Electrogenerated chemiluminescence sensors using Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) doped in silica nanoparticles

A novel electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-doped silica (RuDS) nanoparticles conjugated with a biopolymer chitosan membrane was developed. These uniform RuDS nanoparticles ( similar to 40 nm) were prepared by a water-in-oil microemulsion method and were characterized by electrochemical and transmission electron microscopy technology. The Ru( bpy)(3)(2+)-doped interior maintained its high ECL efficiency, while the exterior nanosilica prevented the luminophor from leaching out into the aqueous solution due to the electrostatic interaction. This is the first attempt to branch out the application of RuDS nanoparticles into the field of ECL, and since a large amout of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) was immobilized three-dimensionally on the electrode, the Ru( bpy)(3)(2+) ECL signal could be enhanced greatly, which finally resulted in the increased sensitivity. This sensor shows a detection limit of 2.8 nM for tripropylamine, which is 3 orders of magnitude lower than that observed at a Nafion-based ECL sensor. Furthermore, the present ECL sensor displays outstanding long-term stability.

Numerical approximation improves well survey calculation

It is now possible to improve the precision of well survey calculations by order of magnitude with numerical approximation.

Although the most precise method of simulating and calculating a wellbore trajectory generally requires more calculation than other, less-accurate methods, the wider use of computers in oil fields now eliminates this as an obstacle.

The results of various calculations show that there is a deviation of more than 10 m among the different methods of calculation for a directional well of 3,000 m.¹ Consequently, it is important to improve the precision and reliability of survey calculation-the fundamental, necessary work of quantitatively monitoring and controlling wellbore trajectories.

Viscosity, Surface Tension, and Atomization of Water-Methanol and Diesel Emulsions

This article is the result of experimental studies of the rheologv, viscosities, surface tensions, and atomization of water-methanol and diesel emulsions. The Span 80 and Tween 60 are employed to make three emulsifying agents, Y01, Y02, and Y03, with viscosity of 1.32-1.5 Pa s and HLB values of 5.36, 4.83, and 4.51, respectively. In the water-in-oil emulsions, the aqueous phase is between 10% and 50%; the agent concentration added is 0.8-8.0%. The viscosity of the emulsions is 0.003-0.02 Pa s, and the surface tens ion is 0.04-0.1 N/m. The types and concentrations of agents significantly influence the viscosity of the emulsions, and the higher concentration of the aqueous phase (<50%) in creases the viscosities of the emulsions, especially for higher agent concentration. Interfacial membrane and HLB values of the agents can explain all these phenomena. Higher aqueous phase concentration and agent viscosity results in larger Sauter mean diameter.

稠油输送新工艺方法探索及现场试验

本文介绍一种可应用于高粘度稠油管输的新工艺。即用自行研制的蒸汽引射器采用无界引射方式，将蒸汽直接注入到输油管道中，利用蒸汽释放的热量提高稠油温度降低粘度，从而达到降低稠油输送压降的目的，它比间接加热输送工艺所用的蒸汽量或耗煤量大大减少。本方法在辽河油田输油管线上进行了工业现场试验，取得了很好的效果。

The Droplet Group Micro-Explosions, Viscosity and Atomization Characteristics of W/O Emulsions

The spray of emulsified fuel, composed of diesel fuel, water and methanol can make micro-explosion under high temperature conditions, and the viscosity and the atomization characteristics of emulsion have significant effects on the micro- explosion of emulsions. To clarify the combustion mechanism of water-in-oil emulsion sprays, combustion bomb experiments were carried out, and the droplet group micro- explosions in W/O fuel emulsion sprays in a high-pressure, high-temperature bomb were observed clearly by a multi-pulsed, off-axis, image-plane ruby laser holocamera and continuously by a high-speed CCD camera.The viscosity and atomization characteristics of emulsions were also studied experimentally. The experimental results show that the higher concentration of the aqueous phase (water-methanol) (<50%) increases the viscosity of the emulsions, especially for higher agent concentration, and higher aqueous phase concentration and higher viscosity results in lager Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD). The experiment results also show that the different kinds of emulsifying agents, with different Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) values, have significant influence on the viscosity of the emulsions.

