INFLUENCE OF THE 90-DEGREES PARTIAL DISLOCATION CORE STRUCTURE IN SILICON ON ENERGY-LEVELS

An LCAO-scheme taking into account 10 atomic orbitals (s-, p-, and d-type) is used to calculate the electronic structure of the reconstructed 90-degrees partial dislocation in Si. Two different valence force fields producing deviating results are used for modelling the core structure. Geometrical data published by another group is also used. The aim is to explore the influence of geometry on energy levels. We find that the band structure depends sensitively on bond angles. Using data determined by the Tersoff potential we obtain two bands of which the upper one penetrates deeply into the indirect band gap while the geometry minimizing the simple Keating potential leaves the gap completely clear of dislocation states. Thus, from a theoretical point of view, the chief difficulty in calculating the electronic structure of the reconstructed 90-degrees partial is the lack of accurate structural information.

ENERGY-LEVEL CALCULATIONS OF THE RECONSTRUCTED 90-DEGREES PARTIAL DISLOCATION IN SILICON

An LCAO scheme taking into account 10 atomic orbitals (s-, p-, and d-type) applied to a supercell containing 256 atoms is used to calculate the bound states of the reconstructed 90-degrees partial dislocation in Si. The results differ significantly from our earlier calculations on the unreconstructed 90-degrees partial using the same method. We find two bands separate from each other in the entire Brillouin zone and the upper band penetrates deep into the indirect band gap which is in contradiction with the general opinion that core reconstruction clears the band gap of dislocation states.

ELECTRON-STATES OF A VACANCY IN THE CORE OF THE 90-DEGREES PARTIAL DISLOCATION IN SILICON

An LCAO scheme (linear combination of atomic orbitals) taking into account ten atomic orbitals (s-, p-, and d-type) is used to calculate the electronic structure of a vacancy present in the core of the reconstructed 90 degrees partial dislocation in silicon. The levels in the band gap are extracted using Lanczos' algorithm and a continued fraction representation of the local density of states. The three-fold degenerate stale of the ideal vacancy is split into three levels with energies 0.26, 1.1, and 1.9 eV measured from the valence band edge.

InP/Si键合界面热应力分析

从理论上分析了键合热应力产生的原因,在此基础上,采用双层条状金属热应力模型讨论InP/Si键合过程中应力的大小及分布情况.结果表明, 由剪切应力和晶片弯矩决定的界面正应力是晶片中心区域大面积键合失败的主要原因,同时InP/Si键合合适的退火温度应该在250～300 ℃.最后在300 ℃退火条件下很好地实现了InP/Si键合,界面几乎没有气泡,有效键合面积超过90%.

岷江上游地区景观格局优化

岷江上游是我国十分典型的山地生态脆弱区。该地区的生态环境意义十分重大，既是长江上游生态屏障的重要组成部分，更是成都平原的重要生态屏障和水源生命线，其生态环境状况直接影响成都平原水资源的质量和数量，以至影响到整个岷江流域甚至整个长江上游的生态环境与社会经济发展。对岷江上游的生态服务和景观格局的变化进行分析和优化得到如下主要结论： 1岷江上游地区近几十年来土地利用发生了很大的变化，农田面积显著增加，森林面积减少，草地有所增加；研究区总体生态服务价值减少了771.11亿元。对岷江上游各时期的生态服务功能经济价值的计算和比较，研究表明应对土地利用结构进行相应的、有区别的调整，实施退耕还林还草，以优化岷江上游地区的生态服务功能，还应该实施计划生育政策；应增加蔬菜瓜果的种植面积，增加当地的经济收入。 2岷江上游地区在1986年水源涵养量最高，1995年水源涵养量下降，造成这一现象的主要原因是20世纪90年代岷江上游森林景观受到人为的严重破坏，1998年实施“天然林保护工程”与“退耕还林还草”的政策，加强了人工造林，改善了森林生态系统，使森林生态系统水源涵养量有所恢复，使得2000年水源涵养量及经济价值与1995年基本持平。 3分布在岷江上游的大中型兽类中，有5种野生动物在此地绝迹。造成这一现象的主要原因是人口的增加、经济的发展使人类对生态环境的压力加大，减少了野生动物的适宜生境。降低了生物多样性，适宜斑块进一步破碎化，核心区面积减少且距离进一步加大。因此，为改善现状，在岷江上游地区应大力推动科技发展，减少人类活动对生态环境的破坏，发展经济与生态保护并重。 4结合灰色线形规划和CLUE-S模型对岷江上游地区的景观格局进行合理规划，结果表明：岷江上游景观格局优化配置应将灌木林地、草地和耕地恢复到林地，综合治理干旱河谷，保持区域经济可持续发展。优化结果有林地面积增加15.38%；灌木林地面积减少最多，减少22.84%；农田减少28.84%和草地减少5.65%；城镇等居民用地有所增加。

