119 resultados para FL


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YAlO3 (YAP) crystals with different Yb3+ concentration have been grown by Czochralski method and cooperative fluorescence of Yb3+ ions in YAP crystal was studied under 940-nm infrared (IR) LD excitation at room temperature. The Yb concentration dependence of absorption intensity of IR and charge transfer bands exhibit different features. The green emission band in the region of 480-520nm was assigned to the cooperative deexcitation of two Yb3+ ions. The remaining upconverted emission bands containing various sharp peaks associated with impurity ions were observed and discussed. Charge transfer luminescence of heavily doped 20at% Yb:YAP is strongly temperature dependent and no concentration quenching of the charge transfer luminescence was found through the investigation of different Yb levels samples. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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ZnO thin films were deposited on the substrates of (100) gamma-LiAlO2 at 400, 550 and 700 degrees C using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) with the fixed oxygen pressure of 20 Pa, respectively. When the substrate temperature is 400 degrees C, the grain size of the film is less than 1 mu m observed by Leitz microscope and measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). As the substrate temperature increases to 550 degrees C, highly-preferred c-orientation and high-quality ZnO film can be attained. While the substrate temperature rises to 700 degrees C, more defects appears on the surface of film and the ZnO films become polycrystalline again possibly because more Li of the substrate diffused into the ZnO film at high substrate temperature. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of ZnO films at room temperature show the blue emission peaks centered at 430 nm. We suggest that the blue emission corresponds to the electron transition from the level of interstitial Zn to the valence band. Meanwhile, the films grown on gamma-LiAlO2 (LAO) exhibit green emission centered at 540 nm, which seemed to be ascribed to excess zinc and/or oxygen vacancy in the ZnO films caused by diffusion of Li. from the substrates into the films during the deposition.