低渗油田“层内爆炸”增产技术的小尺度模拟实验研究

本文是关于低渗油田增产技术的室内模拟实验研究的论文。我们对井内爆炸采油、核爆采油和高能气体压裂进行全面调研以后，吸取了井内爆炸采油的教训，借鉴了高能气体压裂的成功经验，提出了低渗油田“层内爆炸”增产技术。该技术是利用水力压裂技术的现有设备，将适当的炸药压入岩石裂缝，再用适当的方法起爆，从而在岩石裂缝周围产生大量裂缝，在不会对储层产生不利影响也不会毁坏井筒的前提下，达到提高采取收率并增产油气的目的。首先，建立了圆管点火实验装置、小尺度模拟实验装置和平板点火实验装置；然后利用实验装置进行了“层内爆炸”用特种火药和特种炸药配方的探索。通过实验我们至少找到了一种“层内爆炸”用药品的配方，并且在小尺度模拟实验装置中实现了“层内爆炸”基本过程的模拟实验，从而证实“层内爆炸”思路正确，原理上可行。接着，建立了爆燃推进的模型，并在恒稳推进和不可压缩简化条件下得到几组算例，这些解在物理上是合理的。通过计算我们得知爆燃恒温推进的条件是苛刻的，需要多个参数的匹配。通过本人硕士论文的工作，证实了低渗油田“层内爆炸”增产技术在原理上的可行性。但因为“层内爆炸”过程中牵涉到多个特征尺度，因此并不能从小尺度向大尺度简单地推广，下一步工作是建立中大尺度模拟实验装置，考察在中大尺度条件下“层内爆炸”的可行性，为现场实际应用作充分的实验准备。

蛋白类药物缓释微球制备方法的研究:纳米吸附-水包油包固体乳化法

本论文研究了一种制备蛋白类药物缓释微球的纳米吸附-水包油包固体乳化法。模型药物为牛血清白蛋白BSA。首先用纳米二氧化硅吸附溶液中的BSA制备出纳米级的药物颗粒，然后再用水包油包固体(S/O/W)乳化法将该含药粒子用可生物降解的高分子材料包载起来制成蛋白药物控制释放制剂。 纳米材料吸附蛋白药物后的吸附产物仍为纳米粒子。在纳米二氧化硅表面引入不同的功能基团可以改变其Zeta电位从而改变其对BSA的吸附能力，在其表面引入氨基可以使BSA的吸附量由20%提高到35%，引入羧基则使BSA的吸附量降低到11%。在二氧化硅表面接枝低分子量的聚合物均降低其吸附BSA的能力，并且BSA的吸附量随着聚合物接枝量的增加而减少。 将具有不同表面改性的纳米二氧化硅吸附BSA后的吸附产物用水包油包固体乳化法制备成聚合物微球，均具有很高的包裹率，大于90%；并且该释放体系服从Fick扩散机理，载药微球的药物累积释放量与时间的平方根成良好线性关系。在二氧化硅表面接枝低分子量PLLA，可以提高BSA在聚合物微球中分布的均匀性，解决药物释放时的突释现象，使BSA的第一天释放量由25%降低到15%。 另外，初步研究了三种不同的介孔材料对于BSA的吸附能力以及表面具有氨基的介孔二氧化硅吸附BSA后的释放行为。

基于Windows系统的原油水气含量自动监测仪表远程控制系统的设计

本论文主要内容是一种应用于油田的工业用仪表的程序设计。程序体现了当今流行软件基本的设计思想，同时具有积极的现实意义。论文内容主要包括三大部分。第一部分简略地介绍仪表的总体的工作原理。从水含量，气含量两个方面进行了论述。第二部分介绍了仪表的工作过程中，涉及的硬件部分。简略的阐述了硬件部分的探测器结构部分，详细的介绍了第三部分软件编程中用到的计数卡和D／A转换板卡的原理，及编程控制的基本步骤。第三部分是仪表的软件部分，也是核心和重点部分。主要介绍了软件的总体框架，重点地说明了计数卡的驱动程序设计，数据采集，打印部分，数据库部分，实时性的实现方法。同时还有参数拟合功能中，涉及到的数理统计中参数回归法确定参数的具体方法。结合各个具体功能的说明，给出了具体的源代码。程序的其它必不可缺少，但实现起来难度相对较小的部分给出了简略的说明。该程序具有操作简单明了，界面友好，功能齐全等特点。通过对该工业仪表程序的设计，在计算机软件及硬件方面的理解，都能够得到一定水平的提高。特别是在计算机软件的设计方法，设计思想等各个方面都有深入的认识。

Development of functionalized terbium fluorescent nanoparticles for antibody labeling and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay application

Silica-based functionalized terbium fluorescent nanoparticles were prepared, characterized and developed as a fluorescence probe for antibody labeling and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. The nanoparticles were prepared in a water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion containing a strongly fluorescent Tb3+ chelate. N,N.N-1,N-1-12,6-bis(3'-aminomethyl-1'-pyrazolyl)phenylpyridine] tetrakis(acetate)-Tb3+ (BPTA-Tb3+), Triton X-100, octanol, and cyclohexane by controlling copolymerization of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and 3-[2-(2- aminoethylamino)-ethylamino]propyl-trimethoxysilane (AEPS) with ammonia water. The characterizations by transmission electron microscopy and fluorometric quantum methods show that the nanoparticles are spherical and uniform in size, 45 +/- 3 nm in diameter, strongly fluorescent with fluorescence yield of 10% and a long fluorescence lifetime of 2.0 ms. The amino groups directly introduced to the nanoparticle's surface by using AEPS in the preparation made the surface modification and bioconjugation of the nanoparticles easier. The nanoparticle-labeled anti-human alpha-fetoprotein antibody was prepared and used for time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of (x-fetoprotein (AFP) in human serum samples. The assay response is linear from 0.10 ng ml(-1) to about 100 ng ml(-1) with the detection limit of 0.10 ng ml(-1). The coefficient variations (CVs) of the method are less than 9.0%. and the recoveries are in the range of 84-98% for human serum sample measurements. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Salt-assisted microwave demulsification

