The single crystal-like banded textures in the films of a thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(aryl ether ketone) containing a lateral chloro group

The banded textures in the films of a thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(aryl ether ketone) containing a lateral chloro group have been studied by means of transmission electron microscopy(TEM), electron diffraction(ED) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The crystallization-induced Landed texture without external shear can be formed when the thin films were annealed at the temperature range(320-330 degrees C) of the liquid crystalline state from the melt, The results show that the banded regions have high orientation of single crystal based on the orthorhombic packing and the growing direction of the Lands is along the b axis of the crystals, This kind of single crystal-like bands is due to the different orientation of the packing molecular chains, The molecular chains of the dark bands in the bright field electron micrograph are perpendicular to the film plane, while the ones of the bright Lands are tilt along the b axis with the tilt angle upto +/-20 degrees.

Self-assembled monolayer growth of phospholipids on hydrophobic surface toward mimetic biomembranes: Scanning probe microscopy study

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and lateral force microscopy (LFM) were used simultaneously to analyze a model membrane bilayer structure consisting of a phospholipid outer monolayer deposited onto organosilane-derivatized mica surfaces, which were constructed by using painting and self-assembly methods. The phospholipid used as outer monolayer was dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). The hydrocarbon-covered substrate that formed the inner half bilayer was composed of a self-assembly monolayer (SAM) of octadecyltrichloroorganosilane (OTS) on mica. SAMs of DMPC were formed by exposing hydrophobic mica to a solution of DMPC in decane/isobutanol and subsequently immersing into pure water. AFM images of samples immersed in solution for varying exposure times showed that before forming a complete monolayer the molecules aggregated into dense islands (2.2-2.6 nm high) on the surface. The islands had a compact and rounded morphology. LFM, coupled with topographic data obtained with the atomic force mode, had made possible the distinction between DMPC and OTS. The rate constant of DMPC growth was calculated. This is the first systematic study of the SAM formation of DMPC by AFM and LFM imaging. It reveals more direct information about the film morphology than previous studies with conventional surface analytical techniques such as infrared spectroscopy, X-ray, or fluorescence microscopy.

Deoxyribonucleic acid sample preparation in scanning probe microscope

The process of deoxyribonucleio acid (DNA) sample preparation in scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) is reviewed. The main discussions are devoted to the methods, advantages or drawbacks and improvement of the DNA sample's immobilization and spreading.

Langmuir-Blodgett film formation from surfactant-capped zinc sulfide nanoparticles spread on water surface

The surfactant-capped ZnS nanoparticulate multilayer film has been fabricated by Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) technique. ZnS LB firm was investigated by the small-angle x-ray diffraction(XRD), atomic force microscopy(AFM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The results indicate that ZnS nanoparticulate LB film is one-dimensional superlattice.

Structural and optical properties of distyrylbenzene derivative thin films

In order to understand the relationship between the molecular orientation and optical properties of oligophenylenevinylene film, oriented thin films of 1,4-di(p-methoxystyryl)benzene (DSB-1) and 1,4-di(p-methoxystyryl)-2,5-dimethoxybenzene (DSB-2) were fabricated on a potassium bromide (KBr) (001) surface by the vacuum-evaporation method. The structures and optical properties of DSB films have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and polarized photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, respectively. DSB-1 molecules orient obliquely and/or parallel to the substrate surface depending on the substrate temperature. On the other hand, DSB-2 molecules tend to grow epitaxially with the molecular plane parallel to the substrate surface. The anisotropic molecular orientations represent the polarized PL. The epitaxial growth and molecular orientations observed by TEM and AFM at the local and microscopic scale are confirmed by polarized PL measurement on a macroscopic scale. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-8979(99)01523-6].

Fabrication and characterization of heteropolyanion Langmuir-Blodgett films

The possibility of the formation of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films with dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DODA) after the addition of cobalt(II)-substituted Dawson-type tungstodiphosphate anion (briefed as (H2O)(CoP2W17O618-)-P-11) in the subphase has been explored. Marked modifications of the compression isotherms are observed when this anion is dissolved in the subphase, which demonstrates that the polyanions interact with the monolayers. LB films have been readily obtained from this system. The adsorption Fourier transform IR (FT IR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) have been used to investigate the morphological and molecular structure of the deposited film. The FT IR results showed the presence of the polyanion within the LB films, and the shift for its characteristic bands may be related to the presence of positively charged DODA. AFM measurement reveals that the LB films of DODA/(H2O)(CoP2W17O618)-P-II are regularly and uniformly deposited on the substrate. XRD experiments prove that the lamellar structure of the LB films of DODA/(H2O)(CoP2W17O618-)-P-II is well-defined. The LB films of DODA/(H2O)(CoP2W17O618-)-P-II immobilized onto an indium-oxide (ITO) glass, in aqueous solutions of pH 2.0-5.0, show quite facile redox reactions even for multilayers. All the experiments carried out in the present study suggest that the new materials of heteropolyanions can be formed by LB techniques and beneficial physicochemical properties of heteropolyanions can be maintained/enhanced through molecular-level design. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

