Gas-aerosol partitioning of semi volatile carbonyls in polluted atmosphere in Hachioji, Tokyo

Gaseous and particulate semi volatile carbonyls have been measured in urban air using an annular denuder sampling system. Three dicarbonyls, five aliphatic aldehydes and two hydroxy carbonyls were observed. Concentrations of other biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), SO2, CO, NO2 and particle concentration were also measured. Estimated gas-aerosol equilibrium constants for the carbonyls showed an inverse correlation with the concentrations of anthropogenic pollutants such as benzene, isopentane and SO2. This suggests that the increase in the fraction of non-polar anthropogenic particles in the atmosphere could change the average property of the ambient aerosols and drive the gas particle equilibrium of the carbonyls to the gas phase. This trend is uncommon in remote forest air. In this study, we examined the factors controlling the equilibrium in the polluted atmosphere and show that there is a difference in gas-aerosol partition between polluted and clean air.

Molecular dynamics study on the phase diagrams of linear and branched chain molecules

The particle transfer molecular dynamics is used to study the phase equilibria of linear and branched chain molecules. The scaling of the critical temperature versus chain length is obtained and the critical densities are found to decrease with increasing chain length, which are in agreement with the results of experiment and theory. The phase diagrams of the linear and the branched chain molecules nearly overlap with each other. Moreover, the radial distribution functions of linear and branched chain molecules in gas phase are very similar, but in the liquid phase, they are different for different kinds of chains.

Effect of different VOPO4 phase catalysts on oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to cyclohexene in acetic acid

alpha(1)-VOPO4, alpha(II)-VOPO4 and beta-VOPO4 have been investigated as catalysts for the gas phase oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of cyclohexane to cyclohexene with the addition of acetic acid (HOAc) in the feeds in a fixed bed reactor. Different VOPO4 phases showed different acidity and reducibility. beta-VOPO4 phase is more active than alpha(I)-VOPO4 and alpha(II)-VOPO4 in the ODH without acetic acid addition. In the presence of acetic acid, the acidity of the catalyst may play an important role in the ODH process. Due to higher acidity, alpha(I)-VOPO4 phase catalyst gives better catalytic performances than alpha(I)-VOPO4 and beta-VOPO4 for the ODH of cyclohexane by adding of acetic acid in the reactants.

Y-Ba-Cu-O mixed oxides for production of diphenols in liquid-solid phase

Superconductor mixed oxides were often used as catalysts at higher temperature in gas phase oxidations, and considered not suitable for lower temperature reactions in the liquid-solid phase; here the catalysis of YBa2Cu3O7+/-x and Y2BaCuO5+/-x in the phenol hydroxylation at lower temperature with H2O2 as oxygen donor was studied, and found that the superconductor YBa2Cu3O7+/-x, has no catalytic activity for phenol hydroxylation, but Y2BaCuO5+/-x does, even has better catalytic activity and stability than most previously reported ones. With the studies of catalysis of other simple metal oxides and perovskite-like mixed oxides, a radical substitution mechanism is proposed and the experimental facts are explained clearly, and draw a conclusion that the perovskite-like mixed oxides with (AO)(ABO(3)) and (AO)2(ABO(3)) structure have better catalytic activity than the simple perovskite oxides with (ABO(3))(3) structure alone, and (AO) structure unit is the key for the mixed oxides to have the phenol hydroxylation activity. No pollution of this process is very important for its further industrial application.

Liquid phase oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde with molecular oxygen over copper-based heterogeneous catalysts

We conducted the liquid phase oxidation of toluene with molecular oxygen over heterogeneous catalysts of copper-based binary metal oxides. Among the copper-based binary metal oxides, iron-copper binary oxide (Fe/Cu = 0.3 atomic ratio) was found to be the best catalyst. In the presence of pyridine, overoxidation of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid was partially prevented. As a result, highly selective formation of benzaldehyde (86% selectivity) was observed after 2 h of reaction (7% conversion of toluene) at 463 K and 1.0 MPa of oxygen atmosphere in the presence of pyridine. These catalytic performances were similar or better than those in the gas phase oxidation of toluene at reaction temperatures higher than 473 K and under 0.5-2.5 MPa. It was suggested from competitive adsorption measurements that pyridine could reduce the adsorption of benzaldehyde. At a long reaction time of 4 It, the conversion increased to 25% and benzoic acid became the predominant reaction product (72% selectivity) in the absence of pyridine. The yield of benzoic acid was higher than that in the Snia-Viscosa process, which requires corrosive halogen ions and acidic solvents in the homogeneous reaction media. The catalyst was easily recycled by simple filtration and reusable after washing and drying.