新型农用保水剂研制及其作用机理研究

保水剂是一种化学节水材料，它的应用是农林业生产中抗旱节水的一项高新技术。但是保水剂的成本一直据高不下，生产工艺复杂，性能不理想。本文通过水溶液聚合法采用简化工艺对单体与接枝聚合母体材料进行接枝聚合，研制新型高吸水树脂。 通过试验设计，利用水溶液共聚法合成了五种吸水树脂，并利用正交试验优化了相应的最佳反应条件，改进工艺，降低了成本。根据以上的实验结果，确定了接枝聚合反应的最有反应条件为：接枝母体与单体的质量比为8:1；交联剂用量为单体质量的0.15%；引发剂用量为单体用量的0.03%；单体中和度为90%；反应系统温度为65℃。因此，5个因素对于吸水率的作用大小顺序为：B>E>C>A>D，即引发剂用量与反应温度对高吸水树脂在接枝聚合过程中具有较大影响，其次是单体与接枝母体质量比和交联剂的用量，最后是单体的中和度。 通过对凝胶红外光谱的比较，可以得出单体和母体材料成功发生了聚合聚合；对新型保水剂进行高倍电镜扫描，吸水能力较好的保水剂具有较好的微孔状表面形态，这种微孔状结构，有利于保水剂胶体水分进入和水分的保持；通过热重分析，比较新研制的保水剂与对照相比，采取最佳研制工艺研制的保水剂，不但吸水性能突出，而且具有较好的热稳定性。 同时，与对照相比，几种新型保水剂在施入土壤后都能显著改善土壤的理化性状，具有良好的防止土壤蒸发，提高土壤持水性能，降低土壤入渗，并且改善了土壤的孔隙度和土壤团聚体。几种保水剂具有一定的保肥能力，增加了土壤的持肥性。

北京地区城市热岛效应及缓解对策

伴随着全球经济一体化浪潮的来临，世界各地的经济飞速发展，同时城市化和工业化进程也在逐年加快。城市不断“摊大饼”式的蔓延扩张带来城市土地利用格局剧烈变化，同时人为热排放增加，绿地减少，这些使得城市热岛现象变得越来越严重。城市热岛效应严重影响了城市内部的各种生态过程，破坏了城市生态系统的平衡。因此，如何缓解热岛效应成为各专业科学工作者的研究热点。当前，越来越多的研究着眼于对城市热场的分布特征、热岛效应的空间布局和影响因子等，这些研究为建筑设计、城市规划建设和环境管理等提供了科学依据。 本文在综述城市热岛效应研究的基础上，针对目前研究中存在的问题，综合利用移动样带法、定点观测法和遥感定量分析法，在局部地区和城市尺度分别对北京市的热岛效应进行观测、评价，分析了城市热岛强度与土地利用因子、工业格局之间的关系，最后提出缓解城市热岛效应的对策，并重点描述了“冷桥系统”的构建。观测结果表明： 1、北京市中轴线上的热场呈“M”型分布，即二环内部温度相对较低，三环至五环温度升高，而后又下降。这主要是由于二环内传感器接受的辐射强度小、人为热排放少、植被绿化完善和建筑、道路尺度较小所造成的。二环内部存在低温区，证明二环以内仍然具备良好的人居环境。 2、城市各种土地利用类型中，林地的降温效果最显著，而不透水地面（不包括建筑）的增温效果最显著，且它们对热环境的影响范围都在1 km以内。鉴于林地和不透水地面（不包括建筑）的这个特性，在规划城市冷桥系统时可以以1 km为基本单元，以有效缓解城市热岛效应。 3、利用遥感手段对城市热岛效应的研究发现，城市工业布局和城市化发展趋势与热岛效应的空间分布具有高度的一致性，且工业区的热岛强度极显著高于建成区。统计结果表明，北京市五环内的亮度温度的热岛强度为3.81 K，其中二环内的热岛强度为4.03 K，三环内的热岛强度为3.90 K，四环内的热岛强度为3.88 K。 最后，文章提出了缓解城市热岛效应的对策。除了传统的增加绿地，减少热排放和大气污染等方法以外，本文着重从调整城市格局的角度提出了城市冷桥系统的概念与构建方法，并以北京市做案例分析。构建冷桥系统可以促进城乡间的气体交换，有效完善城市的景观安全格局，保证城市的生态安全，从而最终达到改善城市人居环境，保障居民身心健康的目的。

