渤海湾不同站点四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量及AhR 通道研究

渤海湾沿岸人口密集，工农、航运发达，渤海自身净化能力非常有限。因此，渤海湾 环境污染的压力越来越大，主要污染物包括重金属和持久性有机污染物的。四角蛤蜊广泛 分布于渤海湾海域，是一种重要的经济贝类，对污染物具有较强的富集能力。为了研究不 同站点渤海湾四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量，选择大港油田、高沙岭码头、涧河村三个断面 进行研究，对不同站点四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量进行了分析和讨论，最后对水生动物的 POPs 毒理调控通道进行了探索性研究，得到以下结果： 1. 通过比较渤海不同站点四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量分布特征和方差分析，发现四 角蛤蜊软体部必需重金属元素含量较高，而非必需重金属元素含量较低，这是由于必需重 金属元素具有重要的生理功能作用。侧重比较A、B 两个断面各站位间四角蛤蜊软体部重 金属含量，发现虽然各站位间分布规律不明显，但各站位间差异显著。 2. 利用简单相关回归分析金属元素间及其与生物学性状间的关系，发现Mn 与Zn 之 间，Cu 与Zn 间均存在显著正相关，Se 与As、Cd 间存在显著正相关。另外，A 断面，BL 与Cd 含量显著负相关其回归方程为：Y（Cd）=－1395.97＋88.34（BL）；R=0.633；在B 断面，利用BW 和BH 分别与Cd 和As 显著负相关和显著正相关，其回归方程分别为：BW 和Cd 的回归方程为：Y（Cd）=－1968.80＋220.72（BW）；R=0.656。BH 和As 的回归方 程为：Y（As）=1496.86＋227.82（BH）；R=0.656。 3. 利用PLS（偏最小二乘分析）方法分析，发现五个生物学性状都与Co、As 呈正相 关，而与Cr、Pb、Se 呈负相关，而与必须重金属元素相关不明显。进一步分析表明表明 渤海湾海域中Co、As 含量低于四角蛤蜊正常生长发育的需要，而Cr、Pb、Se 的含量超过 四角蛤蜊正常生长发育所需的量。最后，通过PLS-DA 分析方法，发现C 站点样品能与A、 B 两个断面的站点区分开，而A、B 间未能区分开，反映了渤海湾三个断面的实际污染状 况。 4. 四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量进行风险评价，首先，利用单因子污染指数法比较分析， 发现从1997 年-2008 年，渤海湾四角蛤蜊软体部Cd 的污染水平在不断降低，现在其含量 已低于《海洋生物质量标准》（第二类）标准。而Cr、As 有污染的趋势，需要引起重视。 然后，利用金属污染指数法进行比较研究，发现B 断面＞A 断面＞C 断面。最后，利用《人 体消费卫生标准》进行比较分析，发现Cd、Ni 存在轻度污染，因此需要加强其污染源的 控制。 5. 渤海湾污染物除了重金属外，还存在一些典型持久性有机污染物。为进一步揭示 二者间协同毒理机制，利用分子系统学方法，对芳香烃受体通道进行了探索性研究，发现 水生动物AhR通道基因在进化过程中发生了适应性进化，对进一步研究重金属和POPs对双 壳贝类的毒理机制具有参考价值。

The Genomes of Oryza sativa: A history of duplications

We report improved whole-genome shotgun sequences for the genomes of indica and japonica rice, both with multimegabase contiguity, or almost 1,000-fold improvement over the drafts of 2002. Tested against a nonredundant collection of 19,079 full-length cDNAs, 97.7% of the genes are aligned, without fragmentation, to the mapped superscaffolds of one or the other genome. We introduce a gene identification procedure for plants that does not rely on similarity to known genes to remove erroneous predictions resulting from transposable elements. Using the available EST data to adjust for residual errors in the predictions, the estimated gene count is at least 38,000 - 40,000. Only 2% - 3% of the genes are unique to any one subspecies, comparable to the amount of sequence that might still be missing. Despite this lack of variation in gene content, there is enormous variation in the intergenic regions. At least a quarter of the two sequences could not be aligned, and where they could be aligned, single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP) rates varied from as little as 3.0 SNP/kb in the coding regions to 27.6 SNP/kb in the transposable elements. A more inclusive new approach for analyzing duplication history is introduced here. It reveals an ancient whole-genome duplication, a recent segmental duplication on Chromosomes 11 and 12, and massive ongoing individual gene duplications. We find 18 distinct pairs of duplicated segments that cover 65.7% of the genome; 17 of these pairs date back to a common time before the divergence of the grasses. More important, ongoing individual gene duplications provide a never-ending source of raw material for gene genesis and are major contributors to the differences between members of the grass family.

