A photonic crystal waveguide with silicon on insulator in the near-infrared band

A two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal waveguide in the Gamma-K direction with triangular lattice on a silicon-on insulator (SOI) substrate in the near-infrared band is fabricated by the combination of electron beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma etching. Its transmission characteristics are analysed from the stimulated band diagram by the effective index and the 2D plane wave expansion (PWE) methods. In the experiment, the transmission band edge in a longer wavelength of the photonic crystal waveguide is about 1590 nm, which is in good qualitative agreement with the simulated value. However, there is a disagreement between the experimental and the simulated results when the wavelength ranges from 1607 to 1630 nm, which can be considered as due to the unpolarized source used in the transmission measurement.

Electron irradiation induced defects in high temperature annealed InP single crystal

Electron irradiation induced defects in InP material which has been formed by high temperature annealing undoped InP in different atmosphere have been studied in this paper. In addition to Fe acceptor, there is no obvious defect peak in the sample before irradiation, whereas five defect peaks with activation energies of 0.23 eV, 0.26 eV, 0.31 eV, 0.37 eV and 0.46 eV have been detected after irradiation. InP annealed in P ambient has more thermally induced defects, and the defects induced by electron irradiation have characteristics of complex defect. After irradiation, carrier concentration and mobility of the samples have suffered obvious changes. Under the same condition, electron irradiation induced defects have fast recovery behavior in the FeP2 ambient annealed InP. The nature of defects, as well as their recovery mechanism and influence on material property have been discussed from the results.

生长温度对InAs／GaSb超晶格晶体结构和表面形貌的影响

采用分子束外延（MBE）技术，在GaSb（100）衬底上外延生长InAs（4ML）／GaSb（8ML）超晶格（SLs）。研究了生长温度（400～440℃）对超晶格晶体结构和表面形貌的影响。结果表明，420℃生长的超晶格结构完整和表面粗糙度最小，其荧光光谱（PL）峰值波长在约2．54μm处，响应光谱50％截止波长在约2．4μm处。通过控制快门顺序形成InSb和混合两种界面，并发现生长温度强烈影响混合界面InAs／GaSb超晶格结构和表面形貌，而对InSb界面超晶格的影响较小。

高温退火后非掺杂磷化铟材料的电子辐照缺陷

对不同气氛下高温退火非掺杂磷化铟(InP)材料的电子辐照缺陷进行了研究. 除铁受主外，磷化铁(FeP_2)气氛下退火后的InP中辐照前没有深能级缺陷，而辐照后样品的热激电流谱(TSC)中出现了5个较为明显的缺陷峰，对应的激活能分别为0.23 _eV, 0.26 _eV, 0.31 _eV, 0.37 _eV和0.46 _eV. 磷(P)气氛下退火后InP中的热生缺陷较多，电子辐照后形成的缺陷具有复合体特征. 与辐照前相比，辐照后样品的载流子浓度和迁移率产生显著变化. 在同样的条件下，经FeP_2 气氛下高温退火后的InP样品的辐照缺陷恢复速度较快. 根据这些现象分析了缺陷的属性、快速恢复机理和缺陷对材料电学性质的影响.

