47 resultados para parthenocarpic cucumber


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在设施菜地条件下,研究了不同有机肥施入量在黄瓜生长期对土壤-植物系统NO3--N迁移累积的影响。结果表明,黄瓜生长期土壤-植物系统NO3--N的迁移累积规律受黄瓜生长期、有机肥施用水平和土壤肥力的影响。盛果期,不同肥力土壤各个土层的硝酸盐含量和黄瓜叶片及体内的硝酸盐含量均高于黄瓜的其它生长期;对于不同的施肥水平,当施肥量为60 t hm-2时各个土层的不同肥力土壤硝酸盐含量均高于其它处理,且高肥力土壤条件下黄瓜体内的硝酸盐含量在黄瓜生长旺盛期超过国家安全食品标准(410mgkg-1),当施肥量低于20 t hm-2时不同肥力土壤各个土层未出现硝酸盐显著累积现象,且在黄瓜生长的各个时期,黄瓜体内的硝酸盐含量均未超标。 土壤硝酸盐的垂直运移过程受有机肥施用水平和土壤肥力的影响,施肥量低于20 t hm-2时不同肥力土壤各土层未出现硝酸盐显著累积现象,当施肥量为60 t hm-2时土壤硝酸盐累积峰值随土壤肥力水平的提高而增加;40-150 cm土壤剖面中硝酸盐累积总量随有机肥施用量的增加而增加;不同肥力土壤在相同有机肥施用水平下40-150 cm土壤硝酸盐累积总量的变化量不同,土壤肥力越高土壤硝酸盐累积总量的绝对增加量越大,说明相同的有机肥处理对高肥力土壤硝酸盐累积影响更大。

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土壤线虫是土壤动物的主要功能类群之一,在土壤养分分解和循环中起到重要的作用。本研究通过施用两种形态氮肥,硝态氮(NO-3–N)和铵态氮(NH+4–N),对黄瓜整个生长期内根际土壤线虫的群落组成、结构及其多样性等的影响进行了比较研究。为增进土壤健康,提高土壤质量以及合理施用氮肥提供科学的理论依据。研究结果如下: 1. 氮肥处理后,不同浓度NO-3–N处理提高了根际土壤线虫数量,而NH+4–N处理(202.5 kg N/ hm2)抑制了线虫数量的增加。线虫群落结构相对较稳定,营养类群变化不大。且少量优势科/属会对土壤线虫群落特征起着至关重要的作用。 2. 在整个生长季节内,非寄生线虫的群体动态变化与寄生线虫的群体的动态变化具有相反的变化趋势。其中,NO-3–N处理和NH+4–N处理后植物寄生线虫出现频率的变化趋势相近,都是由高到低;非植物寄生线虫出现频率的变化趋势则都是由低到高。这说明非植物寄生线虫数量增长和空间占位对植物寄生线虫群体有一定的抑制作用。另外,也反映了适量氮肥在一定程度上能够减轻植物寄生线虫对黄瓜的危害。 3. 由多样性指数变化可知,NO-3–N和NH+4–N在低肥(67.5 kg N/hm2)和高肥(202.5 kg N/hm2)处理较中肥(135.0 kg N/hm2)处理,更不利于提高土壤线虫多样性地提高和线虫群落的稳定性。中肥不同形态氮肥处理与对照相比,H´指数在初花期和结果期显著增加了土壤线虫的H´指数,说明施入两种形态的氮肥能够提高线虫生物多样性程度。NH+4–N处理在初花期和结果期显著降低了土壤线虫种类的丰富性。土壤线虫生物多样性变化中,H´和SR指数在一定程度上能够反映施用无机氮肥对土壤线虫的多样性的影响,而J指数和λ指数效果不明显。NO-3–N和NH+4–N处理相比较,NO-3–N处理对黄瓜土壤线虫的多样性指数影响更大,促进了土壤线虫群体的多样化和种类的丰富度,更有利于提高土壤线虫的多样性,增加其稳定性。这些结果表明适量无机氮肥特别是NO-3–N的施用对黄瓜土壤线虫的生物多样性有一定的维护和提高作用。 4. 线虫数量与土壤质量指标的相关分析表明:线虫数量与有关土壤理化生指标,如土壤NO-3–N、NH+4–N、有机质含量等的正相关程度高,与总酚含量等显著负相关;与根际土壤微生物,细菌、真菌、放线菌数量等呈显著正相关。另外,线虫数量与土壤含水量未表现出显著相关关系。 Nematodes play a major role in decomposition and nutrient cycling in soil. Nematode community analyses are useful in assessing soil ecosystem status and function. The effects of two forms of mineral nitrogenous fertilizers (NO-3–N and NH+4–N) on nematode community composition, structure and diversity in rhizosphere of cucumber were investigated during different growing seasons of cucumber. Systematically research of effects of nitrogenous fertilizers could help to obtain better undstanding of a healthy soil and using nitrogenous fertilizers in reason. The main results are as follows: 1. The total numbers of nematode were more abundant in NH+4–N treatments than other teatments. However, NH+4–N teatment(202.5 kg N/hm2)dramatically inhibited it. All the tropic groups in the soil nematode communities were stable, and the dominant family or genus had an important function in the nematode community structure. 2. There was similar trend of the frequency of plant parasitic nematodes between NO-3–N and NH+4–N treatment, the similar trend of the frequency of non-plant parasitic nematodes was also found. But the frequency of plant parasitic nematodes exhibited a contrary trend to that of plant parasitic nematodes after different nitrogenous fertilizer treatments. The results showed that the increasing trend of the frequency and the niche of non-plant parasitic nematodes inhibited the plant parasitic nematodes, and indicated that right chemical fertilizers dosage could abate plant parasitic nematodes harm to cucumber. 