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本文应用RAPD分标记技术对我国重要的油料作物“杂油59”杂种种子的Fl代杂种的纯度进了技术鉴定,并完善了这一技术,摸索出这一适合于目前生产应用的实用方法,填补了这一技术在油菜作物应用上的空白。用RFLP技术对我国重要的雄性不育材料“陕2A”细胞质进行了分子水平的鉴定,为证明“陕2A”是一类新型的雄性不育材料提供了重要的实验证据。 对甘蓝型油菜采用DNA快速提取法、酚仿法和CTAB法应用于不同的分子标记分析,实验结果显示: CTAB法适用于样品量大,纯度要术高的RFLP技术,酚仿法适用于引物筛选、DNA模板用量大的PCR反应,而快速提取法特别适合于生产上对种子纯度检测,是生产上推广前景很好的实用技术。 对甘蓝型油菜RAPD技术应用当中PCR体系的建立进行了探讨。实验结果显示:热启动对PCR结果的影响至关重要。而Mg++浓度、dNTP浓度、模板浓度、Tag酶用量对反应结果有不同程度的影响。经过反复实验:当PCR各组分按Mg++,2mM;dNTP,200uM;模板浓度,50ng - lOOng时,PCR的结果最好。PCR反应条件经反复实验后确定为:第一个循环:(热启动)94℃,Imin20sec.OoC 2min循环一次;第二个循环:(解链)94℃ 50sec,(退火)40℃ Imin30sec;(延伸)72℃lmin;循环40次。第三个循环:72℃lOmin,循环1次。反应总体积为20ul时最为适用。 用40个lOmer的RAPD随机引物对“杂油59”的2个亲本“垦C8”和“陕3A” 进行RAPD分析,共出现290条带,分布于3530-220bp之间。引物opA-06、opK-03、opK-13、opj-12出现阳性扩增。经重复实验后确定: opK-03的PCR结果重复性最好,该引物序列为:CCAGCTTAGG。用它对两个亲本进行RAPD分析,PCR结果共出现9条带,其中510bp、260bp为二条特征带。在Fl代中这两条特征带重现性很好。用50个商品用种萌发的F1单株进行验证,检测结果为3个个体没有出现510bp的特征带,4个个体没有出现260bp的特征带,有5个个体出现了其它带,纯度为78%,与生产用种的纯度相符。 通过对“杂优59”不同生育时期及不同取样部位作酯酶同工酶电泳方法与RAPD方法相比较,结果显示:RAPD方法可以弥补同工酶方法的缺限。由于它是基于基因水平的分析技术,可以不受环境条件、发育时期、取材部位等客观条件的限制,并具有取样量小、易操作、费用低、灵敏度高、可以检测出亲缘关系相当近的种闾或种内的材料,具有独到的优点。是值得今后在生产上推广的新技术。 用6个雄性不育材料线粒体的特异探针:ALXR 18(线粒体ATPaseα亚基);COB 640(脱辅基细胞色素-b);COX -I(细胞色素氧化酶亚基-I);COX -Ⅱ(细胞色素氧化酶亚基-II;PDC - 12(胡萝卜线粒体随机片断);C2(玉米线粒随机片断),对“陕2A”,Hybrides Polima,Ogura NSL 94/96, Ogura MLCH036, Ogura NSL, Polima, Fu27,Fu38, Anand等9个材料进行RFLP分析,结果显示:用限制性内切酶EcoR I消化后的DNA与探针COB 640杂交,“陕2A”材料在4.5 kb处缺失,与ALXR 18探针杂交,在4.4 kb、4.2 kb处也明显缺失,证明“陕2A”显然不同与其它不育材料。用ALXR l8为探针,与用内切酶Nc01的酶切片断作Sourthern杂交,在RFLP谱带上6.1 kb、2.4 kb、2.5 kb处明显缺带,进一步为“陕2A”是一种新型的甘蓝型油莱雄性不育系提供了证据。

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全球变化与陆地生态系统(GCTE)的研究一直是国际地圈一生物圈计划(IGBP).全球变化研究的焦点之一,其中植被与环境,尤其是气候的关系研究,虽然古老却又包含许多新的涵义,而陆地样带(Terrestrial Transect)则是近年来发起于GCTE,并拓展到IGBP其它核心项目的研究热点.博士后研究的主要工作有:将全球变化作为主线,以单个树种青冈(Cyclobalanopsisgtauco)为对象,研究其过去、现在和将来的地理分布与气候的关系;分别利用气温和降水指标,拓展Kira指标形成生物热量指数和干湿度指数,以及建立水热积指数,在宏观尺度上研究了中国植被与气候的关系;结合生物群区和植物功能型概念的发展以及生物多样性的研究,进行了以生物多样性保育为目的的我国生态地理区划;在熟悉IGBP陆地样带的科学计划并总结其最新发展动态的基础上,分析了中国东北样带的基本生态地理特征;最后,粗略分析r生物性多样保育与自然保护区建设和管理的关系问题。 1.植被一环境(气候)分类:指标、系统和模型 植被一气候关系是一个古老的命题,但在当今的全球变化研究中成为最基础和最具活力的工作。从单一因子的或多因子简单组合的分类指标,如Koppen,Box指标等,到以可能蒸散为基础的综合分类指标,如Penman,Thornthwaite, Holdridge,Budyko,Kira指标等,科学家们发展了众多的植被一气候分类系统和模型,如Koppen.Thornthwaite,Holdridge. Kira. Box. Neilson.Woodward, Budyko, Prentice系统,以及Holdridge,Uvardy,Matthews. Olson. Bailey.Woodward.Prentice. Box模型,为现今植被一气候关系的研究以及全球变化对陆地生态系统的影响,和大气C02增加对潜在植被变化的响应预测奠定了良好的基础。 2.基于物种的植被一气候关系研究:中国青冈的地理分布与气候的关系 在广泛收集青冈[Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst.]