31 resultados para Pt(1 1 1) surface
Resumo:
The effects of growth temperature and V/III ratio on the InN initial nucleation of islands on the GaN (0 0 0 1) surface were investigated. It is found that InN nuclei density increases with decreasing growth temperature between 375 and 525 degrees C. At lower growth temperatures, InN thin films take the form of small and closely packed islands with diameters of less than 100 nm, whereas at elevated temperatures the InN islands can grow larger and well separated, approaching an equilibrium hexagonal shape due to enhanced surface diffusion of adatoms. At a given growth temperature of 500 degrees C, a controllable density and size of separated InN islands can be achieved by adjusting the V/III ratio. The larger islands lead to fewer defects when they are coalesced. Comparatively, the electrical properties of the films grown under higher V/III ratio are improved.
Resumo:
The differences between connectionism and symbolicism in artificial intelligence (AI) are illustrated on several aspects in details firstly; then after conceptually decision factors of connectionism are proposed, the commonalities between connectionism and symbolicism are tested to make sure, by some quite typical logic mathematics operation examples such as "parity"; At last, neuron structures are expanded by modifying neuron weights and thresholds in artificial neural networks through adopting high dimensional space geometry cognition, which give more overall development space, and embodied further both commonalities.
Resumo:
Dynamic Power Management (DPM) is a technique to reduce power consumption of electronic system by selectively shutting down idle components. In this article we try to introduce back propagation network and radial basis network into the research of the system-level power management policies. We proposed two PM policies-Back propagation Power Management (BPPM) and Radial Basis Function Power Management (RBFPM) which are based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Our experiments show that the two power management policies greatly lowered the system-level power consumption and have higher performance than traditional Power Management(PM) techniques-BPPM is 1.09-competitive and RBFPM is 1.08-competitive vs. 1.79, 1.45, 1.18-competitive separately for traditional timeout PM, adaptive predictive PM and stochastic PM.
Resumo:
In this paper, we redefine the sample points set in the feature space from the point of view of weighted graph and propose a new covering model - Multi-Degree-of-Freedorn Neurons (MDFN). Base on this model, we describe a geometric learning algorithm with 3-degree-of-freedom neurons. It identifies the sample points secs topological character in the feature space, which is different from the traditional "separation" method. Experiment results demonstrates the general superiority of this algorithm over the traditional PCA+NN algorithm in terms of efficiency and accuracy.
Resumo:
Novel compact design for 4-channel SOI-based reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer using microring resonators is presented and analyzed. Microring resonators have two important attributes as a key new technology for future optical communications, namely functionality and compactness. Functionality refers to the fact that a wide range of desirable filter characteristics can be synthesized by coupling multiple rings. Compactness refers the fact that ring resonators with radii about 30 mu m can lead to large scale integration of devices with densities on the order of 10(4) similar to 10(5) devices per square centimeter. A 4-channel reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer comprises a grid-like array of ridge waveguides which perpendicularly cross through each other. SOI-based resonators consisted of multiple rings at each of the cross-grid nodes serve as the wavelength selective switch, and they can switch an optical signal between two ports by means of tuning refractive index of one of the rings. The thermo-optic coefficient of silicon is 1.86x 10(-4) /K. Thus a temperature rise of 27K will increase the refractive index by 5 x 10(-3), which is enough to cause the switching of our designed microring resonators. The thermo-optic effect is used to suppress the resonator power transfer, rather than to promote loss. Thus, the input signal only suffers small attenuation and simultaneously low crosstalk can be achieved by using multiple rings.
Resumo:
In this paper, we redefine the sample points set in the feature space from the point of view of weighted graph and propose a new covering model - Multi-Degree-of-Freedorn Neurons (MDFN). Base on this model, we describe a geometric learning algorithm with 3-degree-of-freedom neurons. It identifies the sample points secs topological character in the feature space, which is different from the traditional "separation" method. Experiment results demonstrates the general superiority of this algorithm over the traditional PCA+NN algorithm in terms of efficiency and accuracy.