3. The changes of the biodiversity index showed that the nitrogen treatment(135.0 kg N/hm2)promoted the stabilization of soil nematode diversity than other nitrogen treatments(67.5 kg N/hm2 and 202.5 kg N/hm2). In the treatment(135.0 kg N/hm2),The changes in nematode diversity between the control plots and treated plots were compared by the biodiversity index (H´, J, SR, λ). Among these tested index, H´ and SR were effective in reflecting the effects of different nitrogenous fertilizers on the diversity of soil nematodes. In comparison with the NH+4–N treatment, the NO-3–N treatment promoted the stabilization of soil nematode diversity. 4. Correlation coefficients between nematode abundance and soil quality indices indicated that the total numbers of nematode were affected positively by NO-3–N, NH+4–N and the organic matter, and negatively by total phenolic acids; the total num- bers of nematode had positive correlation with bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes nu- mbers. Soil water contents had only a weak negative influence on it.

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近二十多年来,基于对臭氧层衰减、紫外线B(UV-B)增强的担心,研究者希望了解到紫外线辐射对不同作物的影响情况,增强UV-B辐射条件下是否对作物的生长发育、产量质量构成威胁。在本试验中,我们首先探讨了双子叶作物黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)和大豆(Glycine max)对不同紫外波段的生物效应[分别为B-UVA(315-400 nm),N-UVA(315-340 nm),B-UVB(275-400 nm)和N-UVB(290-340 nm),UV-(>400nm)作对照]。我们观察到所有的UV波段处理都使黄瓜和大豆的生长受到抑制,并且细胞受到不同程度的氧化伤害;UV波段处理的作用效果与不同波段的紫外有效生物辐射剂量有关。处理差异在UV-B波段内部和UV-A波段内部同样存在。植物生长UV辐射公式(BSWF)能很好的预测本试验UV-B波段内的平均植物效应,但不能预测UV-A波段的植物效应。短波UV-A的生物作用强于长波UV-A。光合色素的变化与UV波谱差异和种间差异有关。在高的紫外/可见光背景下,UV-A处理同UV-B同样导致光合色素的降低,但黄瓜类胡萝卜素/叶绿素比例升高。与其他研究者的试验结果比较后,我们认为紫外线B辐射的生物效应一致性很高,但紫外线A波段的生物学效应存在较大争议。因此我们在本试验的基础上仅进行荞麦[苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.)和甜荞(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)]对紫外线B波段的响应研究。 我们对苦荞品种-圆籽荞进行了连续两个生长季节的大田半控制试验以观察UV-B辐射对苦荞生长、发育、产量及叶片色素的影响;试验小区进行降低UV-B、近充足UV-B和增强UV-B辐射处理。我们的试验表明在不同强度UV-B辐射下苦荞的生长、地上部生物量积累及最终产量都有所下降,但苦荞的发育加快;当前条件下的日光紫外线B辐射对植物生长和产量也造成负面影响。植物光合色素被日光及增强UV-B辐射降低;UV化合物及卢丁含量在中低剂量的UV-B辐射强度下显著升高,但在高剂量的增强UV-B辐射下短期升高后迅速下降。我们的试验表明苦荞是一个对UV-B高度敏感的作物。苦荞对UV-B的敏感性与UV-B剂量、外界环境因素及生长季节有关。 单个苦荞品种的试验结果使我们认识到外界UV-B辐射已经对苦荞生长发育构成逆境条件,未来全球气候变化条件下增强紫外线B辐射可能使其处于更不利的生长环境中。因此我们有进行了多个种群进行UV-B响应观察并筛选耐性种群。我们对15个苦荞种群进行增强UV-B辐射处理(6.30 kJ m2 UV-BBE,模拟当地25%的臭氧衰减),我们观察苦荞UV-B辐射效应存在显著的种内差异,UV-B辐射对多数种群具有抑制作用,但对一些种群还有刺激作用。我们采用主成分分析方法与作物UV-B响应指数(RI)来评价苦荞作物UV-B辐射耐性。我们发现作物的UV-B耐性不仅与其原产地背景UV-B强度有关,而且与作物相对生长效率、次生代谢产物含量(如卢丁)及其他因素有关。我们观察到苦荞伸展叶总叶绿素变化与UV-B耐性成正相关;室内苦荞幼苗的UV-B辐射致死试验表明:苦荞种群死亡率与其UV-B耐性成负相关。 此外,我们对甜荞的UV-B辐射响应也进行了初步研究。选取美姑甜荞、巧家甜荞和云龙甜荞进行5个梯度的增强UV-B辐射室外模拟试验。我们观察到UV-B辐射显著降低了甜荞的生长、生物量及产量;并严重影响了甜荞的生殖生长,降低了花序数、种子数和结实率;并且UV-B辐射对甜荞的抑制作用存在显著的剂量效应。