克洛曲对癌痛的双盲双模拟自身交叉研究

为了观察克洛曲在慢性癌痛病人中的疗效,采用多中心、双盲双模拟、自身交叉对照研究的方法, 比较了克洛曲片、曲马多胶囊和安慰剂对108 例中、重度癌痛的镇痛效果。结果表明克洛曲片的总有效率为 88. 0 % ,明显高于曲马多胶囊的72. 2 %( P < 0. 01) 和安慰剂的35. 2 %( P < 0. 001) ; 克洛曲片的缓解时间明 显延长( P < 0. 01) ; 克洛曲片的药物不良反应的发生率与曲马多胶囊相似, 但便秘的发生率明显低于曲马 多胶囊( P < 0. 05) 。克洛曲片对中、重度癌痛的镇痛效果确切,安全性较大。文章还对镇痛药临床研究的策 略方法及安慰剂效应进行了详细的讨论。

DOPAMINE D-1 RECEPTOR MECHANISMS IN THE COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG-ADULT AND AGED MONKEYS

Dopamine (DA) D-1 receptor compounds were examined in monkeys for effects on the working memory functions of the prefrontal cortex and on the fine motor abilities of the primary motor cortex. The D-1 antagonist, SCH23390, the partial D-1 agonist, SKF38393, and the full D-1 agonist, dihydrexidine, were characterized in young control monkeys, and in aged monkeys with naturally occurring catecholamine depletion. In addition, SKF38393 was tested in young monkeys experimentally depleted of catecholamines with chronic reserpine treatment. Injections of SCH23390 significantly impaired the memory performance of young control monkeys, but did not impair aged monkeys with presumed catecholamine depletion. Conversely, the partial agonist, SKF38393, improved the depleted monkeys (aged or reserpine-treated) but did not improve young control animals. The full agonist, dihydrexidine, did improve memory performance in young control monkeys, as well as in a subset of aged monkeys. Consistent with D, receptor mechanisms, agonist-induced improvements were blocked by SCH23390. Drug effects on memory performance occurred independently of effects on fine motor performance. These results underscore the importance of DA D-1 mechanisms in cognitive function, and provide functional evidence of DA system degeneration in aged monkeys. Finally, high doses of D-1 agonists impaired memory performance in aged monkeys, suggesting that excessive D-1 stimulation may be deleterious to cognitive function.

利用耳石日轮技术研究长江中游草鱼幼鱼的孵化期及生长

根据耳石日轮对2004年采自洞庭湖和新滩口江段的草鱼幼鱼进行日龄(D)鉴定,孵化时间推算以及生长的研究。草鱼幼鱼所有样品体长(BL,mm)生长方程为BL=-53.4195+3.1650D,体重(W,g)生长方程为W=0.9816 e0.0633D,体长体重相关方程为W=0.00001BL3.1003。孵化时间最早为5月14日,最晚为7月11日,主要集中在5月下旬和6月份。研究发现三峡大坝在139m水位运行后长江中游仍有草鱼产卵,最早繁殖时间稍晚于历史记录。