Resumo:
微尺度相变传热广泛存在于微反应器、微型燃料电池、微蒸发器、微冷凝器、微热管、微汽泡执行器等微流控器件中,研究微流控系统中的相变问题对于微流控器件的设计和运行具有重要的科学意义。本文针对三类典型的微尺度相变问题,即微尺度流动沸腾、微尺度流动凝结以及微加热器上的汽泡动力学进行了深入细致的研究,实验研究中所采用的实验件均为标准MEMS微加工工艺制作,克服了常规机械加工所造成的表面粗糙度的影响。 考虑到微流控系统中大量应用交叉型、弯曲型等复杂结构的微通道,在微尺度流动沸腾研究中,设计了一种具有交错微通道结构的微流控芯片,并以丙酮为工质,对该芯片内的流动沸腾进行了研究。发现了周期为毫秒量级微时间尺度的流型结构,整个周期包括单相液体充液、两相分层流以及部分蒸干的液膜流三个阶段;在单个微通道区域,由于蒸发动量力的作用,液膜沿流动方向呈非均匀分布,蒸干首先发生在上游;由于液相弗劳德数较小,导致微通道中依然存在分层流流型。由于毕渥数较小,芯片背面温度几乎与芯片内壁面温度保持同步变化。虽然红外热像仪的响应频率较低,但仍然可以鉴别出由于流型周期性转换导致的壁面温度脉动。 在微尺度流动凝结换热研究中,为便于获取凝结过程的动态流动特性,设计了一种低高宽比的单微通道,并以水为工质,对该微通道中的流动凝结换热进行了研究。实验中采取了空气自然对流冷却和 水强制对流冷却两种冷却强度。研究发现,该微通道中的凝结换热呈周期性,其周期在毫秒量级。在通道上游入口处,存在一个呈准静止状态的长汽弹,汽弹前端周期性脱离汽泡。增加冷却强度会使汽泡的脱离频率增大,脱离直径减小;长汽弹前端周期性脱离汽泡是由于汽液界面具有较大的韦伯数。汽泡在该微通道内的运动过程中直径基本不变是由于汽泡在通道内的滞留时间远小于汽泡完全冷凝所需的总时间。 为澄清并联通道的多通道效应对微尺度凝结换热的影响,作者设计了由三个矩形通道组成的并联微通道冷凝器。研究发现,通道中的流型结构与单通道凝结过程类似,均为上游呈准静止状态的长汽弹和下游周期性的汽泡脱离。在中间通道和侧通道中,总共发现了三种不同的汽泡脱离模式,即单汽丝断裂模式、双汽丝同步断裂模式以及双汽丝非同步断裂模式。多通道效应主要表现在由于硅基固体导热的影响,三个通道中具有不同的温度分布,中间通道的温度关于其中心线成对称分布,而两侧通道中的高温区域均靠向中间通道。虽然硅具有良好的导热性,整个硅基上的温差很小,但在微尺度下,小温差依然可以导致较大的温度梯度,造成中间通道的双汽丝关于其中心线成对称分布,并且总是发生同步断裂;侧通道中的双汽丝偏向中间通道,并且在靠近中间通道的一侧汽丝总是首先发生断裂。由于温度梯度引起的Maragnoni对流效应,侧通道中的汽泡脱离后便靠向高温侧。 在微汽泡动力学研究中,设计了一种尺寸为 的Pt薄膜微加热器,研究了脉冲控制参数对微加热器上汽泡动力学特性的影响。研究发现在该微加热器上发生汽泡核化时,核化温度均达到液体的过热极限,因此为均质核化过程。在不同的脉冲控制参数下,存在三类不同的汽泡动力学特性,即(1)汽泡爆炸性生长和冷凝以及汽泡二次生长;(2)汽泡爆炸性生长继而分裂、吸引并聚合;(3)汽泡振荡生长而后持续生长并最终达到稳定状态。在第(1)类中,汽泡二次生长是由于脉冲加热过程中在玻璃基片上储存了热量;在第(2)类中,汽泡冷凝过程中的Marangoni效应导致分裂后的汽泡互相吸引并最终聚合。在第(3)类中,汽泡尺寸最终达到稳定是由于汽泡内蒸汽的发生量与汽液界面上蒸汽的凝结量相等。 本文的研究将为微反应器、微型燃料电池、微换热器、微汽泡执行器等相变微流控系统的设计和运行提供科学指导。
Resumo:
为了提高直接甲醇质子交换膜燃料电池阳极催化剂的活性和降低毒化现象,本论文选择并且通过电化学阴极还原一阳极氧化的方法制备了铂修饰的氧化钦电极和铂、钉共修饰的氧化钦电极两种修饰电极,对于甲醇在两种修饰电极上的电催化氧化行为进行了研究;通过化学还原和溶胶一凝胶两步骤法制备了碳载Pt-TiO_2和碳载Pt-Ru-TiO_2复合催化剂,运用测定极化曲线和放电寿命的方法考察了催化剂对于甲醇的电催化氧化活性,研究了热处理条件对催化剂性能的影响佩研究了改变催化剂的组成对性能的影响.通过XPS, XRD,TEM等技术对催化剂性能改进的原因进行了分析,并且对催化剂作用的机理进行了合理的推导.初步研究了几种催化剂对CO的电催化氧化。并得到如下结果: 1.用电化学方法制备的Pt-TiO_x/Ti、Pt-Ru-TM/Ti电极对甲醇的氧化呈现了很好的电催化活性,比相应的Pt和Pt-Ru电极的活性要高出很多。Pt-Ru-Ti电极对甲醇的电催化高于Pt-TiO_x/Ti电极。其中TiO_x是TiO_2和TiO(OH)的混合物,甲醇在Pt-TiO_x/Ti电极和Pt-Ru-TiOX_/Ti电极上氧化的最终产物是CO_2。 Pt-TiO_X/Ti电极对甲醇的氧化呈现了很好的电催化活性的原因之一是Pt和TiO_x粒子之间的很好分散。由于Pt和TiO_x粒子的相互作用,甲醇氧化的中间产物如CO在电极表面的吸附能力大大降低,因此,降低了电极被甲醇氧化的中间产物毒化的可能性,这是Pt-TiO_x/Ti电极对甲醇的氧化呈现了很好的电催化活性的重要原因。由于Pt, Ru, TiO、之间的协同作用,Pt-Ru-TiO_x/Ti电极对甲醇的氧化呈现了比Pt-TiO_x/Ti电极更高的电催化活性。但由于在较高的过电位下,Ru易生成氧化物,并易在酸性溶液中溶解,因此,Pt-Ru-TiO_x/Ti电极最宜在中性溶液中使用修饰电极表面的修饰层由分散度很高的Pt和TiO_x粒子或Pt、Ru和TiO_x粒子组成,高的催化活性是各物种之间协同作用的结果。由于Pt和Ti0:粒子以及Pt, Ru和Ti0:粒子的相互作用,甲醇氧化的中间产物如CO在电极表面的吸附能力大大降低,因此,降低了电极被甲醇氧化的中间产物毒化的可能性。2.通过化学还原和溶胶一凝胶法制备的Pt-TiO_2/C催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化呈现出了很好的活性和稳定性。这主要是由于Pt和TiO_x之间的协同作用使甲醇氧化的中间产物中的毒化物种易氧化成最终产物的结果。其次是用这种方法制得的Pt-TiO_2/C催化剂中各组分具有较小粒径,并能很好相互分散。另外,催化剂中的Ti和Pt的原子比也有很大的影响,当Ti和Pt的原子比为1/2时,所得的催化剂的性能最好。这是由于合适的Ti和Pt的原子比使Pt和TiO_x产生最佳的协同作用,另外Ti0:的导电性较差要求Pt有较多的含量。在500℃下热处理后,催化剂的性能得到进一步的改善,这是由于热处理使催化剂中Pt金属的含量增加,而R氧化物的含量降低引起的。这种催化剂有望能在DMPEMFC实际使用。用同样方法制备的Pt-Ru-TiO_2/C催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化呈现出了比Pt-TiO_2/C催化剂更高的活性,但性能提高的不是很多,这主要是由于催化剂中的Ru及其氧化物所起到的作用与TiO_x相似,在催化剂中氧化物的比例较高时,降低了电极的导电性的缘故.Pt-Ru-TiO_2/C催化剂的稳定性不如Pt-TiO_2/C催化剂好,这主要是因为Ru金属及其氧化物在酸性介质中容易溶解,造成这些物种在催化剂中减少,影响到催化剂的性能.3.对于CO电催化氧化研究的结果表明,用电化学阴极还原一阳极氧化法制得的Pt-TiO_x/Ti修饰电极与P七电极相比,对CO氧化的峰电位发生负移,具有更高的催化活性;与Pt/C催化剂相比,由于TiO_x的存在,Pt-TiO_2/C催化剂对于CO氧化的活性得到了提高。
Resumo:
