees C, for periods of 1.480min. The glass material was completely transformed into homogeneous penetrating fibrous texture of clino

稀土（Nd，Pr）（Ⅲ）双酞菁衍生物的合成、表征和气敏特性

合成了八－４－（四氢糠氧基）酞菁钕（Ⅲ）（Ａ）、八－４－（β－萘氧基）酞菁钕（Ⅲ）（Ｂ）、八－４－（２，４－二叔戊基苯氧基）酞菁钕（Ⅲ）（Ｃ）和八－４－（２，４－二叔戊基苯氧基）酞菁镨（Ⅲ）（Ｄ）４种新的稀土（Ｎｄ、Ｐｒ）（Ⅲ）双酞菁衍生物，经元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振谱表征．紫外可见光谱表明，它们在氯仿（１０￣（－６）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）溶液中以单分子形式存在．热重分析证明配合物的热稳定性：Ｂ＞Ｃ～Ｄ＞Ａ．４种配合物成膜性好，Ｚ型沉积形成的单层ＬＢ膜材料对氨气有响应，特别是八－４－（四氢糠氧基）酞菁钕（Ⅲ）的膜材料对氨气很敏感，可与铜酞菁ＬＢ膜气敏性相比．

钠铝辉石由非晶态到晶态的转化研究

在3．0－5．0GPa，1150－1750℃，1－480min条件范围内，合成了钠铝辉石，通过XRD、SEM及IR分析对比研究了人工翡翠和天然翡翠的微观精细结构；通过DAT分析测定了人工翡翠与天然翡翠的熔点，淬火实验检验了人工翡翠的熔点，通过退火及老化实验研究了翡翠的热稳定性。同时还就人工翡翠和天然翡翠的硬度、密度及折射率等其它物化性质进行了比较研究。根据上述研究总结了合成优质钠铝辉石翡翠的最佳实验条件为压力＞4．0GPa，温度＞1450℃，晶化时间＞45min。

固熔体60%NaAlSi_2O_6-40%CaMgSi_2O_6在高温高压下的相图的研究

在1.0～5.0GPa、700～1750℃条件范围内,对固熔体0.6NaAlSi_2O_6-0.4CaMgSi_2O_6进行了研究,探讨了该固熔体在高温高压下的存在行为,研究了由非晶态玻璃向翡翠转化过程中γT作用的相图,得到的透辉石翡翠的晶胞参数为α=0.9439nm,b=0.8573nm,c=0.5233nm,β=107.28°和V=0.41702nm~3。本实验中合成的宝石级翡翠为色泽温润,具有玻璃光泽,半透明的极富观赏性的透辉石翡翠。

Development of SSR primers from EST sequences and their application in germplasm identification of Porphyra lines (Rhodophyta)

This paper reports the development of SSR markers from EST data and their utilization in germplasm identification of Porphyra. The publicly available EST (expressed sequence tag) sequences of Porphyra were searched from the Internet (www.kazura.or.jp/en/plant/porphyra/EST/). From a total of 20,779 obtained EST sequences, 391 SSRs (simple sequence repeats) were analysed with SSRIT software (www.gramene.org/db/searches/ssrtool). From those, 48 SSR primer-pairs were designed and tested by commonly used SSR reaction conditions using 22 Porphyra DNA samples as templates. Results showed that 41 SSR primer-pairs gave good amplification patterns. These were used to conduct SSR analyses of genetic diversity and variety identification of the 22 Porphyra lines. A dendrogram and the DNA fingerprints of the Porphyra lines were developed based on the obtained SSR data.

Genome-wide analysis of restriction-modification system in unicellular and filamentous cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are an ancient group of gram-negative bacteria with strong genome size variation ranging from 1.6 to 9.1 Mb. Here, we first retrieved all the putative restriction-modification (RM) genes in the draft genome of Spirulina and then performed a range of comparative and bioinformatic analyses on RM genes from unicellular and filamentous cyanobacterial genomes. We have identified 6 gene clusters containing putative Type I RMs and 11 putative Type II RMs or the solitary methyltransferases (MTases). RT-PCR analysis reveals that 6 of 18 MTases are not expressed in Spirulina, whereas one hsdM gene, with a mutated cognate hsdS, was detected to be expressed. Our results indicate that the number of RM genes in filamentous cyanobacteria is significantly higher than in unicellular species, and this expansion of RM systems in filamentous cyanobacteria may be related to their wide range of ecological tolerance. Furthermore, a coevolutionary pattern is found between hsdM and hsdR, with a large number of site pairs positively or negatively correlated, indicating the functional importance of these pairing interactions between their tertiary structures. No evidence for positive selection is found for the majority of RMs, e. g., hsdM, hsdS, hsdR, and Type II restriction endonuclease gene families, while a group of MTases exhibit a remarkable signature of adaptive evolution. Sites and genes identified here to have been under positive selection would provide targets for further research on their structural and functional evaluations.