地理分布资料的基础上,利用目前国际上比较流行的研究植被与气候相互关系的指标和方法,包括Kira的水热指标、Penman的公式、Thomthwaite的指标和气候分类、Holdridge的生命地带分类系统指标, 以及年平均气温(TEMP). 1月均温(Tl)、’7月均温(T7)、极端最高气温(TMAX)、极端最低气温(TMIN).≥10℃积温(AT)和年降水量(PREC),研究了青冈在中国的地理分布与气候的关系,讨论了青冈垂直分布的上限、下限以及北界的Kira热量指标状况。根据孢粉资料和历史文献,探讨r历史时期青冈在中国大陆的分布与变迁及其与气候的关系,并利用Holdridge生命地带分类系统指标预测了C02浓度倍增条件下中国青冈分布区的可能变化。 3.宏观尺度上的中国植被一气候关系 1)用气温、降水指标研究中国植被一气候关系 能够在气象台站直接、方便地测试到的年平均气温、降水量指标,与其它水热气候因子有显著的相关性,用它们来研究中国植被与气候的关系是可行且有用的。利用全国689个气象站点的气象记录,计算得出了中国各植被地带、亚地带的年平均气温,年降水量指标和温雨系数,利用生态信息系统EIS作出了各气候指标在中国的分布,并将年平均气温和降水量作散点图,均较好地表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局。总结可得中国各植被地带的气候指标范围及界限。综合孢粉,古生物等资料信息,前人确定在全新世中期中国存在一个大暖期,其中稳定暖湿的鼎盛阶段在7.2—6,0 Ka.B.P.,其时中国境内大部分地区的年平均气温比现在高2℃左右,年降水平均高于现在100 mm,通过数学处理,利用生态信息系统恢复重建了全新世大暖期中国大陆的气温和降水分布状况.参考孢粉、古植物和他人研究资料及现代植被气候关系,恢复编制了大暖期鼎盛阶段中国大陆的植被区划图,与现代植被区划相比较,东部各个植被带在大暖期盛时表现出明显的北迁,温带植被的迁移幅度大于亚热带和热带植被;西部的植被带出现了经向西迁,西北部的草原范围扩张,荒漠缩小;青藏高原地区高寒半荒漠和荒漠植被的范围大大缩小,而且植被带仍有不同程度向北迁移的表现。这可为预测与阐明未来的气候变化和植被变迁提供有力的证据. 2)KIRA指标的拓展及其在中国植被与气候关系研究中的应用 根据Kira以月平均气温5℃为界的热量指数和干湿度指数概念,提出了以月平均气温10℃为界的生物热量指数,包括生物温暖指数BWI和生物寒冷指数BCI,并修正其干湿度指数为生物干湿度指数BK。利用中国689个标准气象台站的资料,分析我国主要植被类型分布与热量因子和干湿度因子的关系,得出两者之间有较好的相关性,生物温暖指数、寒冷指数和干湿度指数的散点图,较好地表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局。并得出中国各植被地带的气候指标范围及界限,以1 0℃为界的生物温暖指数不仅对我国森林植被的地理分布和温度气候带的划分具有较好的指示作用,而且对西南部高山、亚高山地区的植被与气候关系指示性较强;生物寒冷指数则对亚热带和热带的指示性很好,能够较好区分亚热带南部及热带地区;由热量指数和降水量综合得出的生物干湿度指数,对中国西北部干旱、半干旱区以至全国的植被分布与水分、热量因子的关系分析有较好的应用价值。 3)水热积指数的估算及其在中国植被与气候关系研究中的应用 试图利用大气年平均气温、年降水量、可能蒸散和土壤水分平衡之间的关系建立一个水热积指数,并应用年平均气温.水分盈亏值和水热积指数三个气候变量来限定植物群落组合,构成一个圆形的生命-气候图式.根据全国689个标准气象台站的气候资料,计算了中国8个植被地带和26个亚地带的年平均气温、年水分盈亏和水热积指数,绘制了各气候指标在中国的分布图及散点图,较好表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局,包括寒温带针叶林、冷温带针阔叶混交林、暖温带落叶阔叶林、亚热带常绿阔叶林、热带雨林和季雨林、温带草原、温带荒漠、青藏高原高寒植被,并得到了中国各植被地带的气候指标范围及界限。通过分析可以看出,年平均气温的等值线较好地反映了中国大陆的热量梯度,经度和纬度方向的区分均较明显;土壤水分盈亏曲线的等值线则比较零乱;综合了热量和水分差异的水热积指数,其等值线与热量梯度和水分梯度均有一定的对应性,与植被类型的对应也较好。这是在宏观尺度上进行的植被与气候关系研究的一种尝试,有待于增加机理性的内容,使其得到进一步的改进。 4.生物多样性保育和全球变化研究中的陆地生物群区类型 Biome(生物群区)是当今生物多样性保育和全球变化研究中的一个重要概念,根据此概念及植物功能型概念的发展,评述了9个重要的世界陆地生物群区分类系统,并根据中国的植被分类和区划,尝试划分了在中国的生物多样性保育和全球变化研究中所需要的陆地生物群区类型。 5.中国生物多样性的生态地理区划 利用各种生态地理因子,包括气候指标如与植物耐寒性有关的绝对最低温度(TMrN),最冷月平均气温(TJAN),最冷月日平均温度的最大值(MXT)和最小值(MIT);与需热性有关的植物生长季积温(AT);年降水量的季节分配,包括最冷月降水(PJAN),最热月降水(PJUL),年降水量,年降水的统计标准差(PSD)和变异系数(年变率PCV);植被指标如植被类型(VEGET)、,植被区划类型(VEGED)、植被的净第一性生产力(NPP)、植物区系类型(FLORA)、动物区系类型(FA UNA).植物特有属的丰富度(EDGENUS)以及度量植物多样性的植物种丰富度(属数GENUS、种数SPECIES);土壤指标如土壤类型(SOILT),土壤理化性质如土壤酸碱度(SOILPH)、土壤表层阳离子交换量(SOILEXC)等;地形和地貌特征如经度(LONG)、纬度(LAT)和海拔高度(ALT),利用模糊聚类的手段,综合进行了中国生物多样性的生态地理区划。