本文对电解熔融氯化物制备稀土金属钕及钕铁、镝铁合金的电极过程及镝在镝铝合金中的扩散系数,用氯化物熔体电解制备钕铁合金的电解工艺,进行了系统研究。利用线性扫描伏安法(LSV)和计时电位法研究了Nd~(3+),Dy~(3+)在等摩尔Kcl-NaCl熔体中,在Mo, Fe, Pt三种不同电极上的电极过程;还研究了在可耗铁电极上,电解制备NdFe合金的电解工艺;测定了Dy~(3+)在该熔体中的扩散系数及Dy原子在Al-Dy合金中的扩散系数。研究结果表明,Nd~(3+)在Mo电极上的反应接近于扩散控制的反应。为不可逆过程。反应是一步完成的,转移系数α为0.8。计时电位法证明,Nd同熔体具有较强烈地作用。Nd~(3+)在Fe电极上的反应二步进行。首先是Nd的析出,立即与Fe合金化生成NdFe合金。经X-射线衍射分析证明,合金组成为Nd_2Fe。由于合金化的结果,使Nd~(3+)的析出电位向正方向飘移。第二步反应是由于有大量的Nd析出,Nd向Fe电极内部的扩散已不足以使析出的Nd与Fe合金化,造成纯Nd的析出。由于Nd沉积在电极表面上,活度逐渐趋向于1,故Nd~(3+)的析出电位又向负方向飘移。由于合金化,反应的全过程为不可逆的,αn为0.55~0.65。NdFe合金电解工艺的研究表明,利用体系NdCl_3-Kcl·NaCl-LiF是合适的。LiF的加入有助于溶解电解质中的水不溶物,降低熔体的粘度。浓度和温度对合金化影响较大。深度过高,则有大量纯Nd析出。由于Nd同熔体作用强烈,对电解不利。浓度太低,则金属Na易析出导致电流效率降低。温度高,有利于合金化;但合金中Nd的含量过高且电解质挥发严重;并且Nd同熔体的作用更强烈了。控制电解温度在750~800 ℃,有利于形成合金。我们得到最佳电解工艺条件为:当温度在750~760 ℃时;电流密度在10~13安培/厘米~2;NdCl_3浓度为30%(wt)时,电流效率达最大值为56%。利用LSV和计时电位法对Dy~(3+)在Mo电极上的电极过程进行研究的结果表明,Dy~(3+)在Mo电极上的反应为一步生成金属的反应。反应是扩散控制的可逆过程。反应式为Dy~(3+) + 3e = Dy。利用扫描电镜进一步证实了这个结果。计时电位法测得了Dy~(3+)在该熔体中的扩散系数D与温度下的关系为LgD = 1.65 - 7376/T ± 0.34。同Nd比较,Dy同熔体的作用不很强烈。Dy~(3+)在Mo电极上的电极过程很好地符合可逆反应的规律。LSV方法研究Dy~(3+)在Pt,Fe电极上的电极过程表明,Dy~(3+)在Pt电极上的反应分二步进行。第一步反应为扩散控制的可逆反应。用卷积积分计算出第一步反应的转移电子数为1。与利用扩散方程计算的结果一致。所以,Dy~(3+)在Pt电极上的反应为,Dy~(3+) + e = Dy~(2+) ,Dy~(2+) + 2e = Dy。Dy~(3+)在Fe电极上的反应为不可逆过程。反应为一步还原为金属的反应。阳极溶解伏安曲线表明,Dy在低于800 ℃不与Fe形成合金。在Fe为电极制备DyFe合金,电解温度选择在900 ℃左右为宜。利用阳极计时电位法测定了Dy在Al-Dy合金中的扩散系数。结果表明,Dy在合金内部向合金表面的扩散为阳极溶解反应的控制步骤。测得扩散系数同温度的关系为LgD = 5.81 - 10662/T ± 0.51。(700~850 ℃)扩散活化能为204.1 kJ/mole。较高的活化能说明Dy在Al-Dy合金中的扩散相当困难。
Resumo:
本论文主要包括以下两部分: 利用能量为50 MeV的 12 C 束流,通过反应 130 Te( 12 C,3n)产生了 139 Ce 的高自旋态。 基于标准在束核谱学实验方法,利用由14套BGO(AC)HPGe 探测器组成的探测器阵 列,进行了X- γ -t和 γ - γ -t符合测量,更新并扩展了 139 Ce 的高自旋能级纲图。139 Ce 的能级结构具有球形原子核的典型特征,其高自旋态是由单粒子激发形成的。本文利用 经验壳模型计算了 139 Ce 的多准粒子激发态能量,研究了其高自旋激发态的多准粒子特 性。 利用能量为88和95 MeV的 18 O 束流,通过重离子熔合蒸发反应 176 Yb( 18 O,5n),布 居了 189 Pt 的高自旋激发态。实验采用 GEMINI γ射线探测器阵列,进行了X- γ -t 和 γ - γ -t 符合测量。基于γ - γ符合关系、γ射线相对强度、强度平衡原理和交叉跃迁等 信息,建立了新的 189 Pt 高自旋态能级纲图。