中华间吸鳅食性及年龄生长的初步研究

对金沙江下游中华间吸鳅的食性和年龄生长进行了初步研究。中华间吸鳅为杂食性鱼类,其食物主要包括藻类、高等植物碎片、水生昆虫、软体动物。适宜的年龄鉴定材料为鳞片和微耳石,两者年龄鉴定结果的符合率为85％,且以鳞径对生长的退算结果与实测体长相符。体长与体重的回归方程为:W=1.08×10~(-4)L~(2.5604),微耳石半径与体长、鳞径与体长的回归方程分别为:BL=59.995+130R和BL=36.704+117R。

鳡鱼仔稚鱼耳石的标记和其日轮的确证

用茜素络合物对鳡鱼仔鱼进行了浸泡标记,耳石上能检测到橘红色荧光标记环。100mg/L茜素络合物溶液的标记效果较差;120mg/L和150mg/L溶液浸泡后微耳石的标记率很高,矢耳石和星耳石的标记率低。标记后耳石上的生长轮数与饲养天数间呈一一对应关系,相关方程为:N=0.2663+0.9276D(n=68,r~2=0.9664)。方程的斜率0.9276与1无显著差异,证明生长轮确系日轮。鱼体长与微耳石、矢耳石及星耳石的直径间呈显著的线性关系,相关方程为:BL=66.8723LD+2.7064(n=73,r~

Rapid growth cost in “all-fish” growth hormone gene transgenic carp: Reduced critical swimming speed

Evidence has accumulated that there is a trade-off between benefits and costs associated with rapid growth. A trade-off between growth rates and critical. swimming speed (U-crit) had been also reported to be common in teleost fish. We hypothesize that growth acceleration in the F-3 generation of "all-fish" growth hormone gene (GH) transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) would reduce the swimming abilities. Growth and swimming performance between transgenic fish and non-transgenic controls were) compared. The results showed that transgenic fish had a mean body weight 1.4-1.9-fold heavier, and a mean specific growth rate (SGR) value 6%-10% higher than the controls. Transgenic fish, however, had a mean absolute U-crit (cm/s) value 22% or mean relative Ucrit (BL/s) value 24% lower than the controls. It suggested that fast-growing "all-fish" GH-transgenic carp were inferior swimmers. It is also supported that there was a trade-off between growth rates and swimming performance, i.e. faster-growing individuals had lower critical swimming speed.

Serum concentrations of gonadotropins and steroid hormones of Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis in middle and lower regions of the Yangtze River

As a relatively isolated and unique freshwater population, the Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) is the most endangered subpopulation of this species. The objective of this study was to improve our understanding of their reproductive endocrinology by measuring (radioimmunoassay) serum concentrations of FSH, LH, estradiol (E-2), progesterone (P-4) and testosterone (T-2) in free-ranging animals. Blood samples were collected from 66 Yangtze finless porpoises (41 males and 25 females) captured in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Based on significant variation of serum T-2 concentrations in males with body length (BL) > 138 cm, we inferred that they were mature; in these animals, there were significant seasonal variations in serum T-2 concentrations, with the highest concentrations in March and April (502.0 +/- 319.8 ng/dL, mean +/- S.D.) and the lowest in December (79.4 +/- 83.2 ng/dL). Serum T-2 concentrations positively correlated with serum concentrations of LH and weakly correlated with serum concentrations of E-2, whereas there was a significant negative correlation between serum LH and FSH concentrations in males > 138 cm. The smallest apparently pregnant female porpoise had a BL of 130 cm. Serum P-4 concentrations ranged from 13.2 to 112.4 ng/mL (43.9 +/- 28.3 ng/mL) in pregnant females, and fluctuated under 1.0 ng/mL in non-pregnant females with BL > 130 cm. Serum LH concentrations were significantly higher in non-pregnant females > 130 cm versus those females < 130 cm. To our knowledge, this is the first study of endocrine-related maturity and seasonal breeding characteristics of the Yangtze finless porpoise. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

MtDNA phylogeny provides evidence of generic polyphyleticism for East Asian bagrid catfishes