Hybrid Qm/Mm Simulation Of The Hydration Phenomena Of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Headgroup

The polar headgroup of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) molecule both in gas phase and aqueous Solution is investigated by the hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) method, in which the polar head of DPPC molecule and the bound water molecules are treated with density functional theory (DFT), while the apolar hydrocarbon chain of DPPC molecule is treated with MM method. It is demonstrated that the hybrid QM/MM method is both accurate and efficient to describe the conformations of DPPC headgroup. Folded structures of headgroup are found in gas phase calculations. In this work, both monohydration and polyhydration phenomena are investigated. In monohydration, different water association sites are studied. Both the hydration energy and the quantum properties of DPPC and water molecules are calculated at the DFT level of theory after geometry optimization. The binding force of monohydration is estimated by using the scan method. In polyhydration, more extended conformations are found and hydration energies in different polyhydration styles are estimated. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Thermodynamic damage mechanism of transparent films caused by a low-power laser

A new model for analyzing the laser-induced damage process is provided. In many damage pits, the melted residue can been found. This is evidence of the phase change of materials. Therefore the phase change of materials is incorporated into the mechanical damage mechanism of films. Three sequential stages are discussed: no phase change, liquid phase change, and gas phase change. To study the damage mechanism and process, two kinds of stress have been considered: thermal stress and deformation stress. The former is caused by the temperature gradient and the latter is caused by high-pressure drive deformation. The theory described can determine the size of the damage pit. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

吸收杂质热辐射诱导光学薄膜破坏的热力机制

光学元件的破坏是限制高功率激光系统发展的主要问题,理解光学元件的破坏机制对于高功率激光系统的设计、运行参量选择以及器件技术发展有重要影响。以热辐射模型为基础研究了杂质吸收诱导光学薄膜破坏的热力过程。研究发现薄膜发生初始破坏所需时间很短,脉冲的大部分时间是引起薄膜发生更大的破坏。在考虑吸收杂质发生相变的情况下,计算了吸收杂质汽化对薄膜产生的蒸汽压力,论证了薄膜发生宏观破坏的可能性。此模型能很好地解释光学薄膜的平底坑破坏形貌。

Parasitic reaction and its effect on the growth rate of AlN by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

The Al composition of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)-grown AlGaN alloy layers is found to be greatly influenced by the parasitic reaction between ammonia (NH3) and trimethylaluminum (TMAI). The growth process of AlN is carefully investigated by monitoring the in situ optical reflection. The abnormal dependencies of growth rate on growth temperature, reactor pressure, and flux of NH3 are observed and can be well explained by the effect of parasitic reaction. The increase of growth rate with increasing flux of TMAI is found to depend on the growth temperature and reactor pressure due to the presence of parasitic effect. A relatively low growth temperature and a reduced reactor pressure are suggested for the effective decrease of parasitic reaction during the MOCVD growth of AlN and probably lead to a more effective incorporation of Al into the AlGaN layers. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structural evaluation of polycrystalline silicon thin films by hot-wire-assisted PECVD

Tungsten wires were introduced into a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system as a catalyzer: we name this technique 'hot-wire-assisted PECVD' (HW-PECVD). Under constant deposition pressure (p(g)), gas flow ratio and catalyzer position, the effects of the hot wire temperature (T-f) on the structural properties of the poly-Si films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Compared with conventional PECVD, the grain size, crystalline volume fraction (X-e) and deposition rate were all enhanced when a high T-f was used. The best poly-Si film exhibits a preferential (220) orientation, with a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 0.2 degrees. The Si-Si TO peak of the Raman scattering spectrum is located at 519.8 cm(-1) with a FWHM of 7.1 cm(-1). The X-c is 0.93. These improvements are mainly the result of promotion of the dissociation of SiH4 and an increase in the atomic H concentration in the gas phase. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Homoepitaxial growth and device characteristics of SiC on Si-face (0001) 6H-SiC