三种甜荞品种存在显著的种内差异,其中美姑品种UV-B耐性最强,且膜脂受UV-B辐射氧化伤害最小,这与该品种UV-B辐射下较高的GR酶活性、APX酶活性和PPO酶活性、以及含量更高的抗坏血酸有关。甜荞的次生代谢也受到增强UV-B辐射的影响,其香豆酰类化合物在UV-B辐射下升高显著,而槲皮素含量也在高剂量UV-B辐射下有所增加;卢丁含量依赖UV-B辐射剂量而变化,中低剂量UV-B辐射下其卢丁含量逐渐升高,但在高剂量辐射下逐渐下降。 通过对生长在高海拔地区的荞麦作物(苦荞和甜荞)进行的室外研究,我们认识到作物不同品种存在很大的耐性差异,这就为UV-B耐性育种创造了有利条件。进一步加大荞麦种质资源筛选力度并深入认识荞麦抗性机理,在此基础上通过杂交或其他基因融合手段培育抗性品种,对高剂量UV-B辐射地区的荞麦产量的提高将起到重要推动作用,并使荞麦生产能有效应对未来全球气候变化条件下UV-B辐射可能升高的威胁。 During last few decades, due to concern of ozone layer depletion and enhancement of ultraviolet B radiation(UV-B, 280-315 nm), the agronomist want to know the responses of different crop species to UV-B. In the first experiment of our study, the effect of different UV band [B-UVA(315-400 nm), N-UVA(315-340 nm), B-UVB(275-400 nm), N-UVB(290-340 nm)and UV-(>400nm, as control)] on the cucumber(Cucumis sativus)and soybean(Glycine max)were investigated in growth room. Spectra-dependent differences in growth and oxidation indices existed within UV-A bands as well as UV-B bands. The general biological effects of different band were UV- < B-UVA< N-UVA<N-UVB<B-UVB. The plant growth biologically spectra weighting function(BSWF)matched well with average plant response in UV-B region, but not in UV-A region. Shorter UV-A wavelength imposed more negative impact than longer UV-A wavelength did in both species. The effect on photosynthetic pigment was related to different UV bands and different species. The photosynthetic pigment content was decreased by UV-A spectra as well as UV-B spectra. In comparison with the results of previous studies, we found that the wavelength-dependent biological effect of ultraviolet B radiation has high consistency, but the biological effect of ultraviolet-A radiation was inconsistent. We narrow our following study on the effect of ultraviolet B radiation on the buckwheat(tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat). The tartary buckwheat(Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.)cultivars Yuanziqiao was grown in the sheltered field plots for two consecutive seasons under reduced, near-ambient and two supplemental levels of UV-B radiation. The crop growth, photosynthetic pigments, total biomass, final seed yield and thousand-grain weight were decreased by near-ambient and enhanced UV-B radiation, while crop development was promoted by enhanced UV-B radiation. Leaf rutin concentration and UV-B absorbing compound was generally increased by UV-B with the exception of 8.50 kJ m-2 day-1 supplemental levels. Our results showed that tartary buckwheat is a potentially UV-B sensitive species. Study on one cultivars showed that ambient solar radiation had present a stress to tartary buckwheat. This makes it necessary to observe the UV-B response of many cultivars and screen tolerant cultivars. Fifteen populations of tartary buckwheat were experienced enhanced UV-B radiation simulating 25% depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer in Kunming region, and plant responses in growth, morphology