We explore the intrafamilial relationships of East Asian bagrid catfishes (Hemibagrus, Pseudobagrus, Pelteobagrus, and Leiocassis) based on 245 sequences of 1092 bp mitochondrial cytochrome b fragments. Four haplotypes were found to be shared by Pseudobagrus ussuriensis, Pelteobagrus vachelli and Pelteobagrus nitidus. Phylogenetic trees were performed using the neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian likelihood methods. The phylogenetic trees based on NJ, MP, ML and BL inferences strongly support polyphyleticism for the currently recognized genera Pseudobagrus, Pelteobagrus and Leiocassis. However, the species currently assigned to these three genera form a robustly monophyletic group with relatively low genetic divergence. The structure of maxillary barbels and serrations on the anterior edge of the pectoral spines seem to be indicatory of appropriate phylogenetic traits. We propose that only Hemibagrus and Pseudobagrus are the only valid genera of East Asian bagrids.

Low temperature annealing effects on the structure and optical properties of ZnO films grown by pulsed laser deposition

ZnO thin films were deposited on glass substrates at room temperature (RT) similar to 500 degrees C by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique and then were annealed at 150-450 degrees C in air. The effects of annealing temperature on the microstructure and optical properties of the thin films deposited at each substrate temperature were investigated by XRD, SEM, transmittance spectra, and photoluminescence (PL). The results showed that the c-axis orientation of ZnO thin films was not destroyed by annealing treatments: the grain size increased and stress relaxed for the films deposited at 200-500 degrees C, and thin films densified for the films deposited at RT with increasing annealing temperature. The transmittance spectra indicated that E-g of thin films showed a decreased trend with annealing temperature. From the PL measurements, there was a general trend, that is UV emission enhanced with lower annealing temperature and disappeared at higher annealing temperature for the films deposited at 200-500 degrees C; no UV emission was observed for the films deposited at RT regardless of annealing treatment. Improvement of grain size and stoichiometric ratio with annealing temperature can be attributed to the enhancement of UV emission, but the adsorbed oxygen species on the surface and grain boundary of films are thought to contribute the annihilation of UV emission. It seems that annealing at lower temperature in air is an effective method to improve the UV emission for thin films deposited on glass substrate at substrate temperature above RT.

Domain wall resistance in perpendicular (Ga,Mn) As: Dependence on pinning

We have investigated the domain wall resistance for two types of domain walls in a (Ga,Mn)As Hall bar with perpendicular magnetization. A sizeable positive intrinsic DWR is inferred for domain walls that are pinned at an etching step, which is quite consistent with earlier observations. However, much lower intrinsic domain wall resistance is obtained when domain walls are formed by pinning lines in unetched material. This indicates that the spin transport across a domain wall is strongly influenced by the nature of the pinning.

Valence band offset of MgO/4H-SiC heterojunction measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The valence band offset (VBO) of MgO (111)/4H-SiC heterojunction has been directly measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The VBO is determined to be 3.65 +/- 0.23 eV and the conduction band offset is deduced to be 0.92 +/- 0.23 eV, indicating that the heterojunction has a type- I band alignment. The accurate determination of the valence and conduction band offsets is important for the applications of MgO/SiC optoelectronic devices. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Oxygen pressure dependences of structure and properties of ZnO films deposited on amorphous glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition

ZnO films are prepared on glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at different oxygen pressures, and the effects of oxygen pressure on the structure and optoelectrical properties of as-grown ZnO films are investigated. The results show that the crystallite size and surface roughness of the films increase, but the carrier concentration and optical energy gap E-g decrease with increasing oxygen pressure. Only UV emission is found in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of all the samples, and its intensity increases with oxygen pressure. Furthermore, there are marked differences in structure and properties between the films grown at low oxygen pressures (0.003 and 0.2 Pa) and the films grown at high oxygen pressures (24 and 150 Pa), which is confirmed by the fact that the crystallite size and UV emission intensity markedly increase, but the carrier concentration markedly decreases as oxygen pressure increases from 0.2 to 24 Pa. These results show that the crystal quality, including the microstructural quality and stoichiometry proportion, of the prepared ZnO films improves as oxygen pressure increases, particularly from 0.2 to 24 Pa.