59 resultados para Salutati, Coluccio, 1331-1406.


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通过电化学生长法在 4 氨基硫酚自组装膜修饰金电极上制备了包含杂多酸 (SiMo11VO5-4 0 和聚合物阳离子PDDA的多层膜修饰电极。用循环伏安法研究了该多层膜的电化学行为 ,结果表明Mo的第 3个还原峰随多层膜层数的增加显著增长 ,而另两个还原峰增长缓慢。该修饰电极的峰电位随pH的增加而线性负移 ,表明有氢离子参与杂多酸的氧化还原反应。该修饰电极对BrO-3 和HNO2 的还原反应有良好的催化作用 ,催化电流随着层数的增加而增长 ,并且Mo的第三个还原峰电流与CBrO-3 有良好的线性关系。

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Due to the difference in reactivity of enantiomers with chiral reagents, it was found that in the Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) mass spectra of enantiomer mixtures of R-alpha-phenylethylamine and S-alpha-phenylethylamine with a chiral reagent S-phosphorsaeure-(1,1'-bi-naphthyl-2,2'-diylester) (BNP acid), the relative abundance of the characteristic ion is linearly related to the composition of the mixture. We have, therefore, proposed a possible method for the determination of the optical purity of enantiomers by mass spectrometry.

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A molecular approach was developed to distinguish species of red snappers among commercial salted fish products. The specific fragments of the mitocliondrial 12S rRNA gene, which were about 450 bp, were obtained using the semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (semi-nested PCR). Subsequently, PCR amplicons were sequenced, aiming to select restriction endonucleases that generated species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles. Discrimination of red snappers Lutjanus sanguineus, L. erythopterus from L. argentintaculatus, L. malabarius and other morphologically similar fishes such as Lethrinus leutjanus and Pinjalo pinjalo was feasible by one restriction digestion reaction with three endonucleases Hae III, Sca I and SnaB I, however, for differentiation of L. sattguineus and L. erythopterus, another restriction digestion reaction with single restriction endonuclease Mae II was needed. The seminested PCR-RFLP was demonstrated to be reliable in species identification of salted fish products in this study. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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富营养化已经成为世界性的环境问题。作为我国最大河口的长江口,富营养化问题也日渐突出。如何准确地评价富营养化程度,对预防和解决水体的富营养化问题有重要的意义。 本论文以长江口海域2004年和2005年共8个季度的现场调查为基础,分析了该海域的营养状况;进行了室内模拟培养实验,尝试寻找能反映环境营养条件的微藻的生理生化指标。 对长江口海域2004年和2005年的海水的营养状况进行了分析,并主要运用模糊综合评价方法对富营养水平进行了评价。结果表明: ⑴长江口海域DIN的含量较高,为主要的污染物质,其它的指标较好; ⑵约有一半的调查站点呈现富营养化,长江口门及冲淡水区富营养化程度较高,外海富营养化程度较低,富营养程度从外海向近岸增加; ⑶富营养化区域全年除少数站点外,大部分都分布于盐度小于20的一侧,明显的季节分布和区域分布,表明长江口海域的富营养化水平主要受到长江冲淡水的控制。 对中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)进行了室内模拟培养,对微藻生理生化指标变化与环境营养条件的关系进行了初步探索。结果显示: ⑴环境营养条件影响藻的大多数生理生化指标,不同的氮磷起始浓度和氮磷比下的藻细胞的指标也有差异 ⑵藻细胞的叶绿素a含量、碱性磷酸酶活性、RNA/DNA比值对环境营养条件的反映较为明显,有作为指示富营养化水平指标的可能性,应进一步研究。

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利用新型荧光试剂1,2-苯并-3,4-二氢咔唑-9-乙基肼基甲酸酯(BCEC)作柱前衍生化试剂, 在Hypersil BDS C_(18) (4.6 mm * 200 mm, 5 μm) 色谱柱上,采用梯度洗脱对皮质醇、皮质酮、睾酮、孕酮4种类固醇荧光衍生物进行了优化分离。65℃下在乙腈溶剂中以三氯乙酸作催化剂,衍生反应2 h后获得稳定的荧光产物。激发和发射波长分别为333 nm和390 nm。采用大气压化学电离源(APCI)正离子模式, 实现了黑线姬鼠粪便中4种类固醇化合物的定性及定量测定。线性回归系数均在0.9999以上,检出限为47.3~71.2 fmol。

