从看图讲故事看4-7岁儿童创造力的发展及其入学突降现象

创造力发展的年龄特征一直是研究者非常关注的问题。很多研究者认为，只有更全面地探查儿童创造力的发展，才能充分了解创造力的本质，所以，应该在多个领域中研究创造力。本研究以文学领域中儿童比较熟悉并喜欢的讲故事的形式，采用同感评估技术（CAT），对4-7岁儿童的创造力发展趋势进行了研究，并深入探讨了经常被人们提到的出现在该阶段中的“入学突降”现象。研究共分为两个部分：研究一考察了4-7岁儿童创造力的发展趋势和创造力的“入学突降”现象；研究二探查了讲故事任务的创造力与言语能力的关系，讨论了创造力的领域特殊性。研究结果发现： 1. 4-7岁儿童的创造力随年龄的增长总体上表现出先上升后下降的趋势，并且存在性别差异。性别差异的具体表现为，女生在4-5岁的发展快于男生，且在6岁开始出现下降趋势。 2. 排除入学影响，随年龄增长，6-7岁儿童的创造力显著上升。 3. 6岁已入学儿童的创造力显著低于同年龄未入学儿童，其中女生受到的影响更大。 4. 言语能力是讲故事创造力的基础，只有达到了一定水平的言语能力才能够表现出较高水平的创造力，但是言语能力只是讲故事创造力的必要而非充分条件。 5. 研究结果部分支持了创造力领域特殊性的理论。

7-11岁正常儿童和ADHD儿童故事重述能力及策略的发展

儿童的故事重述涉及工作记忆和抽象表征能力，是与儿童的日常学业任务密切联系。儿童能否把握时间线索来组织故事重述，反映的是儿童抽象出故事事件内在时间关系的能力，因此对儿童故事重述的探查可以揭示儿童抽象思维发展的一般规律和特点。本研究在前人研究的基础上，系统探查了7－11岁儿童故事重述能力及其策略的发展过程，探讨了时间线索对儿童故事重述的影响，并对ADHD儿童和正常儿童的故事重述及策略进行了比较。 主要研究结果如下： (1)7－11岁儿童故事重述能力总体上随年龄增长而提高，按正确顺序重述的事件数量增多，重述过程中提取和使用的时间线索也增加。其中7－9岁有较快速的发展。 (2)随故事中包含的事件数量的增加，故事难度增大，儿童的故事重述成绩有所下降，故事长度对7岁和9岁儿童的影响大于对11岁儿童的影响。 (3)有、无时间线索语词会影响儿童的故事重述。故事中包含时间语词线索有助于儿童的故事重述。11岁儿童的故事重述已不受有、无时间线索的影响，他们在无时间线索的条件下，更多地主动使用表示因果关系的语词来表征事件关系。 (4)ADHD儿童的故事重述能力在9岁到11岁有较快的发展。但总体而言，ADHD儿童对含有时间线索故事的重述能力显著差于正常儿童。 (5)故事再学习对ADHD儿童和正常儿童的故事重述都存在促进作用。但ADHD儿童故事再学习效果不如正常儿童，低龄儿童中差距尤其明显，随着年龄的增加，ADHD儿童与正常儿童故事再学习效果的差距逐渐缩小。 (6)不同年龄的儿童主要采用四种策略解决问题。随年龄增长，正常儿童和ADHD儿童中使用水平较高的内容主线和逻辑关系策略的人数都有所增加。但ADHD儿童中高水平策略使用人数比例仍低于正常儿童。

重读对语篇中的新旧信息的激活水平的影响

本研究采用跨通道词汇再认法，在语篇的韵律结构和信息结构两个层面上，考察重读和信息结构的关系在在口语语篇理解中的作用，以探索重读是如何影响语篇表征中的信息的激活以及重读影响语篇理解加工的作用机制。 本研究有以下主要结论： [1] 与无重读的基线条件相比，无论在目标句中旧信息位于新信息之前还是之后，一致性重读（新信息重读、旧信息不重读）都会抑制旧信息在语篇表征中的激活。在一致性重读条件下，不被重读的旧信息引导听者对其分配较少的注意资源，将较多的注意资源分配给较重要的新信息，对新信息进行充分的加工，而将较少的注意资源分配给相对不重要的旧信息。 [2] 在口语语篇理解过程中，与无重读条件比较，重读提高被重读的新信息和被重读的旧信息在语篇表征中的激活。这表明无论被重读的词汇的信息结构如何，重读会提高其所标识的概念节点在语篇表征中的激活。

网上购物中商品/服务类别对消费者认知风险的影响

电子商务是国家“以信息化带动工业化”战略的一个重点，也是社会生活中一种重要的经济活动方式。本研究试图系统地探讨网上购物中商品/服务类别对消费者认知风险的影响，进一步完善网上购物的风险认知理论，并为我国电子商务的发展提供科学建议。 研究包括两部分：一部分是不同类别的商品对消费者网上购物时认知风险的影响；另一部分是不同类别的服务对消费者网上购物时认知风险的影响。研究者采用实验室实验与问卷测量相结合的方法考察了不同商品/服务类别对消费者认知风险的影响。被试为206名有过网上购物经验的大学生/研究生。 结果表明，第一，在网上商品购买实验的非判断性测量中，商品类别和商品价格的主效应都显著。 第二，问卷测量中，商品类别和商品价格存在着交互作用。对于价格低的商品，搜索型商品、体验型商品和信任型商品的总体认知风险是递增的。对于价格高的商品，搜索型商品、体验型商品和信任型商品的总体认知风险差异不显著。 第三，不同类别服务的总体认知风险差异显著。 第四，网上购物时，商品/服务类别不仅给消费者带来了财务风险、时间风险、身体风险、绩效风险和心理风险而且也给消费者带来了社会风险。 第五，对于大多数商品/服务来说，身体风险并不是消费者在网上购物时所担心的。 第六，与商品相比，消费者在网上购买服务时，并不在意其时间风险和隐私风险。网上服务的便利性表现得比商品更为优越。