and productivity were observed. Principal components analysis(PCA)was used to evaluate overall sensitivity of plant response to UV-B as well as response index. The different populations exhibited significant differences in responses to UV-B. The photosynthetic pigments of young seedlings were also affected significantly under field condition. On the other hand, the healthy seedlings of different populations were exposed to the high level of UV-B radiation in growth chambers to determine the plant lethality rate. The plant tolerance evaluated by multivariate analysis was positively related to total plant chlorophyll change, but negatively related to lethality rate. In other hand, the UV-B responses of the other important cultivated buckwheat species, common buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.), were also studied preliminarily. Three widespread cultivated variety(Meigu, Qiaojia and Yunlong cultivars)were provided with five level of enhanced UV-B radiation outdoors. We observed that the crop growth, development and production were significantly decreased, and reproductive production, like anthotaxy number, seed number and seed setting ratio, was also decreased. Dose-dependent inhibition effect caused by enhanced UV-B radiation also existed in common buckwheat. Significant intraspecific difference existed in those three cultivars. The Meigu cultivars with dwarfed growth and lower production have highest UV-B tolerance as well as lowest damage in cell membrane, this could be associated with profound enhancements of glutathione reductase(GR)activity, ascorbate peroxidase activity and polyphenol oxidase activity as well as higher ascorbic acid concentration. The secondary metabolism was also affected by UV-B radiation, with profound elevation of coumarin compound and moderate increase of quercetin concentration. Rutin concentration was peaked in 5kJ m-2 UV-B. The contrasting effect of UV-B radiation on different populations indicated that there existed abundant genetic resources for selecting tolerant populations of common and tartary buckwheat. Much effort needed be pose on screening of buckwheat germplasm and clarification of mechanism of buckwheat tolerance to UV-B. On this base the tolerant cultivars could be bred by hybridization and other gene transfusion method, this would help increase buckwheat yield in high ambient UV-B region and counteract the effect of possible enhanced UV-B radiation in future.

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毫秒延迟发光测定结果表明低温弱光处理黄瓜叶片导致类囊体原位 (in situ)耦联度显著降低。DCCD可以恢复低温弱光处理的黄瓜叶片的毫秒延迟发光的慢相强度和反映类囊体膜质子吸收的 9- AA(9- Aminoacridine)荧光猝灭能力 ,说明类囊体耦联度降低的原因是质子由 CF0 大量快速渗漏。进一步研究结果表明 ,活性氧和 CF1的脱落不是低温弱光引起黄瓜类囊体耦联度降低的根本原因。

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与低温黑暗处理相比 ,低温弱光处理使黄瓜叶片的放氧活性显著降低 ,2℃黑暗处理 6.5h后黄瓜叶片的放氧活性降低到处理前的 66% ,2℃ 35μmol/(m2· s)处理6.5h后则降低到处理前的 - 50 %。研究结果显示 ,在 5℃低温条件下 1 0 0 μmol/(m2· s)光照使黄瓜发生下列变化 :叶片毫秒延迟发光的慢相强度显著降低 ;从叶片中提取的叶绿体的PS 及 PS +PS 的电子传递速率显著升高 ;加 NH4 Cl和加 ADP+Pi的 Hill反应活性与基础 Hill反应活性相差不大 ;从叶片中提取的叶绿体 9- AA荧光猝灭能力消失。以上结果证明低温下光照处理使黄瓜类囊体膜解耦联。