土壤中PAHs和矿物油污染的生物修复调控研究

通过室内模拟和室外盆栽实验方法。进行了污染土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）和矿物油生物修复调控研究；表面活性剂吐温－80对土壤多环芳烃生物修复作用研究及植物根际对土壤多环芳烃和矿物油的生物修复研究。结果如下：1、，对土壤PAHs（萘、芴、厄稀、菲、蒽、芘、苯（a)蒽和屈）生物修复调控研究表明，温度对PAHs降解影响最大，湿度其次，表面活性剂作为调控因素，对PAHs降解的影响最小，然而，研究发现，当TW－80的浓度在200－500ppm时，PAHs降解率最高，说明表面活性剂对土壤PAHs降解有调控作用。2、表面活性剂对土壤PAHs生物修复作用研究表明，TW－80能显著增加土壤PAHs降解率，30天内降解率达90％，比对照高30％。但是，土壤中TW－80浓度过高对微生物活性有抑制作用。研究还发现，含吐温－80的土壤中的大量微生物菌群，经鉴定，优势真菌为常见青霉、嚅形青霉、淡紫青霉和顶孢头孢霉。3、苜蓿草植物土壤对PAHs生物修复调控研究表明，在旱地好氧条件下，植物可加快土壤PAHs的降解，120天后，11种多环芳烃（萘、芴、厄稀、菲、蒽、萤蒽、芘、苯（a）蒽、屈、苯（a）萤蒽和苯（k）萤蒽））的总降解率96.3%。而30天后将植物去除，，降解率为94.4％。土壤有机肥对PAHs的降解有影响，土壤有机肥含量与PAH降解率增加成正比，但降解主要对较低分子量PAH起作用。有机肥对PAH降解的作用也被在高浓度PAHs污染土壤生物修复所证实。此外，将从油和PAH污染土壤中分离出来的真菌加入到苜蓿草土壤中，PAH降解率明显提高。但对无植物对照土壤作用不明显。4、苜蓿草土壤中矿物油的生物修复调控研究表明，在旱地好氧条件下，植物明显影响土壤矿物油的降解。经过120天，矿物油的降解率78.7％。比对照提高18％。实验还表明，增加土壤有机肥和特性降解真菌能明显促进矿物油降解。5、水稻土壤PAH生物降解调控研究表明，在淹水厌氧条件下，土壤PAH降解受到明显抑制，120天后，11种多环芳烃总降解率平均值为50％，本明显低于苜蓿草土壤。但研究还表明，增加土壤有机肥，可提高水稻的生物量，同时也提高PAH的降解率。投加特性降解真菌，有使PAH的降解率提高的趋势，特性降解细菌对提高PAH降解率无效。6、水稻土壤中矿物油生物降解搞控研究表明，在淹水厌氧条件下，经过120天后，矿物油降解率平均值为54.7％，明显低于旱地好氧土壤－植物系统。土壤的厌氧条件是导致降解速度低的主要原因。7、通过测定吸呼作用发现，苜蓿旱土壤的呼吸作用一般大于水稻土壤，表明好氧好氧条件下的微生物活性大于厌氧条件。此外，增加土壤有机质土壤呼吸强度出现猛增，表明有机质对土壤呼吸强度有明显影响。苜蓿草土壤的呼吸强度一般都高于无植物对照土壤，说明植物对土壤微生物的增强有作用。8、通过以上实验结果进行R值计算表明，对苜蓿草土壤，矿物油和PAH降解的主要调控因子是有机肥和污染物浓度。对水稻土壤，有机肥起重要作用。对无植物对照土壤，主要调控因子是浓度其次是有机肥。

