34 resultados para Time-varying system


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Two coupled parametric four-wave-mixing processed in Rb atoms are studied using perturbation theory, which reveals clear evidence of the appearance of quantum beat at 608 cm(-1), corresponding to the energy difference of the 7s - 5d states of Rb atoms, in the parametric four-wave-mixing signals. A pump-probe technique is utilized to observe the quantum beat. Time-varying characteristics of the quantum beat are investigated using time-dependent Fourier transform. The results show that the time-varying characteristics of the quantum beat potential tool for monitoring the dissociation of molecules.

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Thermally induced evolution of phase transformations is a basic physical-chemical process in the dissociation of gas hydrate in sediment (GHS). Heat transfer leads to the weakening of the bed soil and the simultaneous establishment of a time varying stress field accompanied by seepage of fluids and deformation of the soil. As a consequence, ground failure could occur causing engineering damage or/and environmental disaster. This paper presents a simplified analysis of the thermal process by assuming that thermal conduction can be decoupled from the flow and deformation process. It is further assumed that phase transformations take place instantaneously. Analytical and numerical results are given for several examples of simplified geometry. Experiments using Tetra-hydro-furan hydrate sediments were carried out in our laboratory to check the theory. By comparison, the theoretical, numerical and experimental results on the evolution of dissociation fronts and temperature in the sediment are found to be in good agreement.

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制革行业是轻工行业中仅次于造纸业的高耗水、重污染行业,作为劳动密集型行业,在解决大量人口就业问题的同时,也对所在地区环境造成了严重污染。目前我国制革行业每年排放废水8,000~12,000万吨,废水中含铬约3,500 t,SS为1.2×105 t,COD为1.8×105 t,BOD为7×104 t,对水体污染严重。 本研究在对厌氧酸化工艺进行研究、一级好氧处理段进行工艺比选研究的基础上,获得了匀质调节—SBBR—BAF的生物处理工艺,并依托该工艺进行了生物强化处理的研究,考察了菌剂的强化运行效果及其处理水回用的可行性。 研究表明,在进水COD>3,000 mg/L,厌氧酸化具有很好的抗冲击作用,保证了好氧工艺出水COD<200 mg/L;在进水COD<3,000 mg/L,可只通过好氧处理实现出水COD<200 mg/L。厌氧酸化停留时间选择不当,会导致厌氧出水硫化物浓度升高,严重影响好氧系统,会使好氧活性污泥因中毒而解絮。 研究表明,当进水COD为2,000~2,500 mg/L,NH4+-N为130~146 mg/L时,COD、NH4+-N去除率SBBR分别为93.8%~96.6%和14.5%~55.9%,SBR分别为88.8%~94.9%和13%~50.7%,表明SBBR优于SBR。同时,研究发现SBBR污泥增长率为0.05 kgVSS/kgCOD,仅为SBR0.57 kgVSS/kgCOD的8.8%。此外,研究发现SBBR在停止运行后经3个运行周期可回复原油能力,而SBR池经9个周期培养也不能恢复,说明SBBR恢复能力明显优于SBR。 研究表明,以匀质调节—SBBR—BAF为主的制革废水处理工艺,出水水质稳定,进水COD 801~2,834 mg/L、NH4+-N 87~203 mg/L,出水COD<80 mg/L、NH4+-N<10 mg/L,基本达到中水回用标准;操作简单灵活,没有污泥回流系统,污泥产率低,污泥处理费用低;工艺基本不需要添加化学药剂,既节约成本、又避免了二次污染;两级生物膜使得该工艺具有很强的耐冲击负荷能力,特别适合制革废水水质水量波动大的特点。 研究表明,高效菌对系统的启动具有一定的促进作用,强化系统生物膜6天可以成熟,对照系统生物膜9天可以成熟。同时高效菌能加速COD降解,缩短停留时间,强化系统6~8 h可使COD<200 mg/L,对照系统8~10 h可使COD<200 mg/L。长期运行表明,强化系统的SBBR在COD和NH4+-N的去除率都优于对照系统的SBBR。最终出水COD强化系统平均为53 mg/L、对照系统为74 mg/L。在模拟循环过程中,强化系统均有更高的稳定性。可实现8次理论循环,而对照系统只能实现4次理论循环。 研究表明,通过合理的工艺设计,可以实现猪皮制革废水达到《污水综合排放标准GB8976-1996》一级标准,同时满足工厂部分用水要求。通过添加高效微生物,可提高生物处理系统处理能力,使处理水能够满足工厂的多次回用。 As a labour-intensive industry, tanning has created large amount of working opportunities as well as caused severe contamination to environment. And it is one of the highest water-consuming and polluting industry, only second to manufacturing. At present time, Chinese leather industry emits wastewater about 80,000,000~120,000,000 t annually, which contains chromium about 3,500 t, SS 1.2×105 t, COD 1.8×105 t, BOD 7×104 t and ambient riverhead has been polluted greatly. Based on the research of anaerobic acidification and comparison of SBBR and SBR, biotreatment process (Homogenization—SBBR—BAF) had been established to amend the disadvantages of traditional sewage treatment such as too much sludge, high cost of advanced treatment and NH4+-N can not reach the emission standard. Research on the bioaugmentation was also been carried out. Researches showed, when COD of influent was beyond 3,000 mg/L, anaerobic acidification could resist strong impact, thus COD of effluent was less than 200 mg/L; when COD of influent was less than 3,000 mg/L, only throughout aerobic sewage treatment could COD of effluent beless than 200 mg/L. False residence tiome of anaerobic acidification would lead to the higher effluent concentration of sulfide and disintegration of aerobic activated sludge. Researches showed SBBR worked a better than SBR: when influent between 2,000 and 2,500 mg/L, NH4+-N between 130 mg/L and 146 mg/L, COD, NH4+-N removal rate of SBBR was 93.3%~96.6%, 14.5%~55.9% respectively while COD, NH4+-N removal rate of SBR was 88.8%~94.9%, 13%~50.7% respectively. Sludge growth rate of SBBR was 8.8% of that of 0.05 kgVSS/kgCOD. Besides, SBBR could recovered after 3 operating periods while SBR worked no better after 9 operating periods.Therefore, SBBR excelled SBR. Researches showed, effluent quantity of tannery wastewater treatment process (Homogenization—SBBR—BAF) was stable. When COD of influent was between 801 and 2,834 mg/L, NH4+-N was between 87 mg/L and 203 mg/L, COD of effluent was less than 80 mg/L, NH4+-N was less than 10 mg/L, which achieved the standard of reuse. This biotreatment was featured in low cost, easy and flexible management, less sludge, no inverse sludge system. Besides, this technique required no chemical, which could lower the cost and avoid secondary pollution. Great resistant of impact due to two membranes and was suitable for tannery wastewater which was featured by fluctuation of influent quality and quantity. Researches showed effective microorganisms promotes the startup of the process.Biofilm in the bioaugmentation process matured with 6 days while biofilm in normal process matured with 9 days. Effective microorganisms could accelerate the degradation of COD and shorten the residence time. Aggrandizement system could make COD<200 mg/L with 6 to8 hours while cntrolling system could make COD<200 mg/L with 8 to 10 hours. Long-term operating shows that SBBR in the bioaugmentation system worked better than the normal system in the treatment of COD and NH4+-N. The average COC of effluent in bioaugmentation system was 53 mg/L, normal system was 74 mg/L. In the simulative circulation process,aggrandizement process, which could fulfill 8 times theoretical circulation, works more stably than controlling process which could only fulfill 4 times theoretical circulation. Researches showed that reasonable design could make the wastewater meet the first grade of discharging standard of National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8976-1996), and partially meet the demand of water using of the factory. Adding effective microorganisms could enhance the biotreatment and make the effluents reuse many times.