实验观测到基于 1 13/2 i υ − , 5/23/2 () f p υ 和 2 13/25/23/2 () ifp υυ − 组态的转动带以及多准粒子激发能级。其中, 1 13/2 i υ − 带的优惠和非优惠旋 称分支分别被扩展到 49/2+ 和31/2+ 能级。本工作利用三轴粒子-转子模型分析了基于 1 13/2 i υ − , 5/23/2 () f p υ 组态的转动带性质,分析了它们波函数的主要成分,并建议它们分别 具有三轴形变和长椭形变。实验上发现结构非常相近的两个能级序列,我们建议它们具 有 2 13/25/23/2 () ifp υυ − 组态。第一次利用粒子-转子模型计算了这个基于三准粒子组态的转动 带能级能量,很好地再现了实验结果,并建议此带具有扁椭形变。由于与这个组态相应 的 Nilsson 轨道量子数显示了赝自旋量子数特征,我们建议此三准粒子组态转动带为赝 自旋伙伴带。
Resumo:
We have analyzed the propagation rate of the chemical waves observed during the course of CO oxidation on a Ag/Pt(I 10) composite surface that were reported in our previous papers [Surf Interface Anal. 2001, 32, 179; J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 5645]. In all cases, the propagation rate v can be adequately fitted as v = v(0) + D-0/d, in which v(0) and D-0 are constants, and d is the distance between the reaction front of the chemical wave and the boundary from which the chemical wave originates. We propose that the surface species responsible for the formation of the chemical wave comes from two paths: the adsorption of molecules in the gas phase on the surface and the migration from the adjacent surface with different catalytic activity. v(0) corresponds to the contribution from the surface species due to the adsorption, and D-0/d to that of the surface species that migrates from the adjacent surface. The rate equation clearly suggests that the observed chemical wave results from the coupling between adjacent surfaces with different catalytic activities during the course of heterogeneous catalysis. These results, together with our previous reports, provide a good fundamental understanding of spillover, an important phenomenon in heterogeneous catalysis.