半干旱区沙质草地关键生态系统过程对水肥添加的响应

制约半干旱区生态系统恢复的主要因素是什么？一直是生态学界争论的问题，水分或养分或二者的联合限制是现存的3种观点，但是利用野外实验结合生态化学计量比，分析和判断半干旱区自然生态系统生产力恢复的限制因子还未见报道。 本论文以科尔沁沙地东南缘退耕后自然恢复的沙质草地为研究对象，通过析因设计的水、氮、磷添加实验，研究与碳循环、氮循环、磷循环等有关的生态系统关键过程，及其对人为干扰（灌溉和施肥）及全球变化（气候变化和氮沉降）的响应。从2004年到2005年采用3因素2水平析因设计进行水（0, 80mm）、氮（0, 20 g N m-2 yr-1）、磷（0, 10 g P2O5 m-2 yr-1）添加实验。2005年增加了0、2.5、5、7.5、10、30、40 g N m-2 yr-1的氮梯度添加实验。通过两年的实验，得出主要结论如下： 1）该沙质草地生态系统生产力主要受氮素养分的限制，水分与磷素并不是主要限制因素。施氮量达到7.5 g N m-2 yr-1时生物量明显提高，当氮素添加量达到40 g N m-2 yr-1时，生产力最高为1607.3 g m-2，但是并未找出氮肥添加量的上限。禾本科生物量与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数间呈指数负相关，拟合方程为：y = 1318.3e-0.2421x（R2 = 0.6887）。 2）添加水增加了土壤CO2排放速率，而施氮肥的影响并不明显。在较干旱的年份（降水量低于450 mm）干旱期（4月15日-6月15日）添加磷肥明显抑制了土壤呼吸，而在较湿润的年份（降水量高于450 mm）干旱期添加磷肥则显著增加了土壤呼吸。土壤呼吸与表层0-10 cm土壤含水量存在显著的正相关关系；土壤呼吸与土壤温度之间呈显著的指数正相关（R2 = 0.6798），拟合方程为：y = 0.1832e0.1299x。 3）氮素添加对半干旱区沙质草地生态系统氮有效性具有明显的增强作用，可提高土壤氮的矿化速率。该沙质草生态系统土壤有效氮主要由NO3--N组成，并具有明显的季节变化，NH4+-N和NO3--N含量在表层0-10 cm有高于10-20 cm的趋势。植物地上部分和凋落物的C:N比极低。土壤全量的C:N比明显受添加水的影响，与氮、磷添加无关。 4）添加磷素改善了半干旱区沙质草地生态系统土壤磷的有效性，添加氮和水则没有影响。0-10 cm层土壤相对有效磷有高于10-20 cm层的趋势，这说明土壤中的有效磷淋溶作用不强或者是植物主要利用了表土层10 cm以下的土壤有效磷。第一次提出P:N比的概念，利用相对有效磷和相对矿质氮的比值作为土壤相对P:N比，相对P:N比与生物量、ANPP、非禾本科ANPP之间呈显著的线性相关关系。相对P:N比与生物量的线性负相关程度最高，拟合方程为：y = -52.333x + 1356.2（R2 = 0.7263）。 5）水、肥添加对该沙质草地土壤含水量的影响并不显著，不同处理之间以及相同处理的不同层次之间土壤含水量的差异主要源自土壤的空间异质性。根据2005年4-7月的土壤含水量的方差分析结果，可以将表层0-10 cm划分为多变层，10-30 cm划分为过渡层，30-100 cm划分为稳变层。单独添加磷肥或水磷结合可以显著降低白草的蒸腾速率，而且添加磷肥可以抵消添加氮肥所导致的蒸腾速率增加。 6）添加水提高了物种丰富度和均匀度，而施氮肥降低了物种丰富度和均匀度，施磷肥也相应地增加了物种丰富度和均匀度，但幅度不大。本项研究的结果不支持单调上升格局，多样性与生产力呈负相关关系，单调下降和单峰关系两种格局都存在。10-20 cm土层相对矿质氮与物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Shannon-Wiener均匀度指数均呈显著的负相关关系。物种丰富度与土壤相对矿质氮之间负相关关系最显著，可以用幂函数进行拟合方程：y = 348.58x-2.1236（n = 8; R2 = 0.8576）。 综合以上的研究结果，建议适量施用氮肥，加速退化沙质草地生态系统生产力的恢复；干旱年份辅以磷肥，以降低温室气体的排放速率。

Parallel Fully-Implicit Computation of Magnetohydrodynamics Acceleration Experiments

A three-dimensional MHD solver is described in the paper. The solver simulates reacting flows with nonequilibrium between translational-rotational, vibrational and electron translational modes. The conservation equations are discretized with implicit time marching and the second-order modified Steger-Warming scheme, and the resulted linear system is solved iteratively with Newton-Krylov-Schwarz method that is implemented by PETS,: package. The results of convergence tests arc plotted, which show good scalability and convergence around twice faster when compared with the DPLR method. Then five test runs are conducted simulating the experiments done at the NASA Ames MHD channel, and the calculated pressures, temperatures, electrical conductivity, back EMF, load factors and flow accelerations are shown to agree with the experimental data. Our computation shows that the electrical conductivity distribution is not uniform in the powered section of the MHD channel, and that it is important to include Joule heating in order to calculate the correct conductivity and the MHD acceleration.