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以调查统计的方法研究了矮嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛两种生境下鹅绒委陵菜无性系的形态特征,研究结果表明:矮嵩草草甸内的鹅绒委陵菜无性系绝大多数特征参数大于金露梅灌丛内,形态可塑性较显著,这与不同生境下的资源异质性特征密切相关。研究为生境适应假说提供了又一例证。

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A new species Bryodema nigrofrascia of the genus Bryodema Fieber, 1853 (Orthoptera, Acridoidea, Acrididae Oedipodinae) from China is described. A key to known species of the genus is given. The type specimens are deposited in the Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai.

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Effects of grazing intensity on leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn), specific leaf area (SLA), individual tiller density, sward leaf area index (LAI), harvested herbage DM, and species composition in grass mixtures (Clinelymus nutans + Bromus inermis, Elymus nutans + Bromus inermis + Agropyron cristatum and Elymus nutans + Clinelymus nutans + Bromus inermis + Agropyron cristatum) were studied in the alpine region of the Tibetan Plateau. Four grazing intensities (GI), expressed as feed utilisation rates (UR) by Tibetan lambs were imposed as follows: (1) no grazing; (2) 30% UR as light grazing; (3) 50% UR as medium grazing; and (4) 70% UR as high grazing. Leaf Pn rate and tiller density of grasses increased (P < 0.05), while sward LAI and harvested herbage DM declined (P < 0.05) with the increments of GI, although no effect of GI on SLA was observed. With increasing GI, Elymus nutans and Clinelymus nutans increased but Bromus inermis and Agropyron cristatum decreased in swards, LAI and DM contribution. Whether being grazed or not, Elymus nutans + Clinelymus nutans + Bromus inermis + Agropyron cristatum was the most productive sward among the grass mixtures. Thus, two well-performed grass species (Elymus nutans and Clinelymus nutans) and the most productive mixture of four species should be investigated further as the new feed resources in the alpine grazing system of the Tibetan Plateau. Light grazing intensity of 30% UR was recommended for these grass mixtures when swards, LAI, herbage DM harvested, and species compatibility were taken into account.

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采用改进GAs算法建立了求解大规模规划的资源分配模型.针对大规模资源分配问题的具体特点,设计了合适的GAs算子,并以实例验证了算法的合理性及有效性。

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Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic rocks are well exposed in Lhasa Terrane, southern Tibet. This research attempts to apply 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, major, trace element and Sr-Nd-O isotopic geochemistry data to constrain the spatio-temporal variations, the composition of source, geodynamic setting. The results indicate that Lhasa Terrane mainly went through three tectonic-magmatic cycle: (1) Phase of Oceanic subduction (140-80Ma). Along with the subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate of Neo-Tethys slab, the oceanic sediment and/or the subducting slab released fluids/melts to metasomatize the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, and induced the mantle wedge partially melt and produced the calc-alkaline continental arc volcanic rocks; (2) Phase of continental-continental collision. Following the subducting of the Neo-Tethys slab, the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate dragged by the dense Neo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere. The oceanic lithosphere detached from continental lithosphere during roll-back and break-off and the asthenosphere upwelled. The resulting conducted thermal perturbation leads to the melting of the overriding mantle lithosphere and produced the syn-collisional magmatism: the Linzizong Formation and dykes; (3) Following by the detachment of the Tethys oceanic lithosphere, the Indian Lithosphere subducted northward by the drive from the expanding of Indian Ocean. The dense Indian continental lithospheric mantle (±the thickened lower crust) break off, disturb the asthenosphere, and lead to the melting of the overriding mantle lithosphere, which has been metasomatized by the melts/fluids from the subducting oceanic/continental lithosphere and the asthenosphere, and produced the rift-related ultrapotassic rocks.