Resumo:
in this communication, a novel Er3+ complex Er(PT)(3)TPPO [PT = 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-tert-butylbenzoyl-5-pyrazolone, TPPO = triphenyl phosphine oxide] is successfully synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Its optical properties and the energy transfer process from the ligand PT to the Er3+ ion are investigated, the typical near-infrared (NIR) luminescence (centered at around 1530 nm) is attributed to the I-4(13/2) -> I-4(15/2) transition of Er3+ ion which results from the efficient energy transfer from PT to Er3+ ion (an antenna effect). The wider full width at half maximum (78 nm) peaked at 1530 nm in the emission spectrum and the Judd-Ofelt theory calculation on the radiative properties suggest that Er(PT)(3)TPPO should be a promising candidate for tunable lasers and planar optical amplifiers.
Resumo:
研究简单且高灵敏度的检测广谱抗癌药物顺铂(cis-Pt)的新方法在临床上具有重要意义.无机纳米粒子由于具有特殊的光(电)学性质以及其它与形状或粒径有关的性质,近十年来已被广泛应用于各种生物分析和生物医学检测技术中[1,2].本文报道了一种以金纳米粒子表面等离子吸收带变化为基础,通过DNA与cis-Pt相互作用来检测溶液中cis-Pt浓度的新型比色法.1实验部分1.1试剂与仪器实验所用多肽(CALNN)、互补DNA(5′-GAGAGACCGAGAGAGAAA-3′)和多肽-DNA(CALNN-5′-AAAAATTTCTCTCTCGGTCTCTC-3′)均购自Alta Biosciences公司(UK);cis-Pt购自Sigma公司(USA).其它试剂均为分析纯;实验用水为18.2MΩ超纯水.JEOL2010电子透射显微镜(日本电子);紫外分光光度计UVMini-1240(日本岛津);AMX2-400核磁共振仪(布鲁克);X射线等离子质谱仪(英国热电).1.2表面修饰多肽/多肽-DNA的金纳米粒子...
Resumo:
Au-Pt core-shell nanoparticles were prepared on glass surface by a seed growth method. Gold nanoparticles were used as seeds and ascorbic acid-H2PtCL6 solutions as growth solutions to deposit Pt shell on the surface of gold nanoparticles. These core-shell nanoparticles and their growth process were examined by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and field-emission environmental scanning electron microscopy and the results indicated that the deposition speed was fast and nanoparticles with obvious core-shell structure could be obtained after 2 min. Moreover, this seed growth method for preparation of the core-shell nanoparticles is simple and convenient compared with other seed growth methods with NH4OH as a mild reductant. In addition, electrochemical experiments indicated that these Au-Pt core-shell nanoparticles had similar electrochemical properties to those of the bulk Pt electrode.
Resumo:
Pt金属是直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)常用的催化剂犤1~3犦。为了尽可能减少Pt金属用量,提高Pt的分散度,人们总是选择具有高表面积的基质,如石墨、碳黑、活性碳、分子筛、质子交换膜等,作为Pt金属的载体犤3~5犦。最初,人们以为载体的作用仅仅是提供表面积和多孔气体扩散电极的骨架,使Pt微粒可以有更大的比表面积与反应物接触,但是现在普遍认为犤1犦,当Pt金属负载在活性炭上时,它们中的催化性能有一部分应归结于金属和载体之间的相互作用,因此,载体的形貌及物理化学性质直接影响着催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化活性。碳纳米管(CNTs)由于其拥有纳米级管腔结构、较高的比表面积、类石墨的多层管壁等特点,使它在做催化剂载体方面有着良好的应用前景犤6~9犦。CheGuangli等人犤6犦在探索CNTs的潜在用途时,曾研究了将Pt、Ru、PtRu等金属或合金沉积在CNTs的内壁,并讨论了其在DMFC上的潜在用途。本文通过液相化学还原的方法制得Pt载量为20%的Pt/CNTs催化剂,并研究了预处理对催化剂形貌、表面基团及其对甲醇电催化氧化性能的影响。1实验部分1.1试剂和仪器实验所用试剂均为分析纯,所有溶液均用三次蒸馏水配制。