添加钛镁元素对热浸镀锌层性能的影响

热浸镀锌及其合金在世界各国已得到广泛的应用。为提高镀锌层性能，往镀浴中添加各种微量元素已经有了许多研究。但是对于在高纯锌中添加微量元素，排除由于锌浴不纯而导致的性能差异，报道很少。 本文选择高纯锌，在排除其它元素干扰的情况下，制备了添加钛、镁元素的热浸镀锌合金镀层，考察了分别添加钛、镁元素及同时添加钛镁元素后镀层在海水环境中的腐蚀行为及其耐蚀性能。 由于钛熔点（1668℃）远高于锌熔点（419.5℃），镁在高温下极易氧化，因而制备中间合金。在分别用分光光度法和原子吸收法测定准确含量后，按计算量进行添加。热浸镀层最外层和镀液合金成分基本一致，镀液合金性能可以反映镀层性能，制备锌钛、锌镁合金电极，进行电化学性能测试，发现添加钛、镁元素能够提高合金在海水中的耐腐蚀性能。 采用烘干溶剂法进行热浸镀，选择合适的工艺条件，助镀剂为ZnCl2、NH4Cl的混合溶液，温度460℃，镀液为添加不同含量钛镁的锌液。对所得镀层进行表观质量检测，镀层质量合格，其中添加钛元素后镀层亮度增加。镀层厚度是考察镀层性能的重要指标，通过测量发现镀层比较均匀，添加钛元素后镀层厚度减薄，添加镁元素后镀层厚度稍有增加，同时添加钛镁元素，镀层厚度稍高于单独添加钛元素，但比纯锌镀层要薄许多。添加微量钛镁后，镀层阻抗谱图和极化曲线图形状都没有大的改变，EIS等效电路拟合结果表明添加钛镁元素后镀层极化电阻增加，镀层在海水中耐蚀性能有所提高。 为进一步检测镀层的耐蚀性能，进行了中性盐雾试验，添加钛镁元素后镀层腐蚀失重减少，腐蚀失重率降低，耐盐雾腐蚀性能提高；室内模拟全浸实验所的结果与盐雾试验具有一致性，镀层刚开始时腐蚀较快随后比较稳定。

