Electronic structures of wurtzite ZnO, BeO, MgO and p-type doping in Zn1-xYxO (Y = Mg, Be)

Using the density function theory within the generalized gradient approximation, the band structures of wurtzite ZnO, BeO and MgO have been calculated. The effective-mass parameters are fitted using the calculated eigenvalues. The Dresselhaus spin-orbit effect appears in the k[1 00] direction, and is zero in the high symmetry direction k[00 1]. The orderings of valence band split by the crystal-field and spin-orbit coupling in wurtzite ZnO, BeO and MgO are identified by analyzing the wave function characters calculated by projecting the wave functions onto p-state in the spherical harmonics. For wurtzite ZnO, the ordering of valence band is Still Gamma(7) > Gamma(9) > Gamma(7) due to the negative spin-orbit coupling splitting energy and the positive crystal-field splitting energy. Thus, the Thomas' conclusion is confirmed. For wurtzite BeO and MgO, although their orderings of valence bands are Gamma(7) > Gamma(9) > Gamma(7) too, the origins of their orderings are different from that of wurtzite ZnO. Zn1-x,YxO (Y = Mg, Be) doped with N and P atoms have been studied using first-principles method. The calculated results show that N atom doped in Zn1-x BexO has more shallow acceptor energy level with increasing the concentration of Be atom. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The formation and electronic structures of 3d transition-metal atoms doped in silicon nanowires

Using first-principles methods, we systematically study the mechanism of defect formation and electronic structures for 3d transition-metal impurities (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co) doped in silicon nanowires. We find that the formation energies of 3d transition-metal impurities with electrons or holes at the defect levels always increase as the diameters of silicon nanowires decrease, which suggests that self-purification, i.e., the difficulty of doping in silicon nanowires, should be an intrinsic effect. The calculated results show that the defect formation energies of Mn and Fe impurities are lower than those of V, Cr, and Co impurities in silicon nanowires. It indicates that Mn and Fe can easily occupy substitutional site in the interior of silicon nanowires. Moreover, they have larger localized moments, which means that they are good candidates for Si-based dilute magnetic semiconductor nanowires. The doping of Mn and Fe atom in silicon nanowires introduces a pair of energy levels with t(2) symmetry. One of which is dominated by 3d electrons of Mn or Fe, and the other by neighboring dangling bonds of Si vacancies. In addition, a set of nonbonding states localized on the transition-metal atom with e symmetry is also introduced. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3000445]

Electronic structure and optical properties of GaN with Mn-doping

Calculations of the electronic structure and the density of states of GaN with Mn are carried out by means of first-principles plane-wave pesudopotential method based on density functional theory. The results reveal a 100% spin polarized impurity band in band structure of Ga1-xMnxN due to hybridization of Mn 3d and N 2p orbitals. The material is half metallic and suited for spin injectors. In addition, a peak of refractive index can be observed near the energy gap. The absorption coefficient increases in the UV region with the increase of the Mn content.

Electronic states of InAs/GaAs tyre-shape quantum ring

In the framework of the effective mass theory, this paper calculates the electron energy levels of an InAs/GaAs tyre-shape quantum ring (TSQR) by using the plane wave basis. The results show that the electron energy levels are sensitively dependent on the TSQR's section thickness d, and insensitively dependent on TSQR's section inner radius R-1 and TSQR's inner radius R-2. The model and results provide useful information for the design and fabrication of InAs/GaAs TSQRs.

Correlations between electronic energy bands spin splitting and magnetic profile symmetry of magnetic superlattice

We have theoretically investigated the energy band structures of two typical magnetic superlattices formed by perpendicular or parallel magnetization ferromagnetic stripes periodically deposited on a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), where the magnetic profile in the perpendicular magnetization is of inversion anti-symmetry, but of inversion symmetry in parallel magnetization, respectively. We have shown that the energy bands of perpendicular magnetization display the spin-splitting and transverse wave-vector symmetry, while the energy bands of the parallel magnetization exhibit spin degeneration and transverse wave-vector asymmetry. These distinguishing spin-dependent and transverse wave-vector asymmetry features are essential for future spintronics devices applications. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electronic energy levels in an asymmetric quantum-dots-in-a-well structure for infrared photodetectors