Homoepitaxial growth of SiC on a Si-face (0 0 0 1) GH-SIC substrate has been performed in a modified gas-source molecular beam epitaxy system with Si2H6 and C2H4 at temperatures ranging 1000 1450 degreesC while keeping a constant SiC ratio (0.7) in the gas phase. X-ray diffraction patterns, Raman scattering measurements. and low-temperature photoluminescence spectra showed single-crystalline SiC. Mesa-type SiC p-n junctions were obtained on these epitaxial layers, and their I-V characteristics are presented. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

磷酸盐催化剂上气相选择氧化的研究

有机化合物的选择氧化反应，特别是烃类的选择氧化，在石油化工中占有极其重要的地位。由于目标产物通常具有较高的活泼性，所以很难在高转化率条件下获得高选择性的氧化产物。因此对于催化研究者来说，如何控制深度氧化，提高目的产物的选择性始终是选择氧化，特别是烃类选择氧化研究中最具挑战性的技术难题。磷酸盐具有高度热稳定性，制备条件简单方便，原料价格低廉，而且其催化活性位区域易于与大分子反应等优点。其中磷酸钒、磷酸铁及其它过渡金属磷酸盐既具有氧化一还原性又有良好的表面酸性，在烃类等选择氧化反应中已表现出良好的催化性能，因而，研究磷酸钒、磷酸铁等磷酸盐催化剂在选择氧化中的催化作用具有重要的学术意义和应用前景。本论文主要在几个方面的工作研究了磷酸盐催化剂在气相选择氧化中的催化作用。探讨了过渡金属对层状磷酸钒的修饰，并以它们为催化剂前驱体，以甲苯气相选择氧化为探针反应，研究了过渡金属修饰对磷酸钒催化性能的影响。利用简单的方法直接合成了一个新的乙酞丙酮铜插层的层状磷酸钒，并用XRD、FTIR、ICP-MS、TGA和HRTEM对其进行了表征，确定合成的化合物分子式为：［Cu（acac）」0.5?VOH0.5PO4?0.5H2O。利用十二烷基胺通过简单直接的方法合成了中孔层状磷酸钒，并用XRD、FTIR?ICP一MS和TGA对其进行了表征，确定所合成的化合物主体磷酸钒为VOHPO4，十二烷基胺在VOHPo4的结构中通过与主体HPo4中的一H形成RNH3＋和与VoHPO4层内的V＝O形成氢键（V=O…H2NR）构成双层排列结构。利用烷基胺形成中孔层状结构的方法引入过渡金属钻和镍进入磷酸钒。以合成铜、钻和镍修饰的磷酸钒为前驱体，经焙烧后得到催化剂，甲苯气相选择氧化反应的结果表明，铜、钻和镍的修饰促进了磷酸钒的催化性能，提高了苯甲醛的选择性。发现了控制气相选择氧化产物选择性的新途径。以磷酸钒为催化剂，在环己烷、环己烯气相氧化反应中，通过在原料中加入醋酸改变了反应产物的分布，抑制了中间产物的深度氧化，可获得高选择性的目标产物。在反应温度450℃，当醋酸与环己烷、环己烯摩尔比为12.9：1和12.1：1时，分别获得了100％选择性的不稳定中间产物环己烯和1，3-环己二烯。研究了不同磷酸钒相对环己烷氧化脱氢反应的催化性能，表明在醋酸体存在条件下，催化性能顺序为：QI一OPO4＞aII-VOPO4＞pVOPO4＞（VO）2P2O7。发现催化剂表面酸性强度不同和醋酸之间的相互作用力也不同，表面酸性越强；抗醋酸能力越强，活性中心与醋酸作用越弱，未与醋酸相互作用的活性中心数目越多，因此催化活性相对越高。同时，研究了不同载体对环己烯氧化脱氢的影响，比表面积越大，有利于提高催化剂的活性，但不利于获得高选择性的1，3-环己二烯；碱性载体有利于1，3-环己二烯的生成，但易于与醋酸反应而使催化剂失活。提出了醋酸在环己烷和环己烯氧化脱氢中作用机制：醋酸优于环己烷（烯）吸附在VPO催化剂表面活性位，这将导致在反应物吸附活性位周围几乎没有相邻的活性中心。即加入醋酸使催化剂表面形成了孤立的活性位，有利于中间物种不被继续氧化。利用上面的方法，以磷酸铁和磷酸钒为催化剂，实现了对甲酚气相选择氧化，获得100％选择性的对轻基苯甲醇、对经基苯甲醛和／或对轻基苯甲酸的混合物。与磷酸钒相比较，磷酸铁催化剂更温和，得到主要产物为对轻基苯甲醇和对经基苯甲醛；而磷酸钒催化剂更易产生深度氧化的产物对经基苯甲酸。这主要是由于他们表面酸性和氧化一还原性能的不同引起的。以磷酸铁、磷酸铜和磷酸秘为催化剂，探索了苯甲醇的气相选择氧化。研究了不同Fe（II）／Fe（III）比磷酸铁的催化活性。对于磷酸铁、磷酸铜和磷酸秘催化剂，最佳苯甲醛收率分别是在反应温度320℃、275℃和325℃，苯甲醛选择性分别为92.3％、97.1％、92.6％，相应苯甲醇的转化率为96.5％、60.9％和98.6％。