采用四级区划,即:生物大区(biodomain) -生物亚区(subbiodomain) -生物群区(biome) -生物区(bioregion).全国划分为5个生物大区,7个生物亚区和1 8个生物群区。 I北方森林大区 I A欧亚北方森林亚区 I Al南泰加山地寒温针叶林 IA2北亚针阔叶混交林 II北方草原荒漠大区 II B欧亚草原亚区 II Bl内亚温带高草草原 II B2黄土高原森林草原(灌木草原) il C亚非荒漠亚区 II Cl中亚温带荒漠 ⅡC2蒙古/内亚温带荒漠 III东亚大区 III D东亚落叶阔叶林亚区 m DI东亚落叶阔叶林 III E东亚常绿阔叶林亚区 III El东亚落叶•常绿阔叶混交林 III E2东亚常绿阔叶林 ⅡI E3东亚季风常绿阔叶林 III E4西部山地常绿阔叶林 IV旧热带大区 IV F印度一马来热带森林亚区 IV Fl北热带雨林、季雨林 IV F2热带海岛植被 V亚洲高原大区 vG青藏高原亚区V Gl青藏高寒灌丛草甸V G2青藏高寒草原V G3青藏高寒荒漠V G4青藏温性草原V Gs青藏温性荒漠IGBP陆地样带:科学计划与最新进展 作为国际地圈一生物圈计划(IGBP)的交叉项目(Interproject)的陆地样带(Terrestrial Transect),已成为IGBP的全球变化研究中最引人重视的发展和新研究方法之一。它以一系列综合性的全球变化研究计划为基础,是由沿着一个主要全球变化驱动因素(如温度、降水、土地利用强度等)的梯度上的一系列研究站点所构成研究区域,并配合以模型模拟和综合分析,其地理范围为1000 km或更大的长度,数百公里的宽度,以涵盖大气环流模型(GCM)运作的最小单元。本节论述了IGBP陆地样带的概念和研究的意义,样带的类型、一般设计和选择标准,国际上IGBP样带的初步设置,包括①经受土地利用变化的潮湿热带系统;②从北方森林到冻原的高纬度地区;③从干旱森林到灌丛的半干旱热带地区;④从森林或灌丛过渡到草地的中纬度半干旱地区,以及其它的一些样带和PAGES核心计划中的PEP样带,主要内容有样带设置的原因、研究内容和主要样带特点等,并总结了样带的最新研究进展和动态. 6.中国东北样带(N ECT)的生态地理特征分析 陆地样带研究已成为国际地圈-生物圈计划(IGBP):全球变化研究的重要手段与热点。中国东北森林-草原样带(NECT)已被列为IGBP国际全球变化陆地样带之一。该样带在东经1120与130030’之间沿北纬43030’设置,长约l 600 km,是一条中纬度温带以降水为驱动因素的梯度,具有由温带针阔叶混交林向温带草原的3个亚地带:草甸草原、典型草原与荒漠草原过渡的空间系列。本文给出了样带的基本生态地理特征及其梯度分析,包括其地理位置、设置意义、地形地貌、气候梯度、土壤类型、土地利用格局、植被类型、主要优势种和群落类型的生态地理特征以及全新世适宜期(大暖期)的植被分布格局。NECT将成为我国全球变化与陆地生态系统(GCTE)与其它IGBP核心项目研究的前沿阵地。 7.自然保护区的作用、建设和管理及其与生物多样性的关系 一般而言,“就地保护”是保护生物多样性的主要措施和最根本的途径,生境的“就地保护”是生物多样性保护最为有力和最为高效的保护方法,而就地保护的措施就是建立自然保护区,通过对自然保护区的建设和有效管理,使生物多样性得到切实有效的人为保护。从自然保护区定义和类型划分及生物多样性的定义本身可以看出,自然保护区的主要保护对象是世界上丰富多彩的生物多样性,自然保护区是生物多样性就地保护的重要基地,是物种多样性的基因库,是留给野生动植物的宝贵栖息地,应把保护区的建设和生物多样性的保护与持续利用密切结合起来,合理开发利用自然资源,促进生物多样性的可持续发展。

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植物激素乙烯作为一种信使分子调节控制果实完熟。ACC合成酶是植物体内乙烯生物合成途径的限速酶,其反义RNA的表达将能有效地抑制乙烯的生物合成而延缓果实完熟,利用反转录PCR技术克隆获得了ACC合成酶多基因家族成员之一LE-ACC2阅读框架约1.7kb的cDNA,经酶切图谱和序列分析鉴定无误后,反向连入植物表达载体pBin437中构建成组成型表达ACC合成酶反义RNA的双元载体。经农杆菌途径转化番茄“丽春”品种,获得了60株抗卡那再生杭株,PCR检测证明有6株为转基因植株,Southern杂交和Northern杂交分析进一步确证了外源基因的插入及其转录活性。反义番茄果实的乙烯释放受到明显抑制,表现出更好的耐储保鲜特性,并且与对照相比,在果实品质上没有明显差别。大田培育Fl和F2代转化番茄植株,反义番茄纯合品系的筛选工作正在进行之中。 同时,本研究利用已经获得的ACC合成酶和PG的cDNA克隆,构建了两个嵌合转化基因载体pPGACC1、pPGACC10,它包括1300bp的ACC合成酶cDNA编码序列,并分别含有反向与正向的250bp的5’端PG基因片断。酶切图谱和序列分析鉴定无误后,以pBin437为植物表达载体构建了双元载体pBPGACC1和pBPGACC10,分别表达PG正义RNA和反义RNA,并均表达ACC合成酶反义RNA。经农杆菌转化番茄子叶,植株的再生培育有待进行。通过对转基因植物的分析,我们期望阐明用单一嵌合基因表达载体通过反义抑制与抑制作用实现对内源两同源基因——PG和ACC合成酶下降调节的可能性,并可望得到具有更好耐储效果且品质优良的番茄品系。