Experimental data are presented to show the influence of a very small amount of inorganic salt on the demulsification of water-in-oil emulsions. It was found that some inorganic salts could effectively enhance the demulsification efficiency and increase the light transmittance of the water separated from the emulsions. The demulsification efficiency may reach 100% in a very short time under microwave radiation.

Electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence study of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-doped silica nanoparticles with covalently grafted biomacromolecules

Spherical Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-doped silica (RuSi) nanoparticles were prepared via a water-in-oil microemulsion approach. The electrochemical and electrochemiluminescent properties of the RuSi nanoparticles immobilized on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode were investigated. Further, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the RuSi nanoparticles with covalently coated biomacromolecules was studied. By covalent cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, gamma-(aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES)-pretreated RuSi nanoparticles were coupled with different concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA), hemoglobin, and myoglobin, respectively.

Insulin nanoparticle preparation and encapsulation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres by using an anhydrous system

Insulin has been encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres by solid-in-oil-in-oil (S/O/O) emulsion technique using DMF/corn oil as new solvent pairs. To get better encapsulation efficiency, insulin nanoparticles were prepared by the modified isoelectric point precipitation method so that it had good dispersion in the inner oil phase. The resulting microspheres had drug loading of 10% (w/w), while the encapsulation efficiency could be up to 90-100%. And the insulin release from the microspheres could last for 60 days. Microspheres encapsulated original insulin with the same method had lower encapsulation efficiency, and shorter release period. Laser scanning confocal microscopy indicated the insulin nanoparticle and original insulin had different distribution in microspheres. The results suggested that using insulin nanoparticle was better than original insulin for microsphere preparation by S/O/O method.

Study on the lifetime of M-intermediate of bacteriorhodopsin film chemically modified with CeO2 nanoparticles

The characteristics of intermediates of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) can be verified by chemical modification of its surroundings. CeO2 nanoparticles, which were obtained using water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion and calcined at various temperatures, were used as chemical additive for the modification of bR. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the mean particle sizes for the samples calcined at 500 and 800 degrees C are approximately 10 and 30 nm, respectively. We prepared CeO2 nanoparticle modified poly(vinyl alcohol) (bR-PVA) films with an optical density of about 1.5 at the ground state. It is observed that the lifetime of the Wintermediate for the modified films is prolonged compared with that of the unmodified ones, and the lifetime increases with decreasing particle size. A probable mechanism, which is likely to involve effective molecular interactions between the CeO2 nanoparticles and the bR molecules, is discussed. The hydroxyl groups, which might arise from the interaction between the nanoparticles and the surrounding water molecules, help to lower the ability of the Schiff base of uptaking protons in the Wintermediate. The results indicate that controlling the interactions between biomolecules and various nanomaterials would enlarge the functionality and the range of the application of nanoparticles.

Preparation of nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(L-lactide) biocomposite microspheres

Nano-hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) composite microspheres with relatively uniform size distribution were prepared by a solid-in-oil-in-water (s/o/w) emusion solvent evaporation method. The encapsulation of the HA nanopaticles in microshperes was significantly improved by grafting PLLA on the surface of the HA nanoparticles (p-HA) during emulsion process. This procedure gave a possibility to obtain p-HA/PLLA composite microspheres with uniform morphology and the encapsulated p-HA nanoparticle loading reached up to 40 wt% (33 wt% of pure HA) in the p-HA/PLLA composite microspheres. The microstructure of composite microspheres from core-shell to single phase changed with the variation of p-HA to PLLA ratios. p-HA/PLLA composite microspheres with the diameter range of 2-3 mu m were obtained. The entrapment efficiency of p-HA in microspheres could high up to 90 wt% and that of HA was only 13 wt%. Surface and bulk characterizations of the composite microspheres were performed by measurements such as wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence sensing platform using Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) doped silica nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes

An effective electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was developed by coimmobilization of the Ru(bpy)(2)(3+)-doped silica (RuDS) nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on glassy carbon electrode through hydrophobic interaction. The uniform RuDS nanoparticles were prepared by a water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion method and Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) doped inside could still maintain its high ECL efficiency. With such unique immobilization method, a great deal of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) was immobilized three-dimensionally on the electrode , which could greatly enhance the ECL response and result in the increased sensitivity. On the other hand, CNTs played dual roles as matrix to immobilize RuDS nanoparticles and promoter to accelerate the electron transfer between Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and the electrode. The as-prepared ECL sensor displayed good sensitivity and stability.