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揭示黄瓜产生连作障碍的机理,为设施蔬菜的可持续发展和减轻连作障碍提供参考依据。【方法】在日光温室内进行田间试验,以露地玉米地土壤为对照,研究不同连作年限(4,5,8和12年)下黄瓜产量和品质及土壤酶活性的变化。【结果】随着黄瓜连作年限的增加,黄瓜产量、可溶性固形物和维生素C含量均下降,硝酸盐含量上升,土壤呼吸强度降低,土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性均呈先上升后降低的趋势;随着黄瓜生长季节的变化,土壤脲酶活性呈先上升后降低再升高的趋势,土壤蔗糖酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性和土壤呼吸强度均呈先上升后降低的趋势。【结论】随着连作年限的延长,设施黄瓜的产量和品质均下降,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势。

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为揭示低温下光照对黄瓜光合作用的影响,在叶片水平对5℃ 100μmolm·-’·s-1和5℃黑暗处理4h后黄瓜叶片光合-光响应和光合-CO2响应进行了对比研究、结果表明,5℃黑暗处理4h使黄瓜叶片光饱和光合速率、表观光量子效率、CO2饱和光合速率以及梭化效率分别降低 22.5%、28.0%、31.3%和 37.2%,5℃ 100μmol·m-2·s-1使上述指标分别降低 56.1%、61.0%、54.0%和 54.3%,说明 100μmol·m-2·s-1光照明显加剧5℃低温对黄瓜叶片光合功能的伤害。进一步研究结果显示低温光照处理使黄瓜叶片 PSⅡ光合中心受到较严重的光抑制,类囊体跨膜质子梯度显著降低。对低温下光照对黄瓜叶片光合作用具有不良作用的原因进行了讨论。

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对陕北黄土高原日光温室大棚蔬菜黄瓜、大青菜、油麦菜和西芹进行了叶面喷施富万钾有机钾肥的田间试验研究。结果表明,在日光温室大棚蔬菜上施用有机钾肥,黄瓜植株高度、叶片数、茎粗、叶面积、瓜长均增加。大青菜的茎粗增长44%。油麦菜的株高、茎粗、地上植株、地下根重、总生物量均明显增加。西芹的株高、茎粗、地上植株、地下根重以及总生物量增加。富万钾有机钾肥能明显促进蔬菜生长,提高产量。

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Oxytetracycline-resistant bacteria were isolated from a mariculture farm in China, and accounted for 32.23% and 5.63% of the total culturable microbes of the sea cucumber and the sea urchin rearing waters respectively. Marine vibrios, especially strains related to Vibrio splendidus or V. tasmaniensis, were the most abundant resistant isolates. For oxytetracycline resistance, tet(A), tet(B) and tet(D) genes were detected in both sea cucumber and sea urchin rearing ponds. The dominant resistance type for V. tasmaniensis-like strains was the combination of both tet(A) and tet(B) genes, while the major resistance type for V. splendidus-like strains was a single tet(D) gene. Most of the sea cucumber tet-positive isolates harbored a chloramphenicol-resistance gene, either cat IV or cat II, while only a few sea urchin tet-positive isolates harbored a cat gene, actually cat IV. The coexistence of tet and cat genes in the strains isolated from the mariculture farm studied was helpful in explaining some of the multi-resistance mechanisms. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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刺参是目前支撑我国海水增养殖业高效、稳定、持续发展的重要物种之一,但该产业面临着种质匮乏、病害严重、养殖环境局部恶化和产品品质难以保证等诸多问题。本文围绕刺参增养殖过程中的种质苗种问题,以培育耐高温品系为研究目标,在评价我国沿海不同地理群体刺参及其子一代在热刺激条件下HSP70基因mRNA表达差异的基础上,以低纬度地理群体为亲本,经温度刺激后比较了幼体及幼参的生长及HSP70 mRNA表达差异,获得了性状优良的耐高温群体。主要研究结果如下: 1、研究了我国沿海刺参不同地理群体在热激后HSP70基因mRNA的表达差异,比较了在不同温度下不同地理群体幼参的生长特性。青岛、日照和养殖等低纬度群体成参HSP70基因mRNA表达变化较大连、长岛等高纬度群体明显;热激后低纬度群体幼参HSP70基因mRNA表达量较高纬度群体高;高温条件下,高纬度群体子一代成活率低生长。温度升高对高纬度群体生长的影响较大。 2、利用荧光实时定量PCR检测了HSP70基因在不同组织、不同温度、不同时间mRNA水平的表达差异。刺参的各组织都有HSP70的mRNA表达,且对热刺激都有应答。自然水温12℃时,在+12℃温度刺激时刺参的呼吸树中的HSP70 mRNA水平较高;刺参成参、幼参呼吸树中HSP70基因的mRNA水平在热激后6-12h达到最高;低温刺激后HSP70 mRNA下调表达。 3、分别从受精卵和初耳幼体开始在不同温度下进行幼体培育, 27℃以上温度培育的刺参幼体,其生长和成活率显著低于24℃以下温度培育的幼体;不同起始刺激阶段和不同温度都是显著影响因子。从初耳幼体进行高温培育,幼体的变态受到明显影响,26℃以上温度培育幼体的变态率显著低于24℃以下培育温度。 4、以日照刺参为亲本,在26℃培育温度下获得了耐高温群体幼参,并从生长、HSP70mRNA水平的表达差异与常温培育的群体(普通群体)进行了比较。耐高温群体幼参在较高温度下成活率和HSP70mRNA表达水平明显高于普通群体,而二者在特定生长率随温度变化上没有差异。 5、在浙江苍南进行了选择群体耐高温能力和生长验证实验。耐温群体的温度耐受能力提高了0.7℃,进入夏眠时间延后15d左右。耐温刺参群体的特定生长率和成活率在3月温度回升后远高于对照组。