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小麦杂交坏死是某些小麦杂交种表现出的叶片提前逐渐死亡的现象。它是由两个坏死基因Ne1和Ne2在杂交种中相遇后发生显性互补引起的。坏死从叶片尖端逐渐过渡到叶片基部,从成熟叶片发展到幼嫩叶片。一些严重坏死的F1完成它的生活周期前就在不同的生长阶段死去,无法获得F1种子,这就限制了携带优良性状的亲本的选择和优良基因的交流。另外,小麦杂交坏死是一个独特的研究植物程序性死亡的遗传系统。虽然小麦杂交坏死这种现象已经发现很多年,但其详细的分子机理却仍然未知。对小麦杂交坏死的分子机理进行深入研究将有助于克服小麦杂交利用中杂交坏死的遗传障碍,此外,也为深入研究植物的PCD机理提供可操作靶分子。 本论文采用高通量蛋白质组研究技术对小麦杂交坏死进行了研究。携带坏死基因Ne2的小麦品种Pan555(P)和携带坏死基因Ne2的小麦品种Zheng891(Z)生长发育完全正常,将两个亲本杂交,所得杂交F1代PZF1表现杂交坏死。在小麦生长阶段8,旗叶(Flag leaf)刚刚出现,PZF1的旗叶下第一片叶子(FL-1)还是完全绿色,FL-2叶尖开始有坏死斑出现。在这个阶段,分别将PZF1,P,Z的FL-2叶剪成相等的尖,中,基三段。我们选择的PZF1的FL-2叶,其叶尖段已经有成片的坏死斑出现;中间段零星出现少量坏死斑点;基部段和亲本一样还是完全的绿色,代表坏死进程中的不同阶段。又选PZF1的FL-1和FL-2分别代表杂交坏死启动前和杂交坏死启动后。两个亲本P和Z的FL-2叶的三段及FL-1叶正常,都是完全绿色。 首先分别分析了PZF1,P和Z的FL-2叶的尖、中、基三段的蛋白表达情况。在PZF1的尖、中、基三段共检测到23个差异表达蛋白点。这23个点在两个亲本的尖、中、基三段中的表达丰度没有显著差异(p<0.05),说明这23个蛋白的差异表达不是由于叶段的不同引起,确与杂交坏死相关。对这23个蛋白进行了MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定,其中18个得到成功鉴定。然后对PZF1,P和Z的FL-1叶和FL-2叶的蛋白表达情况进行了分析。与PZF1的FL-1叶比较,在FL-2叶中检测到19个蛋白上调,20个蛋白下调。这39个蛋白的丰度在两个亲本的FL-1和FL-2叶之间没有显著差异,说明这39个蛋白的差异表达不是由于叶位的不同引起,确与杂交坏死相关。对这39个蛋白进行质谱鉴定其中26个得到成功鉴定。 根据被鉴定蛋白的功能及其表达丰度的变化,对这些蛋白在小麦杂交坏死中可能的作用进行了讨论。与PZF1的FL-2叶基部相比,S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶(S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase)在中部极显著(p<0.01)下调,而在中部和尖段之间没有显著差异,保持低丰度不变。腺苷甲硫氨酸3(AdoMet synthase 3)和甲硫氨酸合成酶1(Methionine synthase 1)都在PZF1的FL-2叶尖段上调。甲基化循环中的这3个酶比例的不协调可能会以不同的方式加速细胞老化。 与PZF1的FL-1叶比较,尿卟啉环脱羧酶(Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase)在FL-2叶中下调,这将引起尿卟啉环III的积累。脂加氧酶(Lipoxygenases)在FL-2叶中上调。尿卟啉环III的积累和脂加氧酶的上调都会引起细胞内活性氧的增加。另外活性氧和脂加氧酶都会使脂发生过氧化作用,进而导致细胞膜完整性受到破坏,最终可能导致细胞死亡。 与基部段比较,在PZF1的FL-2叶的尖段和/或中间段;以及与PZF1的FL-1叶比较,在FL-2叶中,都有很多防御性蛋白的上调,这暗示应对活性氧、脂过氧化、甲基化循环中三个酶比例的不协调等引起的对细胞的破坏作用,细胞可能启动了抗细胞死亡系统来应对这种细胞内部的胁迫。 然而,与基部段比较,一些能量相关蛋白在PZF1的FL-2叶的尖段和/或中间段;以及与PZF1的FL-1叶比较,在FL-2叶中的异常表达可能会以干扰能量循环的方式加速细胞死亡。另外,与FL-2基部段比较,在尖段和/或中间段,以及与PZF1的FL-1比较,在FL-2中,都有一些防御性蛋白、蛋白合成相关的蛋白以及单链DNA结合蛋白下调,它们的变化可能会降低细胞的抵抗力,蛋白合成能力以及DNA修复能力。细胞正常代谢的很多方面都受到干扰从而使PZF1叶细胞最终走向死亡。 本研究中发现了三个甲基化循环中的酶变化,而且S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶是在坏死进程的较早阶段发生下调,它的变化可能是小麦杂交坏死的一个诱因,这暗示小麦杂交坏死可能是一个表观遗传学事件。另外本研究还发现一些和活性氧,脂氧化等相关的蛋白的变化,而活性氧增加和脂氧化都是细胞凋亡的典型特征。所以本研究为表观遗传细胞凋亡和氧化胁迫细胞凋亡的研究提供了很有价值的信息。

