Trade-off between reciprocal mutualists: local resource availability-oriented interaction in fig/fig wasp mutualism

The mechanisms that prevent competition (conflict) between the recipient and co-operative actor in co-operative systems remain one of the greatest problems for evolutionary biology. Previous hypotheses suggest that self-restraint, dispersal or spatial con

Structure of a fig wasp community: Temporal segregation of oviposition and larval diets

Observations were made on six fig wasp species on Ficus racemosa growing in the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Garden, Yunnan Province, China. The oviposition sequence was determined for Apocryptophagus testacea, Apocrypta sp2, Apocryptophagus mayri, Cera

中华眼镜蛇膜毒素与McAb偶联物对白血病细胞的杀伤作用

用中华眼镜蛇膜毒素(CT)与抗人T细胞McAb Wu71偶联制备免疫毒素Wu71CT。经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、免疫双扩散和间接免疫荧光检测, 证实结合物中Ab和CT均保持活性。实验表明Wu71:CT有较好的特异性杀伤作用。扫描电镜显示, 免疫毒素作用下的CEM靶细胞膜破列、 萎缩、崩溃, 而非靶细胞大部分保持完整。 图4参12

Interference Competition and High Temperatures Reduce the Virulence of Fig Wasps and Stabilize a Fig-Wasp Mutualism

Fig trees are pollinated by fig wasps, which also oviposit in female flowers. The wasp larvae gall and eat developing seeds. Although fig trees benefit from allowing wasps to oviposit, because the wasp offspring disperse pollen, figs must prevent wasps fr

菜花烙铁头蛇毒中一种具有激肤释放酶与纤维蛋白原溶酶活性的Jerdonase

通过DEAF Sephadex t-50阴离子交换、超细Sephadex 6100分子筛和反相高效液相CQ色谱层析，从菜花烙铁头蛇毒冻干粉中纯化出一种具有激肤释放酶活性和。纤维蛋白原溶酶活性的丝氨酸蛋白酶，命名为Jerdonase。在12 .5%胶浓度的SD6还原电泳条件下，该酶分子量大约为55 kD，在非还原电泳条件下，分子量大约为53 kD。此酶是一种糖蛋白，含有约35 .8%的中性糖。它的N末端氨基酸序列为IIGGDEENINEHPFLVALYDA，其序列和蛇毒中其他丝氨酸蛋白酶具有非常高的序列相似性。Jerdonase能够催化BAEE、 S-2238和S-2302的水解，其水解活性可被PMSF抑制，但是EDTA对此没有影响。Jerdonase能优先水解人纤维蛋白原的An链，同时伴随有微弱的B[3链水解活性。另外，此酶能够水解牛低分子量的激肤原，释放舒缓激肤。总之，所有的结果表明Jerdonase是一个具有多功能活性的蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶。

The evolution of intermediate castration virulence and ant coexistence in a spatially structured environment

Theory suggests that spatial structuring should select for intermediate levels of virulence in parasites, but empirical tests are rare and have never been conducted with castration (sterilizing) parasites. To test this theory in a natural landscape, we co

菜花烙铁头蛇毒C－型凝集素基因的克隆与序列分析

从菜花烙铁头蛇(Trimeresurus jerdonii)的毒腺中提取mRNA,采用RT－PCR技术进行体外扩增，将扩增产物克隆到PMD18－T载体中，最后筛选出一个编码凝集素的基因，命名为TJL。由TJL基因序列推导的氨基酸序列中包含分别由23和135个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽和成熟肽。氨基酸序列比较分析表明，TJL含有半乳糖结合位点和钙离子结合位点，与蝰科蛇互凝集素TSL、PAL、APL和RSL的同源性较高(87.4%～90.4%)，与眼镜蛇科蛇互凝集素BML的同源性较低(61.5%)。

A Plant Needs Ants like a Dog Needs Fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni Ants Gall Many Tree Species to Create Housing

Hundreds of tropical plant species house ant colonies in specialized chambers called domatia. When, in 1873, Richard Spruce likened plant-ants to fleas and asserted that domatia are ant-created galls, he incited a debate that lasted almost a century. Alth

蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶在制备艾滋病治疗药物中的应用

本发明涉及蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶在制备艾滋病治疗药物中的应用，属于生物医学领域。蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶可从蝰科或眼镜蛇科毒腺分泌物中分离得到，也可用其编码基因由基因工程表达得到。蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶具有显著的抗艾滋病病毒活性，蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶可强烈抑制病毒诱导细胞形成合胞体，抑制病毒复制。蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶具有活力高(1-3纳摩尔浓度下即可有效抑制HIV病毒)，抗HIV病毒的机制与目前所用的逆转录酶抑制剂药物，如AZT，融合阻断药物，如DS不同的特点。另一方面，蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶与过氧化氢酶联合应用，可有效降低L-氨基酸氧化酶的细胞毒性，显著提高治疗指数。