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第一部分 刺参遗传连锁图谱的构建 利用AFLP和微卫星标记以一个远缘地理杂交家系为作图群体,以拟测交理论为作图策略,构建了刺参Apostichopus japonicus的雌性和雄性遗传连锁图谱。利用62对AFLP引物组合,对亲本和93个个体进行了分离分析,共得到3572个标记,其中具有多态性的标记为点数为1133个,多态性比例为31.5%。平均每个引物对产生18.3个多态片段。1133个多态性位点中,294个标记在父母本中都出现并在后代中分离,839个标记在父本或母本中出现并在子代分离,其中母本443(52.8%)个分离标记,父本396(47.2%)个分离标记。卡方检验显示,556个标记符合孟德尔1:1分离。筛选微卫星标记中30个在家系中具有作图信息,其中19个可用于母本作图,19个可用于父本作图。 利用Mapmaker 3.0/EXP软件对分离标记进行连锁分析。358个分子标记用于雌性遗传连锁分析,其中包括19个微卫星标记,199个AFLP标记和11个微卫星标记定位在雌性框架图谱中。雌性框架图谱共有25个连锁群,总长度为3148.3 cM。标记之间最大间隔为37.5 cM,平均间隔为17.0 cM,连锁群的分子标记数最大为21个最小为4个。用于雄性连锁分析的分子标记共有332个,其中包含19个微卫星标记。207个标记定位于23个连锁群上,其中AFLP标记数为196个,微卫星标记数为11个。23个连锁群总长度为3059.8 cM,标记间最大间隔38.6 cM,平均间隔16.6 cM。每个连锁群的长度范围在40 cM到271.4 cM之间,标记数在18到4个之间,包括二、三连体在内的雄性连锁图谱共覆盖3227 cM。雌雄基因组的预测长度分别为4053.7 cM和3816.3 cM,因此,所构建的雌雄连锁图谱覆盖率分别为84.0%和84.5%。通过共有微卫星标记,有3个连锁群在两个图谱中对应。分子标记在两个图谱中呈均匀分布,没有成簇现象。 分子标记筛选、遗传图谱的构建为刺参分子标记辅助选择育种,经济性状QTL定位和比较基因作图打下基础,并且最终将促进中国刺参遗传改良和新品种的培育工作。 第二部分 卵母细胞成熟过程研究 对刺参卵母细胞的体外诱导成熟方法进行探索,并且通过透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜结合超薄切片技术及间接免疫荧光染色技术研究卵母细胞成熟的生物学过程。 分别利用在海参中有诱导作用的海星神经提取液和二硫苏糖醇(DTT)对从成熟卵巢解剖出的刺参卵母细胞进行诱导成熟试验,结果显示,刺参的卵母细胞在海水中不会发生自发成熟,海星神经提取液以及神经提取液加滤泡悬浮液对卵母细胞没有诱导成熟的作用,而二硫苏糖醇处理可以诱导卵母细胞生发泡破裂,当DTT溶液的浓度处于10-1 mol/L到10-3 mol/L之间时,对刺参卵母细胞的促熟作用较为明显,在10-2 mol/L左右时,卵母细胞的诱导成熟率可以达到90%以上。未成熟的卵母细胞处于第一次减数分裂前期,不具备受精能力。经DTT诱导后,生发泡发生移动并破裂,染色体排列到赤道板上,然后第一、二极体先后排出,诱导成熟的卵母细胞排出极体的时间与自然受精的卵子一致。在卵母细胞成熟过程中有受精膜举起的现象,说明精子入卵不是受精膜举起的必要条件。卵母细胞只有在生发泡破裂之后才具有受精能力,从生发泡破裂到第二极体排出前的整个减数分裂过程中,卵母细胞都可以受精,但是只有在第一极体排出前受精的卵母细胞才能发生卵裂。人工促熟的卵母细胞受精后,形成的胚胎似乎并不能正常发育,试验过程中最多只得到了8细胞期的胚胎,之后细胞便产生畸形并停止分裂,最终裂解消失。 利用DTT诱导刺参卵母细胞成熟,综合运用光镜、电子显微镜及激光共聚焦技术观察卵母细胞成熟过程,分析了卵母细胞表面动物极突起在卵母细胞脱滤泡中的作用,以及卵母细胞动物极突起和微管组织在生发泡移动过程中所起的作用。卵母细胞通过动物极突起连接到滤泡上,在脱滤泡作用开始时,卵母细胞动物极突起刺入并穿过滤泡膜,使得滤泡膜表面形成一个缺口,然后整个卵母细胞开始从缺口处挤出。脱滤泡的作用力来源有两种:胶膜层的水合作用以及滤泡的收缩。通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察,未成熟的卵母细胞中存在5种类型的微管,并且有两个微管组织中心锚定在卵母细胞突起下方。减数分裂重新启动时,生发泡沿微管向动物极移动,至细胞膜下时破裂。微管解聚对照实验证明驱动生发泡移动的细胞结构为微管束。生发泡破裂后,两个微管组织中心组织形成减数分裂纺锤体,然后第一极体以“收缩-排出”的独特方式排出。 本研究填补了刺参繁殖生物学研究中的缺失环节,为刺参人工繁育技术提供理论基础和指导。

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针对目前刺参养殖业中面临的问题,系统研究了刺参的基础生物学、组织学,生理生态学和呼吸生理学特征,评估了刺参的养殖容量,优化了养殖模式,以嵊泗列岛为例,系统研究了刺参南移后的存活和生长等特征。研究结果如下: 1.刺参体腔液细胞存在于刺参的体腔中,体腔液细胞行使免疫防御、营养贮存和运输的功能。根据形态和功能上的特征可分为小淋巴细胞、桑葚细胞、吞噬细胞、结晶细胞、纺缍细胞和振动细胞。体腔液细胞的形态和结构与其功能密切相关。不同特征的细胞可能是同一类型体腔液细胞的不同发育阶段。体腔液细胞平均密度为(3.79 ± 0.65)×106 cells /ml-1. 刺参的血淋巴细胞可分为小淋巴细胞、桑葚细胞、吞噬细胞和结晶细胞。刺参体腔液细胞可分为小淋巴细胞、桑葚细胞、吞噬细胞、结晶细胞、纺锤细胞和振动细胞。刺参吞噬细胞的吞噬率与温度呈正相关,并呈现出强烈的凝集现象。 2.刺参的血管、呼吸树、肌细胞和体腔内皮细胞的超微结构复杂,与其功能密切相关。夏眠前后刺参消化道明显萎缩,上皮细胞重吸收现象显著,结果显示组织结构的改变与外界环境相适应。