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城市生活垃圾填埋场作为大多数国家生活垃圾的主要处理场所,也常常成为一些有毒有害元素的最终归宿地。很多含汞的废弃产品,如荧光灯管、电池、水银温度计、压力计、电开关、恒温器等,在缺乏分类回收的情况下,大多混入城市生活垃圾并最终进入垃圾填埋场。在填埋场这一特殊场合,汞可以通过物理途径、化学途径、生物途径或不同途径的结合而向大气释放,并且还可能在填埋场内形成毒性很高的甲基形态汞而释放到大气中。国外对垃圾的焚烧处理已经造成了严重的大气汞污染,但是目前对垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的研究在国内外还不多见,我国几乎还是空白。作为城市生活垃圾的生产大国,我国每年的生活垃圾产量超过1.5亿吨,占世界的1/4以上,且近九成是以填埋法进行处理的,因此研究垃圾填埋场这一人为源向大气排放汞的通量和形态、排放汞的特点以及相关的影响因素,必将为认识该释放源对大气汞的贡献以及评估其对生态环境的影响程度提供重要的参考依据,并为制定控制垃圾填埋场汞污染的相关措施提供指导,本文在理论上和现实上都具有重要意义。 2003年10月份到2006年1月份,我们对贵阳市和武汉市的5座城市生活垃圾填埋场进行了野外实地研究。这几个填埋场包括贵阳市的高雁、大转弯、仙人脚,以及武汉市的金口和岱山垃圾填埋场,它们采用不同的垃圾填埋方式(卫生填埋和简易填埋)并处于不同的运行阶段(封闭的和运行中的)。本文从两个方面开展研究:(1)垃圾填埋场通过地表向大气释放汞的通量;(2)垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的形态。前者利用低汞空白的石英玻璃动力学通量箱法,结合高时间分辨率的大气自动测汞仪(Tekran 2537A),现场对填埋场内不同特征的地表区域(绿化区、覆土地表、裸露生活垃圾、工作面等)进行了测定;后者利用不同的捕集材料(金管、稀HCl溶液和CarbotrapTM捕集管),对排气筒垃圾填埋气中的不同形态汞(气态总汞、单甲基汞和二甲基汞)进行预富集,并结合气相色谱、冷原子荧光等检测技术进行测定。根据同步测定的相关参数对垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的过程和影响机制进行了探讨,对垃圾填埋场向大气的排汞量进行了估算。另外对垃圾填埋场周围环境介质中的汞分布特征进行了探讨。通过两年多的野外工作,得到以下主要结论: (1)垃圾填埋场地表与大气间的汞交换通量主要以向大气的释放为主,少数情况下(如降雨、大气汞浓度较高时)也会出现大气向地表的沉降。地表/大气间的汞交换过程具有明显的日变化特征,一般在白天中午前后达到最高,夜间降至最低,并维持在稳定的水平。汞交换过程主要与光照等气象因子有关,通量强度白天高于夜间、晴天高于阴雨天。另外,通量还与基质中的汞含量密切相关,汞含量越高,排放强度越大,生活垃圾的汞含量一般高于覆盖土壤,因而裸露的生活垃圾或工作面区域汞释放强度明显高于有土壤覆盖的区域。绿化措施(植草和种树)有效的降低了汞的释放。垃圾填埋场地表汞的释放强度暖季节高出冷季节数倍。地表/大气间的汞交换通量特征显示,垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的主要来源为上层基质,而非填埋场内部,由于覆土隔离层的屏障作用使得填埋场内部的气态汞很难垂直向上迁移和释放。垃圾填埋场的汞释放强度与城市规模以及经济发展水平没有直接相关性。 (2)垃圾填埋场地表/大气间的汞交换通量强度由于以上因素的影响,在不同地表区域以及不同时段内都可能发生很大变化。封闭的垃圾填埋场地表/大气间的汞交换通量最高出现在汞污染的覆土区,其次为未污染的覆土区,最低为绿化区,三种区域平均的汞交换通量分别为112.8~559.1、50.7~53.6、19.7 ng Hg m-2 h-1。