同源四倍体水稻三系亲本的遗传差异、细胞遗传学比较研究及低直链淀粉含量突变体Wx基因序列分析

同源四倍体水稻（2N=4X=48,AAAA）是由二倍体水稻（2N=2X=24,AA）通过秋水仙素诱导染色体加倍后得到的新品系，具有优良的抗病性以及较高的蛋白质含量。因此，在四倍体水平上挖掘水稻的增产潜力成为水稻育种的新手段。同源四倍体水稻具有很强的遗传可塑性和很弱的遗传保守性，利用其作为水稻远缘杂交的桥梁，从野生物种中不断地引进有益的基因，这将有助于杂交水稻的多代利用和固定水稻的杂种优势。但是迄今为止，还没有关于同源四倍体水稻遗传多样性，遗传背景的报道。目前世界关于同源四倍体水稻的研究主要集中在中国，主要研究方向为培育、筛选结实正常的亲本材料，配置和筛选结实率正常或接近正常的组合。经过几十年研究，虽然在材料构建，细胞学研究等方面取得了较大进展，但同样由于结实率低的瓶颈问题未解决，而使多倍体水稻育种未能取得实质性进展。而近年来一些关于同源四倍体水稻低结实率机理的细胞学研究也由于缺乏统计学数据而缺乏说明性。本文用SSR标记，对选取的36个结实率正常同源四倍体水稻三系亲本和14个来源二倍体亲本，分析他们的遗传差异和群体遗传结构。本文还利用我们培育的高、低结实率的同源四倍体水稻恢复系、优良保持系和杂种F1及二倍体对照为材料，进行系统深入的细胞遗传学研究，进一步探讨同源四倍体水稻有性传递后代的发育过程，探索分裂期染色体行为特征与遗传性状稳定性的关系，为进一步选育多倍体水稻品种并将其应用于生产提供理论依据。同源四倍体水稻突变株D4063-1直链淀粉含量比来源二倍体明恢63下降一半,即其直链淀粉含量为5.23%，为研究其直链淀粉含量下降的原因，本文还根据普通水稻Wx基因设计引物，扩增测序获得了D4063-1Wx基因的全序列，与已报道Wx基因进行比对分析，并根据D4063-1和籼稻、粳稻的序列差异并根据D4063-1在该片段上的特征序列位点设计了用于识别D4063-1的寡核苷酸片段,为快速、准确的鉴别低直链淀粉的D4063-1创造了条件。 SSR标记具有基因组分布广泛、数量丰富、多态性高、容易检测、共显性、结果稳定可靠、实验重现性好、操作简单、经济、易于高通量分析等许多优点，被认为是用于遗传多样性、品种鉴定、物种的系统发育、亲缘关系及起源等研究的非常有效的分子标记。本研究选取了中国科学院成都生物所培育的同源四倍体和二倍体水稻亲本，并用36个微卫星标记进行了遗传差异和种群遗传结构分析。在50个品系中，我们观察到较高水平的多态性，每基因等位基因数（Ae）分布于2至6之间（平均值3.028），多态性信息含量（PIC）分布于0.04至0.76之间（平均值0.366）；期望杂合度（He）分布于0.04至0.76之间（平均值0.370），Shannon指数（I）分布于0.098至1.613之间（平均值0.649）。同源四倍体品系的等位基因数，期望杂合性和Shannon指数都比二倍体品系高。在供试50个品系中，较多材料均发现Rare基因，根据SSR多态性指数我们构建了同源四倍体和二倍体水稻的核心指纹库。F-统计值表明遗传差异主要存在于同源四倍体品系中（Fst=0.066）。聚类分析结果表明50个品系可以分为4个组。I组包括所有的同源四倍体和二倍体籼稻保持系，以及一个同源四倍体籼稻雄性不育系及其来源二倍体。II组仅包括IR来源的品系。III组比II组和IV组更复杂，包括同源四倍体和二倍体籼稻恢复系品系。IV组包括同源四倍体和二倍体粳稻品系。此外,由于等位基因及配子的遗传差异,同源四倍体与二倍体品系中存在单位点和双位点的遗传差异。分析结果表明,二倍体和四倍体水稻基因库的不同,其中遗传变异可以区分四倍体与二倍体水稻。同源四倍体水稻具有长期而独立的遗传性，我们能够选育并得到与二倍体亲本相比有特殊优良农艺性状的品系。 本研究以高结实率的同源四倍体水稻恢复系DTP-4、D明恢63及优良保持系D46B为材料进行农艺性状及细胞遗传学比较研究。DTP-4、D明恢63及保持系D46B的的染色体组成均为2N=4X=48，花粉母细胞具有较为理想的减数分裂行为，配对染色体的比率在99%以上，这与理论染色体组构成相符。DTP-4和D明恢63PMC减数分裂各个时期单价体和三价体的比例都非常低，而在MI， PMC观察到较多的二价体和四价体且四价体多以环状形式出现，其最大频率的染色体构型分别为12II 6IV和10II 7IV。恢复系DTP-4和D明恢63在MI四价体频率分别为2.00/PMC和2.26/PMC，而保持系D46B在MI四价体频率为6.00/PMC，极显著地高于恢复系品系，表明保持系D46B具有更好的染色体配对性质；AI保持系D46B的染色体滞后频率为10.62%，远低于恢复系材料DTP－4和D明恢63的19.44％和23.14％，接近二倍体对照明恢63的7.30%水平；TI保持系D46B具有比恢复系更低频率的微核数。而在TII，D46B的正常四分小孢子比率不但高于恢复系品系甚至高于二倍体对照。对高低结实率的同源四倍体水稻恢复系和杂种F1代的花粉育性，结实率和细胞遗传学行为进行了比较研究。DTP-4, D明恢63, D46A´DTP-4和D46A´D明恢63的花粉育性和结实率比D什香和D46A´D什香显著提高。减数分裂分析的结果表明，DTP-4，D明恢63，D什香，D46A´DTP-4，D46A´D明恢63和D46A´D什香其减数分裂染色体构型分别为：0.05I +19.96 II (9.89棒状+10.07环状) +0.01III + 2.20 IV, 0.11I +19.17 II (8.90 棒状+10.37 环状) +0.09III + 2.26 IV + 0.01 VI, 1.33I +9.46 II (4.50 棒状+4.96 环状) +0.44III + 6.02 IV + 0.09VI + 0.09 VIII, 0.02I +14.36 II (6.44 棒状+7.91 环状) +0.01III + 4.80IV + 0.01VIII, 0.06 I +17.67 II (11.01 棒状+6.67 环状) +0.06 III + 3.10 IV + 0.01 VI and 1.11 I +11.31 II (5.80 棒状+5.51 环状) +0.41 III + 5.63 IV+0.03VI+0.03VIII。在同源四倍体水稻恢复系和杂种F1代材料中，最常见的染色体构型为16II +4IV和12II +6IV。在减数分裂过程中，结实率较高的材料染色体异常现象较少而结实率较低的材料染色体异常现象较严重。在杂种F1代中，二价体的比例要低于其相应的恢复系亲本，同样的，单价体，三价体和多价体的比例相比其恢复系亲本也偏低。然而，在减数分裂MI，杂种F1代中四价体的比例要显著高于其恢复系亲本。在中期I，每细胞单价体的比例和花粉育性呈现出极高的负相关(-0.996)，当单价体数目升高时，花粉育性下降。其次是每细胞三价体的比例(-0.987)，之后则是每细胞多价体的比例与花粉育性的负相关(-0.948)。但是统计分析表明，二价体和四价体的比例对花粉育性和结实率没有显著影响。这一结果表明出了花粉育性和细胞减数分裂行为的相关性，同源四倍体的减数分裂行为为筛选高结实率的同源四倍体种系提供了理论依据。 突变体是遗传学研究的基本材料。利用突变体克隆水稻基因,并进而研究基因的生物学功能是水稻功能基因组学的重要研究内容。本课题组在多年的四倍体水稻育种研究中已获得多个低直链淀粉含量突变体，其中一些突变体在直链淀粉含量下降的同时，胚乳外观也发生了显著改变，呈半透明或不透明。同源四倍体水稻突变株D4063-1直链淀粉含量比来源二倍体明恢63下降一半,即其直链淀粉含量为5.23%。为研究其直链淀粉含量下降的原因，我们根据普通水稻Wx基因设计引物，扩增测序获得了D4063-1Wx基因的全序列，与已报道Wx基因进行比对分析；同源四倍体水稻D4063-1Wx基因最显著变化为在外显子序列中发生了碱基缺失，导致移码突变，在第9外显子终止密码子提前出现。D4063-1Wx基因碱基位点的变化还导致了其序列上的酶切位点的变化,对常用限制性内切酶位点分析分析结果表明同源四倍体水稻相对于籼稻和粳稻多了2个sph1酶切位点，相对于粳稻减少了6个Acc1，增加了4个Xba1，1个Xho1，1个Pst1和1个Sal1酶切位点。聚类分析表明D4063-1Wx基因序列与籼稻亲源关系较近，由此推测D4063-1Wx基因来源于籼稻的Wxa基因型。另外，根据D4063-1Wx基因的碱基差异，我们推测D4063-1Wx基因外显子碱基变化导致的RNA加工障碍是其直链淀粉降低的主要原因，并可能与其米饭较软等品质相关。本文还根据D4063-1和籼稻、粳稻的序列差异并根据D4063-1在该片段上的特征序列位点设计了用于识别D4063-1的寡核苷酸片段,并作为PCR反应的引物命名为AUT4063-1,将该引物与我们设计的扩增普通籼稻、粳稻的Wx基因引物F5配合使用建立了识别D4063-1的显性和共显性两种检测方式的分子标记,为快速、准确的鉴别低直链淀粉的D4063-1创造了条件。 研究同源四倍体水稻基因组的遗传差异，探索同源四倍体水稻的遗传规律，研究分裂期染色体行为特征与遗传性状稳定性的关系,旨在揭示四倍体水稻中同源染色体配对能力的遗传差异，为进一步选育多倍体水稻品种并将其应用于生产提供理论依据。 