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Data on intergroup-interactions (I-I) were collected in 5 seasonally provisioned groups (A, B, D, D-1, and E) of Tibetan macaques (Macaca Thibetana) at Mt. Emei in three 70-day periods between 1991 April-June (P1), September-November (P2), December-1992 February (P3). The I-I were categorized as forewarning made by high-ranking males (including Branch Shaking and/or Loud Calls), long-distance interactions in space (specified by changes in their foraging movements), and close encounters (with Affinitive Behavior, Male's Herding Female, Sexual Interaction, Severe Conflict, Adult Male-male Conflict, Opportunistic Advance and Retreat, etc. performed by different age-sex classes). From periods Fl to P3, the I-I rate decreased with reduction in population density as a positive correlate of food clumpedness or the number of potential feeders along a pedestrian trail. On the other hand, from the birth season (BS, represented by P1 and P3) to the mating season (MS, represented by P2) the dominance relation between groups, which produced a winner and a loser in the encounters, became obscure; the proportion of close encounters in the I-I increased; the asymmetry (local groups over intruders) of forewarning signals disappeared; the rate of branch shaking decreased; and sometimes intergroup cohesion appeared. Considering that sexual interactions also occurred between the encountering groups, above changes in intergroup behaviors may be explained with a model of the way in which the competition for food (exclusion) and the sexual attractiveness between opposite sexes were in a dynamic equilibrium among the groups, with the former outweighing the latter in the BS, and conversely in the MS. Females made 93% of severe conflicts, which occurred in 18% of close encounters. Groups fissioned in the recent past shared the same home range, and showed the highest hostility to each other by females. In conspicuous contrast with females' great interest in intergroup food/range competition, adult male-male conflicts that were normally without body contact occurred in 66% bf close encounters; high-ranking male herding of females, which is typical in baboons, appeared in 83% of close encounters, and showed no changes with season and sexual weight-dimorphism; peripheral juvenile and subadult males were the main performers of the affinitive behaviors, opportunistic advance and retreat, and guarding at the border. In brief, all males appeared to "sit on the fence" at the border, likely holding out hope of gaining the favor of females both within and outside the group. Thus, females and males attempted to maximize reproductive values in different