串联质谱在气相离子化学中的应用

本篇论文应用串联质谱技术（MS/MS）对双电荷离子[C_(12)H_(12)N_2O]~(2+)和[C_(12)H_(12)N_2S]~(2+)气相中亚稳分解反应和碰撞诱导反应进行了较为系统的研究。根据由质量分析离子动能谱（MIKES）得到的[C_(12)H_(12)N_2O]~(2+)和[C_(12)H_(12)N_2S]~(2+)电荷分离过程中动能释放值及两电荷间距值，再结合串联质谱中观察到的亚稳分解反应，推测出离子[C_(12)H_(12)N_2O]~(2+)过渡态的结构是近似直线形的，而[C_(12)H_(12)N_2S]~(2+)离子亚稳分解反应的过渡态结构是近似三角形的。对以上两种离子碰撞诱导解离（CID）反应的研究表明，碰撞能量和碰撞室内压力对反应过程及离子强度有较大的影响。

A NOVEL ODOR SENSOR COATED WITH A LIPID-MEMBRANE

In this paper, an interdigital electrode lipid film odour sensor (ILOS) is designed, fabricated and tested. It is made from a microfabricated chemiresistor coated with a synthetic multibilayer film. Nine odorants in gas phase at room temperature have been detected using the odour sensor. For most of the odorants, the relation between the response of the ILOS and odorant concentration obeys Stevens' power law, and there is a good correlation between the minimum odorant concentrations that give rise to a change of the sensor's conductance and human olfactory thresholds.

Structural evaluation of polycrystalline silicon thin films by hot-wire-assisted PECVD

Tungsten wires were introduced into a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system as a catalyzer: we name this technique 'hot-wire-assisted PECVD' (HW-PECVD). Under constant deposition pressure (p(g)), gas flow ratio and catalyzer position, the effects of the hot wire temperature (T-f) on the structural properties of the poly-Si films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Compared with conventional PECVD, the grain size, crystalline volume fraction (X-e) and deposition rate were all enhanced when a high T-f was used. The best poly-Si film exhibits a preferential (220) orientation, with a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 0.2 degrees. The Si-Si TO peak of the Raman scattering spectrum is located at 519.8 cm(-1) with a FWHM of 7.1 cm(-1). The X-c is 0.93. These improvements are mainly the result of promotion of the dissociation of SiH4 and an increase in the atomic H concentration in the gas phase. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.