Autotetraploid rice (2N=4X=48, AAAA) is a new germplasm developed from diploid rice (2N=2X=24, AA) through chromosomes doubling with colchicines and is an excellent resource for desirable resistance genes to the pathogens and high protein content. Therefore, heterosis utilization on polyploidy is becoming a new strategy in rice breeding. At present, the main research on autotetraploid rice centralizes in China. Breeding effort has been made to improve autotetraploid rice genetically, however, the progresses are limited due to higher degree of divergence between hybrid sterility and polygenic nature. But to date, almost nothing is reported about the genetic diversity, original and genetic background of autotetraploid rice. Despite several reports on cytological analysis of the mechanisms of low seed set in autotetraploid rice still the results are inconclusive due to lack the statistical evaluation. Therefore, the study on the mechanisms of low seed set in autotetraploid is a priority for rice breeding. Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are the widely used marker for estimating genetic diversity in many species, including wild, weedy, and cultivated rice. In our research, genetic diversity and population genetic structure of autotetraploid and diploid populations collected from Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences were studied based on 36 microsatellite loci. For the total of 50 varieties, a moderate to high level of genetic diversity was observed at population levels with the number of alleles per locus (Ae) ranging from 2 to 6 (mean 3.028) and PIC ranging from 0.04 to 0.76 (mean 0.366). The expected heterozygosity (He) varied from 0.04 to 0.76 with the mean of 0.370 and Shannon’s index (I) ranging from 0.098 to 1.613 (mean 0.649). The autotetraploid populations showed a slightly higher level of effective alleles, the expected heterozygosity and Shannon’s index than that of diploid populations. Rare alleles were observed at most of the SSR loci in one or more of the 50 accessions and core fingerprint database of the autotetraploid and diploid rice was constructed. The F-statistics showed that genetic variability mainly existed among autotetraploid populations rather than among diploid populations (Fst=0.066). Cluster analysis of the 50 accessions showed four major groups. Group I contained all of the autotetraploid and diploid indica maintainer lines and a autotetraploid and its original diploid indica male sterile lines. Groups II contained only original of IR accessions. Group III was more diverse than either group II or IV and comprised of both autotetraploid and diploid indica restoring lines. Group IV included japonica cluster of the autotetraploid and diploid rices. Furthermore, genetic differences at the single-locus and two-locus levels, as well as components due to allelic and gametic differentiation, were revealed between autotetraploid and diploid varieties. This analysis indicated that the gene pools of diploid and autotetraploid rice are somewhat dissimilar, which made a variation that distinguishes autotetraploid from diploid rices. Using this variation, we can breed new autotetraploid varieties with some new important agricultural characters but the diploid rice has not. Cytogenetic characteristics in restorer lines DTP-4, DMinghui63 and maintainer line D46B of autotetraploid rices were studied. DTP-4, DMinghui63 and D46B showed the advantage of high seed set and biological yield. The meiotic chromosome behavior was slightly irregular in DTP-4, DMinghui63 and D46B. We observed less univalent, trivalent and multivalent at MI, but more bivalent and quadrivalent were observed. The most frequent chromosome configurations were 12II 6IVand 10II 7IV in restorer and maintainer lines, respectively. The quadrivalent frequency of DTP-4 and Dminghui63 at metaphase(MI) was respectively 2.00/PMC and 2.26/PMC. However that frequency of D46B was 6.00/PMC, which was greatly significantly higher than DTP-4 and Dminghui63. That indicates the maintainer D46B has better chromosome pairing capability in metaphase (MI). The frequency of lagging