刺参夏眠时体腔液pH和PO2升高,PCO2降低。连续取样对刺参体腔液血气指标没有显著性影响。刺参体腔液的%Extrw和%EwO2与体重呈负相关。 3.刺参的扰动导致底质中有机物含量、TOC、TN、叶绿素和细菌含量降低,刺参粪便中有机物含量高于周围底质,刺参对摄食底质具有选择性。刺参的扰动能增强底质的稳定性,与对照组相比,硫化物含量和氧化还原电位降低。 4.根据水体理化指标变化和自然沉积有机物的供饵力,结合不同温度下大规格刺参对自然生物沉积物的吸收率,计算刺参的养殖容量。浅海典型水域刺参的养殖容量约为109.40 g y-1m-2。 5.前三岛近岛水域底质有机物含量高于离岸深水水域,且粒度较离岸水域细,大多在0.20 mm以下。刺参的放流浓度和参礁的放置深度应选择在5-12m。刺参的放养规格宜为经人工越冬后体长在8-10厘米的参苗,体重超过30克。 6.研究了三种规格的刺参笼养殖存活和生长特征,初步建立了刺参筏式笼养技术。投喂海带,存活率达到83%以上。密度对刺参的生长有着显著的影响,随着实验的进行,放养密度增加,刺参的体重减小。4月后,随着温度的升高和海况的改变,刺参的生长率下降。刺参南移养殖模式的适宜放养密度应控制在3-5头,放养规格应在40g以上,经过5-6个月的生长能达到100g左右。

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随着全球生态环境的恶化,各国日益重视对水体中各种污染物的治理。利用藻类的吸收、富集和降解作用,可以去除污水中的营养物质、重金属离子和有机污染物,与其他物理、化学及工程的方法相比,该技术具有以下优点:成本低、能耗小、治理效果较好,对环境污染小,有利于资源化,有利于整体生态环境的改善,是治理水质污染的新途径。 本文利用几种大型海藻对富营养化海水进行处理,结果发现孔石莼、刚毛藻均有很强的吸收N、P的能力,吸收能力依次为褶曲刚毛藻>束生刚毛藻>孔石莼。水体中褶曲刚毛藻3 g/L含量,在3~5小时之内,可把中等以上富营养化海水中的N、P降低至一类海水水平。利用刚毛藻处理富营养化地下海水和养殖废水,进行海参和大菱鲆养殖试验,探索藻类净化水质和废水循环利用的新模式,使水体保持较低的营养盐状态,减轻养殖废水对环境的影响,实现了海水养殖业与环境的可持续发展。 刚毛藻在我国近海滩涂分布广泛,利用它来处理富营养化水体,并和水产养殖业相结合,既净化水体,使养殖废水能循环利用,满足水产养殖的需求,又改善水产业生态环境。同时,将回收藻体生产优质饲料、食品和药物等,实现藻类资源的高值利用。刚毛藻营养丰富,用其替代鼠尾藻作海参饲料,资源丰富,成本低,效果好,是一种值得加以开发利用的宝贵资源,具有广泛的应用前景。 生物吸附法是一种经济有效的移除废水中有害重金属离子的方法。由于藻类细胞壁中的多聚糖可提供吸附重金属的位点,廉价而蕴藏丰富的海藻对多种重金属表现出很强的吸附能力。所以本文通过分批实验,研究了非活体刚毛藻对水体中重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附影响因子、吸附热力学、吸附动力学及吸附机理,得到了平衡等温线及动力学数据。吸附过程的最佳pH值为5.0,吸附量随温度的升高而增加,水体中常见的Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+阳离子及Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、C2O42-等阴离子的存在对吸附的影响并不显著。EDTA存在时,吸附百分率大大降低。吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程。刚毛藻对重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附容量很高,25℃时,对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的最大吸附容量分别为1.61 mmol/g、0.96 mmol/g和0.98 mmol/g,且吸附过程为吸热反应。刚毛藻对重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附过程为化学吸附,在吸附过程中藻体表面的官能团可能与金属离子发生了螯合作用。吸附动力学过程符合pseudo-二级动力学模型,在初始的30min内,吸附速率很快,随后速率逐渐降低。解吸试验表明,用EDTA可以对重金属进行回收,刚毛藻可以循环利用。实验结果表明刚毛藻是一种高效、经济实用的生物吸附材料,可用来吸附回收水体中的重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+等。 通过非活体刚毛藻对重金属Cr6+的吸附影响因子、吸附动力学、吸附机理的研究发现,刚毛藻对Cr6+具有很强的还原能力,对电镀废水中的Cr6+的还原去除提供了非常好的方法。吸附过程的最佳pH值为2~3,实际电镀废水通常在此pH范围,因此处理实际废水时,首先在原酸性条件下,对Cr6+进行还原去除,然后调废水pH至5.0,继续进行吸附,去除其他二价离子及被还原的三价Cr离子,实现了利用同一材料还原Cr6+为Cr3+,并将Cr3+和其他重金属离子同时去除。通过对机理的讨论,认为刚毛藻对Cr6+的生物吸附过程不是一个简单的“离子交换过程”,而是一个“吸附还原过程”。在海藻量足够的前提下,只要时间足够长,Cr6+可被彻底还原去除。 利用工业废弃物褐藻渣,对水体中重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+及Cr6+的生物吸附特性分别进行了讨论,结果表明褐藻渣对重金属离子的吸附特性与刚毛藻一致,吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程,在25℃时,pH为5.0时,由Langmuir方程求出褐藻渣对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的最大吸附容量分别为4.20 mmol/g、3.13 mmol/g和2.97 mmol/g。褐藻渣对低、高浓度的重金属Cr6+都具有很强的吸附能力,且移除效果比较彻底。实际应用结果表明,褐藻渣是一种高效、经济实用的生物吸附材料,可用来吸附回收水体中的重金属离子,具有广泛的应用前景。