吗啡相关情境线索的形成及效应表达的神经基础——海马与基底外侧杏仁核在其中的作用

Drug-associated cue-induced relapse to drug seeking causes most difficulties of therapy for drug addiction. Addicts are exposed to two forms of environmental stimuli during drug-taking: contextual stimuli (e.g. a house in which the drug is consumed) and discrete stimuli (DS, e.g. a crack pipe or a syringe for drug). These stimuli become contextual cues and discrete cues, respectively. The incentive value of contextual cues plays a great role in opiates relapse. Compared with drug self-administration model, conditioned place preference (CPP) reflects the approach behavior for drug cues, not concerned with acquisition of operant behaviors. The present study aimed to investigate the role of basolateral amygdala (BLA) and hippocampus in the effect of opiates-related contextual cues using CPP model. Establishing DS-dependent or contextual cues-dependent CPP, the effect of BLA or hippocampus inactivation prior to training phase on acquisition of contextual cues-opiates association was evaluated. Inactivation prior to test phase was used to evaluate roles of BLA and hippocampus in expression of contextual cues-dependent morphine CPP. The main results were as follows: Inactivation of BLA or dorsal hippocampus selectively impaired acquisition of contextual cue-dependent CPP, but inactivation of ventral hippocampus had no impact on acquisition of either DS-dependent or contextual cue-dependent morphine CPP. Inactivation of BLA selectively inhibited expression of contextual cue-depended CPP. Inactivation of ventral hippocampus inhibited expression of both DS-dependent and contextual cue-dependent morphine CPP. These results suggest that BLA and dorsal hippocampus contribute to contextual cue association with opiates but not DS-opiates association. BLA and ventral hippocampus play important roles in incentive value of contextual cues. The present study provides more information for the neurological substrates underlying contextual cues associated with opiates.

金钱启动与道德的关系及道德认同的调节

In this article, we begin from the research about how money influences the behavior of people, and try to discuss how money influences people's moral judgment on the five degrees of morality (harm/care, fairness/reciprocal, loyalty/in-group, authority/respect, purity/sanctity). Meanwhile, we try to discuss whether the money priming is based on the mechanism of competition priming. Besides that, we want to find out whether moral identification and positive vocabulary could rescue the change of moral judgment after money priming. The money priming in this research is based on picture priming and syntax priming; the competition priming and moral identification priming are based on imagination priming. We chose the undergraduate, graduate student and adult as sample, combined the scale investigation with computer based experiment. This research contains five standard case experiments, which form three. Based on all the research above, we have some conclusions: 1. Money priming has impacts on moral judgment, which are not consistent on different degree of morality. But the total effect of money priming is that it changes moral judgment to a worse state. 2. Money priming is not complete competition priming, but social value orientation (including competition orientation) could mediate the influence of money priming on moral judgment. Generally, people with personal orientation or competition orientation could be influenced more easily by money priming. 3. After money priming, the moral judgment could be influence by moral identification and positive vocabulary. In all, both the moral judgment and positive vocabulary could make the moral judgment to a better state. But the function of them may be different, moral identification is more related to moral cognition and positive vocabulary is more related to moral emotional regulation. This research is based on priming method, and supports the money influence on psychology, the concept of morality and moral identification with experimental evidence. Also this research discusses the measurement of morality.

生物钟基因mPer2调控节律性免疫功能的机制研究

This project was carried out with the aims to investigate the mechanism of circadian immune regulation by one of the core Clock gene, mPer2. To achieve this, we selected mPer2 knock out (mPer2-/-) mice as the optimal animal model. Two different approaches were performed. In the first approach, we injected WT or mPer2-/- mice with an equal dosage of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and systematically measured serum corticosterone induction, expression of core Clock genes, as well as a key enzyme for corticosterone metabolism (mStAR) in adrenal gland. We found that the acute induction of corticosterone and mStAR were closely associated with the circadian immune response to LPS. Besides, real time quantitative PCR (q-PCR) and luciferase assay consistently showed that mStAR is a Clock controlled gene in adrenal gland, where its expression is negatively influenced by mPer2. In the second approach, expression level and circadian manner of 11 cytotoxicity regulation genes in WT or mPer2-/- mice bone marrow were measured by q-PCR in order to explore the candidate genes which could mediate the circadian immune regulation by mPer2. We found that expression level of Ly49C, Ly49I, and Nkg2d was significant down-regulated in mPer2-/- mice. Further, we found that daily expression of Ly49C and Nkg2d fluctuated in a circadian manner in WT mice, where these rhythms were disrupted in mPer2-/- mice. Thus, it was suggested that these two cytotoxic genes were two clock controlled genes whose circadian expression were regulated by mPer2. Taken together, our results suggested that corticosterone, mStAR, Ly49C, and Nkg2d were four candidate molecules that may mediate the circadian immune response regulation by mPer2.