Theoretical calculation of electronic energy levels of an asymmetric InAs/InGaAS/GaAS quantum-dots-in-a-well (DWELL) structure for infrared photodetectors is performed in the framework of effective-mass envelope-function theory. Our calculated results show that the electronic energy levels in quantum dots (QDs) increase when the asymmetry increases and the ground state energy increases faster than the excited state energies. Furthermore, the results also show that the electronic energy levels in QDs decrease as the size of QDs and the width of quantum well (QW) in the asymmetric DWELL structure increase. Additionally, the effects of asymmetry, the size of QDs and the width of QW on the response peak of asymmetry DWELL photodetectors are also discussed.

Electronic structure and optical gain of wurtzite ZnO nanowires

The electronic structure and optical gain of wurtzite ZnO nanowires are investigated in the framework of effective-mass envelope-function theory. We found that as the elliptical aspect ratio e increases to be larger than a critical value, the hole ground states may change from optically dark to optically bright. The optical gain of ZnO nanowires increases as the hole density increases. For elliptical wire with large e, the y-polarized mode gain can be several thousand cm(-1), while the x-poiarized mode gain may be 26 times smaller than the former, so they can be used as ultraviolet linearly polarized lasers. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

First-principles study of the electronic structures and magnetic properties of 3d transition metal-doped anatase TiO2

We study the electronic structures and magnetic properties of the anatase TiO2 doped with 3d transition metals (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni), using first-principles total energy calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). Using a molecular-orbital bonding model, the electronic structures of the doped anatase TiO2 are well understood. A band coupling model based on d-d level repulsions between the dopant ions is proposed to understand the chemical trend of the magnetic ordering. Ferromagnetism is found to be stabilized in the V-, Cr-, and Co-doped samples if there are no other carrier native defects or dopants. The ferromagnetism in the Cr- and Co-doped samples may be weakened by the donor defects. In the Mn-, and Fe-doped samples, the ferromagnetism can be enhanced by the acceptor and donor defects, respectively.

Electronic structure of a hydrogenic acceptor impurity in semiconductor nano-structures

The electronic structure and binding energy of a hydrogenic acceptor impurity in 2, 1, and 0-dimensional semiconductor nano-structures (i.e. quantum well (QW), quantum well wire (QWW), and quantum dot (QD)) are studied in the framework of effective-mass envelope-function theory. The results show that (1) the energy levels monotonically decrease as the quantum confinement sizes increase; (2) the impurity energy levels decrease more slowly for QWWs and QDs as their sizes increase than for QWs; (3) the changes of the acceptor binding energies are very complex as the quantum confinement size increases; (4) the binding energies monotonically decrease as the acceptor moves away from the nano-structures' center; (5) as the symmetry decreases, the degeneracy is lifted, and the first binding energy level in the QD splits into two branches. Our calculated results are useful for the application of semiconductor nano-structures in electronic and photoelectric devices.

Electronic structure in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs spherical quantum dots

In this paper, how the dots' radius, At concentration and external electric field affect the single electron energy states in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs spherical quantum dots are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the modification of the energy states is calculated when the difference in effective electron mass in GaAs and AlxGa1-xAs are considered. In addition, both the analytical method and the plane wave method are used in calculation and the results are compared, showing that they are in good agreement with each other. The results and methods can provide useful information for the future research and potential applications of quantum dots.

Electronic structures and mechanical properties of uranium monocarbide from first-principles LDA plus U and GGA plus U calculations

The electronic structure, elastic constants, Poisson's ratio, and phonon dispersion curves of UC have been systematically investigated from the first-principles calculations by the projector-augmented-wave (PAW) method. In order to describe precisely the strong on-site Coulomb repulsion among the localized U 5f electrons, we adopt the local density approximation (LDA) + U and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) + U formalisms for the exchange correlation term. We systematically study how the electronic properties and elastic constants of UC are affected by the different choice of U as well as the exchange-correlation potential. We show that by choosing an appropriate Hubbard U parameter within the GGA + U approach, most of our calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Therefore. the results obtained by the GGA + U with effective Hubbard parameter U chosen around 3 eV for UC are considered to be reasonable. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electronic structure and optical gain of truncated InAs1-xNx/GaAs quantum dots