运行中的垃圾填埋场地表/大气间的汞交换通量最高为裸露垃圾区和工作面,最高达5609.6 ng Hg m-2 h-1,平均为57.5~664.6 ng Hg m-2 h-1;其次为老的覆土区,平均为19.6~192.5 ng Hg m-2 h-1;新盖覆土区最低,平均为-1.4~27.8 ng Hg m-2 h-1。垃圾填埋场的工作面具有最大的汞释放潜力,但是因大气汞浓度较高以及波动较大等原因,动力学通量箱法无法真实测定该区域的汞释放强度,运用美国环保局提供的面状复合工业污染源模型(ISCST3)对工作面的汞释放强度估算显示,不同天气状况下的平均释汞因子为0.93 mg Hg t-1垃圾。与全球以及区域背景土壤相比,垃圾填埋场向大气的单位面积释汞强度要高出数倍乃至数千倍。因而城市生活填埋场必将对大气汞环境,特别是局域大气汞环境造成一定影响。 (3)垃圾填埋场排气筒释放的垃圾填埋气中不同形态汞的浓度差别很大。高雁、金口和岱山垃圾填埋场排气筒的气态总汞浓度为2.0~1406.0 ng Hg m-3,3座填埋场平均分别为89.8、24.6和14.2 ng Hg m-3。气态总汞浓度主要与排气筒附近的垃圾汞含量有关,并表现出一定的日变化特征,晴天比较稳定,降雨过程中上升很快,降雨过后又恢复到降雨前的水平。这一有趣现象主要与降雨时雨水置换填埋场内的含汞气体、大气压下降、通过地表释放的通道受阻有关。高雁垃圾填埋场垃圾填埋气中的单甲基汞和二甲基汞平均浓度为1.93 ng Hg m-3和9.21 ng Hg m-3,分别占同期气态总汞的0.51%和1.79%。垃圾填埋气中的甲基形态汞浓度高出背景区域大气3个数量级以上,使得垃圾填埋场成为大气甲基汞已知不多的、重要的释放来源之一。 (4)结合垃圾填埋场不同特征地表的面积以及对应的汞交换通量强度、工作面的垃圾处理量以及汞的释放因子,估算本研究的5座垃圾填埋场每年通过地表向大气的释汞量为17~1111 g Hg yr-1,工作面贡献67%~91%,覆土区较少,绿化区最少。根据垃圾填埋气的产量以及其中不同形态汞的含量,估算高雁、金口和岱山垃圾填埋场每年通过排气筒向大气的排汞量在1~2 g Hg yr-1之间;高雁填埋场通过排气筒每年向大气释放的单甲基汞和二甲基汞为20和90 mg Hg yr-1。垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的通道主要为地表,而排气筒的贡献仅为0.2%左右(地表+排气筒)。对全国垃圾填埋场进行的初步估算显示,2004年我国这一人为源向大气的排汞量约为600 kg Hg yr-1,占我国大气人为汞释放源的1%以下。 (5)垃圾填埋场大气中的不同形态汞浓度明显高于全球背景值,但与区域大气相当或稍高一点,部分区域有轻微污染,总体而言属于“安全”浓度范围。城市生活垃圾中的汞含量分布极不均匀,浓度为0.170~46.222 mg kg-1,几何均值0.574 mg kg-1,个别异常偏高的样品可能是被含汞的废弃产品污染了,大部分垃圾汞含量低于0.5 mg kg-1。不同垃圾填埋场覆盖土壤的汞含量差异显著,反映了填埋场所在区域的土壤背景值以及垃圾填埋活动对覆盖土壤的污染程度,有时覆土的汞含量超过区域土壤背景值的2~23倍。填埋场生长的植物因生活习性的不同汞含量分布特征也不同。高雁垃圾填埋场产生的渗滤液汞含量较低,为79.4 ng l-1,主要因为垃圾汞含量低、渗滤液呈碱性、难溶硫化物的形成以及有机/无机物对汞的吸附等。以高雁垃圾填埋场为例进行的质量平衡计算显示,每年排向渗滤液和大气的汞分别占每年输入填埋场总量的0.004%和0.3%,其余超过99%的汞仍然保留在垃圾填埋场的固体废物中,这一特点使得垃圾填埋场向大气的排汞量远低于垃圾焚烧法,后者由于高温作用使得垃圾中的汞几乎全部挥发进入大气。 (6)减少垃圾填埋场汞污染的措施包括:从源头上杜绝含汞的进入,如减少含汞产品的生产和使用,对含汞废弃产品进行专门的收集和处理;垃圾填埋以后及时进行覆土和绿化,特别是在工作面,应争取做到每日覆土;垃圾填埋场产生的气体应收集和处理,将其进行焚烧(沼气发电)可以分解其中的甲基形态汞,降低其毒性。