chromosomes of the maintainer D46B at anaphaseI (AI) was 10.62%, which was significantly lower than that of DTP-4(19.44%) and Dminghui63(23.14%) and nearly reaching the level of diploid CK(7.30%). In telophaseI (TI) maintainer D46B showed lower frequency of microkernel at TI and lower frequency of abnormal spores at telophaseII(TII). We also studied pollen fertility, seed set and cytogenetic characteristics of restorer lines and F1 hybrids of autotetraploid rice. DTP-4, DMinghui63, D46A´DTP-4 and D46A´DMinghui63 showed significantly higher pollen fertility and seed set than DShixiang and D46A´DShixiang. Pairing configurations in PMC of DTP-4, DMinghui63, DShixiang, D46A´DTP-4, D46A´DMinghui63 and D46A´DShixiang were 0.05 I+19.96 II (9.89 rod+10.07 ring)+0.01 III+2.20 IV, 0.11 I+19.17 II (8.90 rod+10.37 ring)+0.09 III+2.26 IV+0.01 VI, 1.33 I+9.46 II (4.50 rod+4.96 ring)+0.44 III+6.02 IV+0.09 VI+0.09 VIII, 0.02 I+14.36 II (6.44 rod+7.91 ring)+0.01 III+4.80 IV+0.01V III, 0.06 I+17.67 II (11.01 rod+6.67 ring)+0.06 III+3.10 IV+0.01 VI and 1.11 I+11.31 II (5.80 rod+5.51 ring)+0.41 III+5.63 IV+0.03 VI+0.03 VIII, respectively. Configuration 16 II+4 IV and 12 II+6 IV occurred in the highest frequency among the autotetraploid restorers and hybrids. Meiotic chromosome behaviors were less abnormal in the tetraploids with high seed set than those with low seed set. The hybrids had fewer frequencies of bivalents, univalents, trivalents and multivalents than the restorers, but higher frequency of quatrivalents than the restorers at MI. The frequency of univalents at M1 had the most impact on pollen fertility and seed set, i.e., pollen fertility decreased with the increase of univalents. The secondary impact factors were trivalents and multivalents, and bivalents and quatrivalents had no effect on pollen fertility and seed set. The correlative relationship between pollen fertility and cytogenetic behaviors could be utilized to improve seed set in autotetraploidy breeding. The amylose content of autotetraploid indica mutant Rice D4063-1 dropped by half than diploid Minghui 63, that is, its amylose content of 5.23%.The whole sequence of Waxy gene of D4063-1 is amplified and sequenced. And the discrepancy of bases is found comparing to the reported Waxy gene. The Waxy gene of autotetraploid Rice D4063-1 had a base deletion in exon sequence, which resulted frameshift mutation in exon 9 and termination codon occur early. The mutation of Wx also led to the change of some common restriction endonuclease sites. Results showed compared to indica and japonica, D4063-1 had two adding sph1 sites. Compared to japonica, D4063-1 had six decreasing Acc1, a adding Xho1, Pst1 and Sal1 restriction sites. Phylogeny analysis shows that the DNA sequence of Waxy gene of D4063-1 is closer to Indica, and we suppose that the Waxy gene of D4063-1 is origin from genotype Wxa. In addition, according to the base differences of Wx in D4063-1, we deduce that RNA processing obstacle led by base change of intron is the main cause to low the amylose content, and related to phenotype of its soft rice. Based on analysis of fragments of D4063-1, indica and japonica and according to the special point of the three species, primers as markers-AUT4063-I were designed for distinguishing the D4063-1 from other rice. Combining with primer pair F5, dominant and codominant ways were established for discriminating them., rapid and correct identification of D4063-1 from other rice could be done. The genetic analysis is important to ensure the original of autotetraploid rice, for maintaining the “distinctiveness” of autotetraploid varieties, and to differentiate between the various genetic background of autotetraploid rice. The autotetraploid breeding will benefit from detailed analysis of genetic diversity in the germplasm collections. Further investigation on mechanisms of meiotic stability should benefit polyploid breeding. These findings demonstrated opportunity to improve meiotic abnormalities as well as grain fertilities in autotetraploid rice.