The shape of truncated square-based pyramid quantum dots (QDs) is similar to that of real QDs in experiments. The electronic band structures and optical gain of InAs1-xNx/GaAs QDs are calculated by using the 10-band k.p model, and the strain is calculated by the valence force field (VFF) method. When the top part of the QD is truncated, greater truncation corresponds to a flatter shape of the QD. The truncation changes the strain distribution and the confinement in the z direction. A flatter QD has a greater C1-HH1 transition energy, greater transition matrix element, less detrimental effect of higher excited transition, and higher saturation gain and differential gain. The trade-off between these properties must be considered. From our results, a truncated QD with half of its top part removed has better overall performance. This can provide guidance to growing QDs in experiments in which the proper growing conditions can be controlled to achieve required properties. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structural, elastic, and electronic properties of cubic perovskite BaHfO3 obtained from first principles

We investigated the structural, elastic, and electronic properties of the cubic perovskite-type BaHfO3 using a first-principles method based on the plane-wave basis set. Analysis of the band structure shows that perovskite-type BaHfO3 is a wide gap indirect semiconductor. The band-gap is predicted to be 3.94 eV within the screened exchange local density approximation (sX-LDA). The calculated equilibrium lattice constant of this compound is in good agreement with the available experimental and theoretical data reported in the literatures. The independent elastic constants (C-11, C-12, and C-44), bulk modules B and its pressure derivatives B', compressibility beta, shear modulus G, Young's modulus Y, Poisson's ratio nu, and Lame constants (mu, lambda) are obtained and analyzed in comparison with the available theoretical and experimental data for both the singlecrystalline and polycrystalline BaHfO3. The bonding-charge density calculation make it clear that the covalent bonds exist between the Hf and 0 atoms and the ionic bonds exist between the Ba atoms and HfO3 ionic groups in BaHfO3. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electronic structure and optical gain saturation of InAs1-xNx/GaAs quantum dots

The electronic band structures and optical gains of InAs1-xNx/GaAs pyramid quantum dots (QDs) are calculated using the ten-band k . p model and the valence force field method. The optical gains are calculated using the zero-dimensional optical gain formula with taking into consideration of both homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadenings due to the size fluctuation of quantum dots which follows a normal distribution. With the variation of QD sizes and nitrogen composition, it can be shown that the nitrogen composition and the strains can significantly affect the energy levels especially the conduction band which has repulsion interaction with nitrogen resonant state due to the band anticrossing interaction. It facilitates to achieve emission of longer wavelength (1.33 or 1.55 mu m) lasers for optical fiber communication system. For QD with higher nitrogen composition, it has longer emission wavelength and less detrimental effect of higher excited state transition, but nitrogen composition can affect the maximum gain depending on the factors of transition matrix element and the Fermi-Dirac distributions for electrons in the conduction bands and holes in the valence bands respectively. For larger QD, its maximum optical gain is greater at lower carrier density, but it is slowly surpassed by smaller QD as carrier concentration increases. Larger QD can reach its saturation gain faster, but this saturation gain is smaller than that of smaller QD. So the trade-off between longer wavelength, maximum optical, saturation gain, and differential gain must be considered to select the appropriate QD size according to the specific application requirement. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI 10.1063/1.3143025]

Electronic structure and exciton states in the freestanding ZnO nanorods

The electronic structure and exciton states of cylindrical ZnO nanorods with radius from 2 to 6 nm are investigated based on the framework of the effective-mass theory. Using the adiabatic approximation, the exciton binding energies taking account of the dielectric mismatch are solved exactly when the total angular momentum of the exciton states L = 0 and L = +/- 1. We find that the exciton binding energies can be enhanced greatly by the dielectric mismatch and the calculated results are almost consistent with the experimental data. Meanwhile, we obtain the optical transition rule when the small spin-obit splitting Delta(so) of ZnO is neglected. Furthermore, the radiative lifetime and linear optical susceptibilities chi(w) of the exciton states are calculated theoretically. The theoretical results are consistent with the experimental data very well. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI 10.1063/1.3125456]