Modelling the long-term sustainability of indigenous hunting in Manu National Park, Peru: landscape-scale management implications for Amazonia

P> Widespread hunting throughout Amazonia threatens the persistence of large primates and other vertebrates. Most studies have used models of limited validity and restricted spatial and temporal scales to assess the sustainability. We use human-demographi

大蹼铃蟾博玛津蛋白及其基因和在制药中的应用

本发明涉及一种大蹼铃蟾博玛津蛋白及其基因和在制药中的应用，属于生物医学领域。大蹼铃蟾博玛津蛋白是从中国两栖类动物大蹼铃蟾皮肤分泌物中分离得到的一种单链多肽，氨基酸全序列为：NH2GFPIYEIDNRPGCYVDPAERVACAGAGVTKAECKAKGCCFISARRNTIWCFKLKESADAWKCAVPMNTRVACAGAGVTPAECKGKGCCFSSYYGTV WCFKPQE-COOH)编码大蹼铃蟾博玛津蛋白的基因的cDNA由1061个核苷酸组成，编码成熟血小板活化蛋白为第67-378位核苷酸。博玛津具有诱导血小板活化、抑制胃溃疡的作用，可作为血小板聚集诱导剂和制备胃溃疡药物的应用。

Seasonal change in the structure of fig-wasp community and its implication for conservation

Figs (Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Agaonidae) constitute a famous reciprocal mutualism in which figs provide some female flowers for the development of fig wasp offspring while the fig wasps pollinate Fig flowers. However, figs also host many no

人源性抗菌肽及其衍生物的用途

本发明涉及人源性抗菌肽及其衍生物的用途，所述人源性抗菌肽具有选自序列表 SEQ ID NO：1所示的氨基酸序列，还包括此氨基酸序列多肽中个别氨基酸的取代、环化、L-型氨基酸变为D-型氨基酸、缺失或加入而得到的功能等同物。与其它来源碱性抗菌多肽相比，该人源性抗菌肽具有结构简单、人工合成方便、应用于人体无抗原性的有益特点。本发明的人源性抗菌肽及其衍生物具有显著的抑制细菌以及真菌生长的作用，可以应用于制备抗微生物感染制剂。

Diffusive coevolution and mutualism maintenance mechanisms in a fig-fig wasp system

In reciprocal mutualism systems, the exploitation events by exploiters might disrupt the reciprocal mutualism, wherein one exploiter species might even exclude other coexisting exploiter species over an evolutionary time frame. What remains unclear is how such a community is maintained. Niche partitioning, or spatial heterogeneity among the mutualists and exploiters, is generally believed to enable stability within a mutualistic system. However, our examination of a reciprocal mutualism between a fig species (Ficus racemosa) and its pollinator wasp (Ceratosolen fusciceps) shows that spatial niche partitioning does not sufficiently prevent exploiters from overexploiting the common resource (i.e., the female flowers), because of the considerable niche overlap between the mutualists and exploiters. In response to an exploiter, our experiment shows that the fig can (1) abort syconia-containing flowers that have been galled by the exploiter, Apocryptophagus testacea, which oviposits before the pollinators do; and (2) retain syconia-containing flowers galled by Apocryptophagus mayri, which oviposit later than pollinators. However, as a result of (2), there is decreased development of adult non-pollinators or pollinator species in syconia that have not been sufficiently pollinated, but not aborted. Such discriminative abortion of figs or reduction in offspring development of exploiters while rewarding cooperative individuals with higher offspring development by the fig will increase the fitness of cooperative pollinating wasps, but decrease the fitness of exploiters. The fig fig wasp interactions are diffusively coevolved, a case in which fig wasps diversify their genotype, phenotype, or behavior as a result of competition between wasps, while figs diverge their strategies to facilitate the evolution of cooperative fig waps or lessen the detrimental behavior by associated fig wasps. In habitats or syconia that suffer overexploitation, discriminative abortion of figs or reduction in the offspring development of exploiters in syconia that are not or not sufficiently pollinated will decrease exploiter fitness and perhaps even drive the population of exploiters to local extinction, enabling the evolution and maintenance of cooperative pollinators through the movement between habitats or syconia (i.e., the metapopulations).

Characterization of a thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of Trimeresurus jerdonii

From the venom of Trimeresurus jerdonii, a distinct thrombin-like enzyme, called jerdonobin. was purified by DEAF A-25 ion-exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). SDS-PAGE analysis of this enzyme shows that it consists of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 38,000. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of jerdonobin has great homology with venom thrombin-like enzymes documented. Jerdonobin is able to hydrolyze several chromogenic substrates. The enzyme directly clots fibrinogen with an activity of 217 NIH units/mg, The fibrinopeptides released, identified by HPLC consisted of fibrinopeptide A and a small amount of fibrinopepide B. The activities of the enzyme were inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and p-nitrophenyl-p-guanidinobenzoate (NPGB). However, metal chelator (EDTA) had no effect on it. indicating it is venom serine protease. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.