青藏高原青稞淀粉资源的评价

青稞（Hordeum vulgare L.var．nudum Hook．f.），即裸大麦，是兼食用、饲用和酿造于一体的作物，有着重要的利用价值。淀粉是青稞籽粒中含量最多、最重要的碳水化合物，淀粉含量、直支淀粉比将会直接影响淀粉的功能特性，进而影响淀粉的应用领域。我国青藏高原青稞的栽培和食用历史悠久，特色青稞资源极其丰富。目前关于青藏高原青稞淀粉特性的报道还不多见，筛选和培育特色淀粉青稞利于拓展青稞的应用领域, 从而提高其经济价值。 本研究以114份青藏高原青稞品种(系)为实验材料，通过SDS-PAGE对材料的胚乳淀粉颗粒结合蛋白（SGAPs）进行分离，确定各蛋白的分子量大小、组合类型和多态性等。然后按照国标法测试材料的籽粒总淀粉含量和直链淀粉含量，通过微型糊化粘度仪分析相应的淀粉糊化特性，最后使用显微镜观察比较了青稞的淀粉颗粒形态特征。主要结果如下： 1、114种青稞中共分离出20种不同的SGAP条带，条带分子量为35.00～112.39 KDa，分布频率为12.28～97.37%。材料含有的SGAPs条带数从10到14不等，超过一半的材料含11种SGAP条带。20种条带形成16种组合类型，其中西藏地区青稞包含所有16个组合类型，四川地区青稞包含其中12个组合类型。青藏高原青稞籽粒淀粉颗粒结合蛋白的差异很大，遗传多样性丰富。 2、114份青稞的总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、直支淀粉比、峰值粘度、糊化温度和峰值温度的变幅分别为51.26～66.70%、14.64～29.74%、0.17～0.42、194～1135BU、58.8～65.2℃和81.4～92.4℃，相应的平均值分别为59.82%、23.60%、0.31、722.30BU、62.1℃和88.8℃。群体在总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、直支淀粉比、峰值粘度、糊化温度和峰值温度上的分布具有明显的正态性；所有胚乳淀粉体的淀粉粒都呈复粒结构。对西藏和四川的材料进行了分组比较， 两地区的青稞在直链淀粉含量和直支淀粉比上的差异达到显著水平。 3、筛选出18份具有特殊淀粉特性的青稞品种，其中5份材料的总淀粉含量超过65%，包括NB63-1、NB67、甘孜白六棱、98221-1和NB63；3份材料的直链淀粉含量大于29%，包括藏青85、藏青3号和喜马拉6号；8份材料的直支淀粉比小于0.25，包括99033-6、春青稞、阿坝330、Jan-03、米麦114、396、NB63-1和92013；7份材料的糊化温度低于60℃，同时材料的峰值粘度大于1000BU,并且峰值温度低于90℃，包括足捉春、Jan-03、阿坝330、米麦114、春青稞、20003和阿青5号。 4、各淀粉特性间存在高度相关性。直链淀粉含量和直支淀粉比与糊化温度成极显著正相关，与峰值粘度成极显著负相关，与A型淀粉粒数量和大小呈负相关。不同SGAPs组合的品种之间，淀粉含量和淀粉糊化特性间差异均达显著水平。SGAP2、SGAP5、SGAP6和SGAP7可能对籽粒直链淀粉含量、直支淀粉比和糊化温度有正向效应；SGAP3、SGAP9∼SGAP20可能对峰值粘度有正向效应。 本研究对青藏高原青稞淀粉资源进行了较为全面的评价，对该区青稞淀粉特性有了系统的认识。研究筛选出的特殊青稞品种可作为青稞育种和青稞淀粉工业应用的潜在资源，淀粉特性差异巨大的众多青稞品种也为拓宽青稞应用领域提供了丰富的资源保障。本研究对部分SGAPs在性质上的鉴定和功能上的初步推断为青稞材料的筛选提供了指导，也为品质育种提供了理论参考。 Hulless barley (naked barley, Hordeum vulgare L.) is a short- season, early maturing crop with a wide range of adaptation. It has been attracting more and more attention due to its superior nutrition and extensive industrial applications. Starch is the main ingredient in hulless barley seeds which makes up 65 percent of hulless barley’s dry weight. The ratio of the amylose/amylopectin and the size, shape, distribution of starch granules can affect the physico-chemical and functional properties of starch, which may turn affect its utilizations. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is located in southwestern China, is a typical area of vertical agricultural ecosystem and one of the barley origin centers with abundant hulless barley resources. There are little reports about hulless barley in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at present. To screen and cultivate some characteristic hulless barley can improve its value. An improved SDS-PAGE was used to identify SGAPs combination of 114 hulless barley varieties. Starch content (total starch and amylose starch) was determined according to the standard methods GB5006-85 and GB/T 15683 using PerkinElmer M341 Precision Automatic Polarimeter and UV spectrophotometer 755B respectively. The pasting properties were measured by BRABENDER Micrio Visco-Amylo- Graph 803201. The morphology of starch granules were observed and compared with Axioplan 2 Imaging light microscopy. The following were the results obtained: 1. There were 20 major SGAPs presented in 114 varieties, with the molecular weight ranged from 35.00 to 112.39 KDa, and the frequencies ranged from 12.28% to 97.37%. The number of SGAP bands in each accession varied from 10 to 14, more than half of the population had 11 bands. There were 16 distinct SGAP patterns in the 114 varieties, the Tibet hulless barley had all of the 16 types and the Sichuan hulless barley had 12 types. The results indicated the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau hulless barley had a polymorphism of the SGAPs. 2. The ranges of the total starch content, amylose content, Am/Ap, peak viscosity, pasting temperature and peak temperature of the 114 hulless barley were 51.26～66.70%,14.64～29.74%,0.17～0.42,194～1135BU,58.8～65.2 and 81.4℃～92.4, with an average of ℃59.82%, 23.60%, 0.31, 722.30BU, 62.1 and 88.8,℃℃ respectively. The distributions of the total starch content, amylose content, Am/Ap, peak viscosity, pasting temperature and peak temperature were visibly normal school. All of the amyloplasts in endosperm of varieties showed bimodal size distributions.The main starch properties of hulless barley from Tibet and Sichuan were separated and compared, the differences on amylose content and Am/Ap were obvious. 3. Eighteen accessions which had special starch properties were screened out. Five accessions with total starch content beyond 65%, including NB63-1, NB67, Ganzibailiuleng, 98221-1 and NB63; three accessions, Zangqing85, Zangqing3 and Ximala6, with the highest amylose content (>29%); five accessions with Am/Ap less than 0.25, including 99033-6, Chun Qingke, A Ba 330, Jan-03, Mi Mai114, 396, NB63-1 and 92013; seven accessions had a pasting temperature under 60, ℃meanwhile their peak viscosity beyond 1000BU and their peak temperature under 90℃，including Zu Cuochun, Jan-03, A Ba 330, Mi Mai 114, Chun Qingke, 20003 and A Qing 5. 4. There were high correlations between starch properties. Amylose content and Am/Ap were positively correlated to pasting temperature, negatively correlated to peak viscosity, negatively correlated to the number and granule size of A-type granule. Different SGAP combinations caused significant diversities in starch content and pasting properties. SGAP2, SGAP5, SGAP6 and SGAP7 may have positive effect on amylose content, Am/Ap and pasting temperature; SGAP3, SGAP9∼SGAP20 may have positive effect on peak viscosity. Our research made a comprehensive evaluation on the hulless barley starch from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, we can get a systemic understanding. Some special accessions were screened out can be used on the hulless barley breeding lines and industries utilization.The combination of the SGAPs may become a criterion to evaluate the hulless barley endosperm starch quality. Consequently, the results will be good information for further studies on the hulless barley.