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PC性能的不断提高及实时操作系统内核的出现,促使了一种基于PC和现场总线的新型控制系统的诞生。由于该系统成本低,占用空间少,在联网、监控等方面有突出优点,并且PC机性能已经非常可靠,所以它可以取代传统的PLC来完成实时控制任务。为了验证系统的可行性,文章系统地介绍了这类新型控制系统的优点和整体软硬件结构,并对其中一个重要的性能指标——响应时间,进行了详细分析,然后通过一个实际系统——自动传输线系统,验证了这一控制系统的可行性。

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论文设计研制了行为辅助机器人验证平台,以此平台为基础可以针对行为辅助机器人进行力控制研究。针对机器人力控制的实际要求,设计了行为辅助机器人柔性关节结构,辨识了系统参数。基于QNX实时操作系统设计了控制系统软件。机器人控制系统软件主要包括传感器数据采集和控制算法两部分,可以满足柔性关节控制需求。

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用于非线性椭球估计的扩展集员算法在实际应用中存存着数值稳定性差、计算复杂度高以及滤波器参数难以选择等问题.本文提出了一种基于UD分解的自适应扩展集员估计算法,用于解决非线性系统时变状态和参数的联合估计和定界问题.新算法将UD分解与序列更新和选择更新策略结合起米,改进了传统扩展集员算法的数值稳定性和实时性能;同时,对滤波器参数进行自适应选择以进一步降低计算复杂度并达到次优估计结果.仿真实验表明了该算法的有效性和鲁棒性.