黄东海胶质浮游动物水母类研究

近年来，胶质类浮游动物尤其是水母类在近岸高生产力的海洋生态系统中的作用越来越受到全球科学家们的关注。这种关注很大程度上是由于近年来很多海域或海湾出现水母类大量繁殖的现象而引起的，这种现象与过度捕捞、气候变化、富营养化以及生物入侵等因素有着内在的联系，给人们带来经济，社会和生态等各方面的损失。这种损失包括：当水母大量出现时，由于它们与鱼类存在食物和捕食竞争，使渔业资源和渔业生产锐减；由于它们会堵塞和撕破渔业生产网，干扰了人们的渔业生产活动；另外水母增多增加了海滨游泳爱好者被蛰伤甚至死亡事件发生的频率，对旅游者们的娱乐行为造成不便。到目前为止全球范围内报道了许多水母大量繁殖并对经济社会或海洋生态系统造成负面影响的事件。在北海水母数量爆发的频率与气候相关的事实表明了该海域将要面临一个更多的胶质类浮游动物的未来。所有这些都表明海洋中水母的生态学问题仍旧是全球的一个研究热点。到目前为止，在世界上许多海湾和海区有关水母生态学问题的研究上，均已取得方方面面有意义的进展。但在我国，由于对水母功能群的研究缺乏足够的重视，对于大型水母来讲它们被认为是渔业生产的副产品或者‘垃圾’，在渔业拖网捕获后把它们直接扔入海中并不去研究；对于小型水母来讲，因为它们为非饵料生物，并且有易碎，粘糊糊等难操作的特点，对浮游生物网同步采集到的水母的研究力度远不如对其他浮游动物类群的研究力度，因此我国对水母功能群生态学的研究基础相当薄弱。 本论文基于以上背景对黄东海大型和小型水母类的生物地理分布格局进行了研究，对其生物量或丰度等生态学指标进行了定量研究。（1）利用浮游生物网样品对黄海小型水母类的种类组成及其丰度的时空变化进行了研究，表明黄海测区内小型水母整体丰度很低，且主要分布在50 m等深线以浅海域，各水母类群以及优势种类的季节更替非常明显。比较不同海区的小型水母的丰度水平及其占浮游动物丰度的比例，发现黄海的小型水母丰度水平最低，为0.8（0.04–1.3）ind. m-3，只占浮游动物丰度的 < 0.5 %，表明小型水母在黄海海域并非占优势的功能群。（2）在中国黄东海采集的沙海蜇和在日本采集的越前水母的COI基因序列差异（0.2%）处于种内水平，从分子水平上证明两者为同一个种类，基于形态学和分子生物学的证据，我国大型水母沙海蜇的分类地位可初步订正为：Nemopilema nomurai Kishinouye, 1922（Scyphozoa：Rhizostomeae：Rhizostomatidae）。（3）利用渔业底层拖网的方法对黄东海大型水母的种类组成，总生物量及各优势种类生物量的时空分布进行了半定量研究。结果共鉴定到11个种（类），其中沙海蜇（Nemopilema nomurai），洋须水母（Ulmaridae genus sp.）以及多管水母（Aequorea spp.）为黄海的优势种（类），沙海蜇（只在东海北部）和霞水母（Cyanea spp.）为东海的优势种（类）；这四个种（类）的湿重随着伞径的增大成冪增长的方式。大型水母平均总生物量的季节变化模式为：3月份水母总生物量最低，为4.6 ± 9.4 kg km–2，春夏季随着海水表层温度的升高，大型水母的生物量逐渐增加，9月初水母的总生物量达到最高值，为22891 ± 25888 kg km–2，随后随着海水的温度下降，生物量也逐渐下降。洋须水母的生物量在10月份达到最高值（2780 ind. km–2，1807 kg km–2），主要在黄海中部出现。多管水母在5月份丰度最高，为8262 kg km–2，且主要分布在30N以北海域。 聚焦大量爆发的水母种（类）沙海蜇和霞水母，基于实测的拖网资料，提供了该种可见的浮游阶段1周年的地理发生和生物量数据；结果表明，这两个种（类）表现了不同的季节出现和生物量格局：首先是黄海出现的沙海蜇（5–12月在黄海出现），5月份少量幼水母体在黄东海的交界处出现，6月它们的分布范围在南黄海扩大，到8月末及9月初沙海蜇几乎遍布黄海，其生物量和丰度以压倒其他大型水母类的优势形成“bloom”（生物量占所有大型水母的96.7%，丰度占93%，在南黄海平均生物量20446 kg km-2，平均占渔获物生物量的86.1 %），10月份至12月，沙海蜇的生物量逐渐减少甚至为零，其分布区域也向北回缩。其次为东海出现的霞水母（5月–10月）：霞水母在5月初达到生物量的高值（平均生物量为380 kg km-2），其伞径随纬度的升高而变小，8月至10月其生物量骤然下降。这两个种类的生物量高值分布在温度或潮汐锋区。结合水文条件及沙海蜇和霞水母关键的生活史策略推测了黄东海该种浮游阶段的生活史模型。 最后，通过对黄海8、9月份沙海蜇生物量的最高峰或暴发时期的呼吸率，摄食率进行估算，获得其每天对浮游动物现存量及生产力的潜在摄食压力，结果表明2006年9月在对沙海蜇最大捕获率的情况下，沙海蜇的摄食率为8.37（0.12–37.83）mg C m-2d-1，假设都以浮游动物为食，这时每天对浮游动物现存量及生产力的摄食压力分别为11.2%（0.17–50.6%），134.1%（1.98–605.7%）。因此在沙海蜇暴发期间对浮游动物的潜在的消耗非常大，甚至为毁灭性的。

Partial characterization of the hemolytic activity of the nematocyst venom from the jellyfish Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye

Using a recently developed technique to extract jellyfish venom from nematocysts, the present study investigated the hemolytic activity of Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye nematocyst venom on chicken erythrocytes. Venom extract caused a significant concentration-dependent hemolytic effect. The extract could retain its activity at -80 degrees C but was unstable when kept at 4 degrees C and -20 degrees C for 2 days. The hemolytic activity was inhibited by heating within the range of 37-100 degrees C. The extract was active over a pH range of 5.0-8.63 and the pH optima for the extract was 7.8. Incubation of the venom with sphingomyelin specially inhibited hemolytic activity by up to 70%. Cu2+ and Mn2+ greatly reduced the hemolytic activity while Mg2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ produced a relatively low inhibiting effect on the hemolytic activity. Treatment with Ca2+ induced a concentration-dependent increase in the hemolytic activity. In the presence of 5 mM EDTA, all the hemolytic activity was lost, however, the venom containing 1.5 mM EDTA was stable in the long-term storage. PLA(2) activity was also found in the nematocyst venom of C. nozakii. These characteristics provide us a fundamental knowledge in the C. nozakii nematocyst venom which would benefit future research. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站辐射气候特征

以2000—03到2001—02的辐射观测资料，分析了海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区辐射及各分光辐射的变化特征．将为高寒草甸生态系统的物质循环、能量流动、草地生产力形成机制等问题的研究提供科学依据。结果表明：海北站区Eg、Er、UV、PAR、NIR和En具有明显的日、年变化，年内其总量分别达6278．867MJ／m^2、1515．139MJ／m^2、311．242MJ／m^2、2576．777MJ／m^2、3397．404MJ／m^2和2542．950MJ／m^2，其中在植物生长期的5—9月分别为3181．215MJ／m^2、698．021MJ／m^2、165．955MJ／m^2、1133．965MJ／m^2、1673．871MJ／m^2和1668．805MJ／m^2。年内Er、UV、PAR、NIR和Eh占Eg的比例分别为0．242、0．048、0．410、0．540和0．410，在植物生长期分别为0．219、0．052、0．413、0.528和0．527。对Eg和PAR提出了下列形式的模拟求算式．Eg=Eg0（0．089．7＋0．9768S／S0）和PAR=-3.8044＋0.4177％，模拟效果较好，可利用有关常规气象观测资料进行估算。

塔里木盆地柯坪-巴楚露头区白云岩成岩作用机理研究

Through field outcrop dolomite observation, laboratory petrography (macroscopy, microscopy, cathodeluminescence and scan electronic microscopy), geochemistry (carbon-oxygen-strontium isotopes and trace elements) and fluid inclusion microthermometry study in Keping-Bachu area of Tarim Basin, it can be inferred that there are existing eight dolomite texture types within four evolution phases in Keping-Bachu area of Tarim Basin. The paragenesis of different dolomite texture types and associated minerals in Keping-Bachu area has been established. The carbon and oxygen isotopes of saddle dolomites and matrix dolomites overlap greatly. The Strontium isotopes results of Keping-Bachu outcrop area show that the strontium isotopes differentiation of the matrix and saddle dolomites is not obvious, the reason of which is that there is thousands of Cambrian-Ordovician dolomite strata below the stratum bearing the saddle dolomite. In the process of the heat flow upward migration, the isotopes of the heat interacts with the host rock, which leads to the similarity betwwen the strontium of the saddle dolomite and matrix dolomite. The strontium isotope of the saddle dolomite is not very radiogenic. the six types samples within four phases in the study area show Eu negatively. Comparing to the other types of samples, the δEu of saddle dolomite is relatively high falling into the range of 0.510-0.874, which shows that the saddle dolomite forms in the hydrothermal setting and is affected by the hydrothermal activity to some extend.The Lan/Ybn of saddle dolomite is high up to 15.726, which means that the HREE is very rich. It belongs to the typical hydrothermal genesis model. The δCe of saddle dolomite is positive anomaly, which is the result of high effect from the land source debris. The homogeneous temperature of the saddle dolomite falls into two ranges 110-120℃ and 125-160℃, after pressure correction, they are 141-152℃，157.5-196℃, the salinity of the saddle dolomite can reach to 20-25%. With the comparing with the burial history, the Th of the saddle dolomite is high than the ambient strata temperature, these data show that the saddle dolomite is of hydrothermal origin. The evolution trend of different dolomite and associated minerals is from matrix dolomite, dolomite cementation, saddle dolomite, quartz to calcite. Alonging with this evolution trend, the temperature of the diagenetic flow initiated from 80-100℃, after rising to 135-160℃, then gradually declined. Finally, a structurally-controlled dolomitization model is established in Keping-Bachu area of Tarim Basin.