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The coelomocytes suspended in the coelomic fluid and occurring in the coelomic epithelial layer of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirota: Stichopodidae) function as mediators of the immune system, trephocytic cells and nutrient transport cells. Types of coelomocytes are characterized based on their morphological and ultrastructural features. Flow cytometry plus light and electron microscopic analyses were conducted in order to characterize the coelomocytes of A. japonicus. Six types of coelomocytes were identified: lymphocytes, morula cells, amoebocytes, crystal cells, fusiform cells and vibratile cells. Within these major categories, several distinctive cell types occurred that might represent developmental stages. The mean +/- SD coelomocyte concentration in the individuals (body length: 10 to 15 cm; weight: 100 to 150 g) was (3.79 +/- 0.65) X 10(6) cells ml(-1). The coelomic fluid contained mainly hyalinocytes (76.69%) and granulocytes (23.31 %).

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Apostichopus japonicus is a common sea cucumber that undergoes seasonal inactivity phases and ceases feeding during the summer months. We used this sea cucumber species as a model in which to examine phenotypic plasticity of the digestive tract in response to food deprivation. We measured the body mass, gross gut morphology and digestive enzyme activities of A. japonicus before, during, and after the period of inactivity to examine the effects of food deprivation on the gut structure and function of this animal. Individuals were sampled semi-monthly from June to November (10 sampling intervals over 178 days) across temperature changes of more than 18 degrees C. On 5 September, which represented the peak of inactivity and lack of feeding, A. japonicus decreased its body mass, gut mass and gut length by 50%, 85%, and 70%, respectively, in comparison to values for these parameters preceding the inactive period. The activities of amylase, cellulase and lipase decreased by 77%, 98%, and 35% respectively, in comparison to mean values for these enzymes in June, whereas pepsin activity increased two-fold (luring the inactive phase. Alginase and trypsin activities were variable and did not change significantly across the 178-day experiment. With the exception of amylase and cellulase, all body size indices and digestive enzyme activities recovered and even surpassed the mean values preceding the inactive phase during the latter part of the experiment (October-November). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) utilizing the digestive enzyme activity and body size index data divided the physiological state of this cucumber into four phases: an active stage, prophase of inactivity peak inactivity, and a reversion phase. These phases are all consistent with previously suggested life stages for this species, but our data provide more defined characteristics of each phase. A. japonicus clearly exhibits phenotypic plasticity (or life-cycle staging) of the digestive tract during its annual inactive period. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.