注氦尖晶石的红外光谱研究

利用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪对注He尖晶石样品随退火温变化而引起光吸收性能的变化进行了研究。发现尖晶石样品在626.4cm-1附近的吸收峰随注入剂量的增加向小波数方向移动,而在随后退火过程该吸收峰随退火温度的增加而向大波数方向回复。该吸收峰的回复行为依赖于注入剂量和退火温度。认为在626.4cm-1附近吸收峰随注入剂量和退火温度的这种变化与尖晶石中He的俘获以及释放有关。

奇奇核~(90)Nb的高自旋态研究

用能量为80MeV的19F束通过反应76Ge(19F,5n)90Nb布居了90Nb的高自旋态.通过在束γ测量分析90Nb退激γ射线的符合级联关系,发现了19条新的属于90Nb的γ跃迁,建立了90Nb的高自旋态能级纲图.通过经验壳模型计算指定了部分能级的组态,并结合实验DCO比值和与相邻N=49核素的系统比较,确认了新能级的自旋和宇称.

γ射线对A172胶质瘤细胞的生物学效应

以不同剂量照射后的细胞存活率、微核率和微核细胞率作为生物学终点,研究了γ射线对A172细胞的生物学效应.结果表明:细胞存活率与剂量之间满足回归方程lgY=-0.06427X+1.83354,其回归系数r=-0.9886,P<0.01.剂量为1Gy时微核率和微核细胞率达到最大值,此时的微核率为(66.75±3.564)%,微核细胞率为(53.9±0.7849)%,微核率和微核细胞率均随着剂量的增大先增大后减小,并分别维持在42%和37%左右.