ways, just as expected by Darwin-Trivers' theory of sexual selection. In addition, group fission was observed in the largest and highest-ranking group for two times (both in the MS) when its size increased to a certain level, and the mother group kept their dominant position in size and rank among the groups that might encounter, suggesting that fission takes a way of discarding the "superfluous part" in order to balance the cost of competition for food and mates within a group, and the benefit of cooperation to access the resources for animals in the mother group. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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用银鲫克隆D、克隆A和鲤鱼的精子分别与银鲫克隆F的卵子受精产生了三种繁殖组合FD、LA和FL;再用转铁蛋白和同工酶标记对这三种组合的遗传模式进行比较研究。结果发现,FL组合的子代具有与其母本完全相同的体形和电泳图谱,表现出雌核生殖银鲫的克隆品性。而在FD组合中则出现了体形的分化和酶谱的多态性;在一些个体的蛋白座位上同时检测到了父本和母本各自特有的谱带,证明FD生殖过程中有性重组的发生。同时,在所研究的蛋白的不同座位上存在着极端的连锁不平衡现象,可以推断在FD的重组过程中多个基因座位组成的连锁群(甚至是染色

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Gynogenetic silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, is an intriguing model. system. In the present work, a systemic study has been initiated by introducing suppression subtractive hybridization technique into this model system to identify the differentially expressed genes in oocytes between gynogenetic silver crucian carp and its closely related gonochoristic color crucian carp. Five differential cDNA fragments were identified from the preliminary screening, and two of them are ZP3 homologues. Moreover, the full length ZP3 cDNAs were cloned from their oocyte cDNA libraries. The length of ZP3 cDNAs were 1378 bp for gyno-carp and 1367 bp for gono-carp, and they can be translated into proteins with 435 amino acids. Obvious differences are not only in the composition of amino acids, but also in the number of potential O-linked oligosaccharide sites. In addition, gyno-carp ZP3 amino acid sequence has an unexpected higher identity value with common carp (83.5%) than that with the closely related gono-carp (74.7%). The unique homology may be originated from the ancient hybridization. Northern blot analysis confirmed that expression of the ZP3 gene occurred exclusively in the oocytes. Because O-linked oligosaccharides on ZP3 have been demonstrated to play very important roles in fertilization, it is suggested that the extra O-linked glycosylation sites may be related to the unique sperm-egg recognition mechanism in gynogenesis.