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随着嵌入式计算技术的飞速发展,多种功能强大的微处理器和相应嵌入式操作系统也相继问世。选择合适的嵌入式操作系统和处理器平台进行移植成为嵌入式开发的重要技术环节。本文介绍了开源嵌入式实时操作系统RTOS(Real Time Operating System)T-Kernel和Blackfin(BF)533处理器及其开发环境VisualDSP++4.5Environment,给出了中断管理、任务切换和系统调用入口三个模块的移植方法,并讨论了相应的系统稳定性和实时性测试方法。日本T-Engine组织推出的T-Kernel RTOS拥有高实时性、小体积的内核,并强调对底层处理器全面封装;ADI Blackfin系列微处理器同时具有DSP和MCU的特点,非常适合于移植RTOS。因此T-Kernel在BF533上的移植是一个典型的开发应用实例,其移植分析方法对于其他嵌入式RTOS移植也具有参考价值。

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直升机航向动力学包含输入非线性、时变参数和主-尾旋翼之间的强耦合,传统的比例积分微分(Proportional integral differential,PID)方法很难达到良好的控制性能。基于以上原因,通过把自调整神经元与滑模控制相结合,提出一种能够解决带有输入非线性的航向自适应控制方法。与常规自适应控制相比,用滑模条件代替误差函数作为目标函数,使控制器在保证闭环稳定性的同时,能够进一步使跟踪误差满足期望精度。证明了该方法的稳定性,针对实际模型直升机试验平台航向动力学模型的仿真结果,以及与传统PID方法的比较都表明了该方法的有效性。

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从系统组成、功能需求和体系结构方面介绍了航天器空间对接仿真系统的实时多任务控制系统,基于有限状态机和Petri网方法对其进行了单任务级和多任务级的分析建模,并以此为基础完成系统的详细设计,其中应用分叉和资源共享模型实现了系统的同步和互斥问题。实际应用中应用工程化和模块化的方法完成系统设计,系统运行性能良好。试验证明这种分析设计方法合理可行。

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以模糊推理和遗传算法为基础,提出了一种新的具有不完全微分的最优PID控制器的设计方法,该控制器由离线和在线两部分组成,在离线部分,以系统响应的超调量、上升时间以及调整时间为性能指标,利用遗传算法搜索出一组最优的PID参数Kp^*、Ti^*和Td^*,作为在线部分调整的初始值,在在线部分,一个专用的PID参数优化程序以离线部分获得Kp^*、Ti^*和Td^*为基础,根据系统当前的误差e和误差变化率e^.,通过一个模糊推理系统在线调整系统瞬态响应的PID参数,以确保系统的响应具有最优的动态和稳态性能.该控制器已被用来控制由作者设计的智能仿生人工腿中的执行电机.计算机仿真结果表明,该控制器具有良好的控制性能和鲁棒性能。

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提出了一种基于模糊推理与遗传算法的最优PID控制器的设计方法,该控制器由离线和在线2部分组成,在离线部分,以系统响应的超调量、上升时间及调速时间为性能指标,利用遗传算法搜索出一组最优的PID参数Kp^*,Ti^*及Td^*,为在线部分调节的初始值,在在线部分,采用一个专用的PID参数优化程序,以离线部分获得的Kp^*,Ti^*及Td^*为基础,根据系统当前的误差e和误差变化率·↑e,通过模糊推理在线调整系统瞬态响应的PID参数,以确保系统的响应具有最优的动态和稳态性能,计算机仿真结果表明,与传统的PID控制器相比,这种最优PID控制器具有良好的控制性能和鲁棒性能,可用于控制不同的对象和过程。

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针对自治水下机器人 (AUVs)开发和研究中的瓶颈问题 ,该文开展了AUV实时仿真系统的研究工作。该文提出了采用半实物实时仿真模式 ,建立实时仿真系统平台的方案 ,并对实时仿真系统平台的硬件结构和软件结构进行了详细设计。在方案设计的基础上 ,正在进行实时仿真系统平台开发和研制工作

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研究多移动机器人的实时运动规划问题,提出了运动规划问题的体系结构,并将最优控制与智能决策相结合,建立实时专家系统,在其支持下,使机器人在时间—能量最优情况下完成规划策略。仿真结果表明该方法具有很强的实时性。

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本文介绍了一个用于供电系统的DPCS,以及智能控制─实时专家系统控制在DPCS中的应用、特点和实现。

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随着工业机器人及其应用的不断发展,要求一个强有力的计算机系统来控制它的工作,并具有灵活、方便的机器人编程语言.本文系统地介绍了我们自行设计并实现的一个先进的机器人控制系统——ARCS.该系统主要包括两部分:(1)一个实时多任务的机器人控制软件SVAL系统,该系统支持一种通用性较强的机器人编程语言——SVAL语言.(2)一个支持该软件系统工作的、具有开放式结构的硬件环境.ARCS系统具有良好的实时性、可扩展性及基于外部传感器信号进行控制的能力.由于该系统的开放式结构.使其根据不同要求可方便地增删其功能,并可控制不同类型的机器人.我们已成功地实现对PUMA760机器人的控制,并在其上引入了力觉与接近觉的传感器,采样时间可缩短到16ms.一年多的运行结果证明,该系统稳定可靠,性能良好,现在正向产品转化.