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A new type of photovoltaic system with higher generation power density has been studied in detail. The feature of the system is a V-shaped module (VSM) with two tilted monocrystalline solar cells. Compared to solar cells in a flat orientation, the VSM enhances external quantum efficiency and leads to an increase of 31% in power conversion efficiency. Due to the VSM technique, short-circuit current density was raised from 24.94 to 33.7mA/cm(2), but both fill factor and open-circuit voltage were approximately unchanged. For the VSM similar results (about 30% increase) were obtained for solar cells fabricated by using mono-crystal line silicon wafers with only conventional background impurities. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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A self-assembled quantum-wire laser structure was grown by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy in an InAlGaAs-InAlAs matrix oil InP(001) substrate. Ridge-waveguide lasers were fabricated and demonstrated to operate at a heatsink temperature tip to 330 K in continuous-wave (CW) mode. The emission wavelength of the lasers with 5 mm-long cavity was 1.713 mu m at room temperature in CW mode. The temperature stability of the devices was analysed and the characteristic temperature was found to be 47 K in the mnge of 220-320 K.

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To overcome the isotropic directional emission of an ideal circular microdisk, two kinds of cylindrical mesa-like InGaAlP single quantum well (SQW) microdisks emitting at a visible red wavelength of 0.66 mu m have been fabricated. An anisotropic luminescence pattern was revealed by the microscopic fluorescence (FL) image. FL intensity, preferentially enhanced with twofold symmetry, appeared at the circumference of the InGaAlP SQW microdisks. Our results demonstrated that anisotropic radiation can be achieved by geometry shaping of the disks on the top view two-dimensional boundary slightly deformed from circular shape and/or on the side-view cross-section of the circular mesa by wet etching anisotropic undercut. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Hydrogenated amorphous SiOx films are fabricated via plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique. After erbium implantation and rapid thermal annealing, photoluminescence (PL) are measured at 77 K and room temperature (RT), respectively. We observed the strong PL at 1.54 mu m at RT. The 1.54 mu m PL intensity changes with the variation of concentration of oxygen. The most intense PL at 77 K in a-SiOx:H (Er) corresponds to O/Si = 1.0 and at RT to O/Si = 1.76. Based on our results, we propose that Er ions contributed to PL come from O-rich region in the film. Er ions in Si-rich region have no relation with FL. Temperature dependence of the intensity of the 1.54 mu m line of the Er3+ transition displays a very weak temperature quenching in Er-doped hydrogenated amorphous Si. The PL intensity at 250 K is a little more one half of that at 15 K.

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After capping InAs islands with a thin enough GaAs layer, growth interruption has been introduced. Ejected energy of self-organized InAs/GaAs quantum dots has been successfully tuned in a controlled manner by changing the thickness of GaAs capping layer and the time of growth interruption and InAs layer thickness. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra showing the shift of the peak position reveals the tuning of the electronic states of the QD system. Enhanced uniformity of Quantum dots is observed judging from the decrease of full width at half maximum of FL. Injection InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers have been fabricated and performed on various frequencies. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.