EPITAXIAL BEHAVIOR OF HDPE ON THE BOUNDARY OF HIGHLY ORIENTED IPP SUBSTRATES

The epitaxial crystallization behavior of high-density polyethylene on the boundary of highly oriented isotactic polypropylene (iPP) substrates has been investigated by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results obtained from AFM and TEM indicate that the epitaxial nucleation of HDPE on the highly oriented iPP substrates occurs earlier than that in the pure HDPE phase, i.e., homogeneous nucleation. Therefore the epitaxially grown HDPE lamellae can grow across the boundary of the iPP substrate into the HDPE spherulitic phase with the epitaxial orientation relationship remaining.

碳纳米管探针的制作方法研究

碳纳米管的小直径、高纵横比、高强度和高弹性、优良的耐磨损性能以及独特的电学和化学特性,使其成为高分辨率原子力显微镜的理想探针针尖。本文根据制作工艺的特点,综述现有碳纳米管探针的代表性研究和制作方法:组装式和生长式。组装式是通过手工、电场或磁场的方式将制备好的碳纳米管粘附到常规硅探针的末端;而生长式是在常规硅探针末端或悬臂梁上定点催化生长出一定直径和长度的CNT。最后指出这些方法目前存在的主要问题。

具有力觉与视觉反馈的交互式纳米操作系统

提出了交互式纳米操作的实现方法,搭建了一个具有力觉与视觉反馈的交互式纳米操作系统.操作者通过该系统不仅可以实时感受到作用在原子力显微镜(AFM)探针上的力,而且可以实时观察到纳米环境在AFM操作下的变化过程,使得对微观世界的纳米操作如同在宏观世界搬运物体一样直观、灵活.实验结果证实了本系统的高效性及先进性.

具有三维力反馈的原子力显微镜纳米操作系统

在基于原子力显微镜的纳米操作过程中,由于缺乏实时反馈信息,造成纳米操作效率低下且灵活性差,同时探针因受力过大而损坏。为此,本文通过对探针受力-悬臂变形进行建模,并根据实时检测到的悬臂变形信号、新的参数获取与校准方法,从而获取探针所受的实时三维纳米力。将此三力经比例放大后送入力/触觉设备进行感知,操作者就可以实时调节施加在探针上力的大小及探针的运动轨迹,使得操作的效率及灵活性明显提高,且可以避免探针因受力过大而造成损坏。纳米刻画和多壁碳纳米管的操作实验验证了系统的有效性。

原子力显微镜管式扫描器运动学建模与误差分析

针对样本扫描模式原子力显微镜,对其管式扫描器-样本-探针系统进行了运动学分析,建立了该系统的运动学模型,该模型表明:对于给定原子力显微镜扫描器,样本上与探针接触点的横向和纵向位移取决于探针尖端相对于扫描管轴心的偏置量、所加电压(或名义扫描范围)及样本厚度。据此模型,对由于弯曲运动模式所产生的两种重要误差—交叉耦合误差及扫描范围误差进行了定量分析,分析表明:扫描范围误差主要受样本厚度及名义扫描范围影响,而Z向交叉耦合误差主要受探针偏置量及名义扫描范围影响,实验验证了所建立的运动学模型和误差计算公式的正确性;另外,还提出了相应的减小误差的方法。

机器人化纳米操作中任务空间的实时反馈方法研究

纳米科技的最终目标是在原子、分子尺度上，制造具有新颖物理、化学和生物特性的器件和系统，而实现这个目标最为关键的使能技术便是纳米尺度下进行观测、操作和装配的科学方法与相关技术手段。原子力显微镜（AFM：Atomic Force Microscopy）的发明为实现这一目标提供了可行途径，AFM除了能够在常态下实现对原子、分子尺度大小物体的观测，并且由于其超高的分辨率和运动精度，可控、可重复的运动方式，独特的机械力作用机理，任意环境的可适应性而广泛应用于纳米操作。然而AFM的主要功能是进行纳米观测，应用于纳米操作时面临着许多挑战性的难题，尽管随着近十年的深入研究，一些问题已经得到了部分解决，但是缺乏高可信度的实时视觉反馈、无法实现任务空间内探针的精确定位依然阻碍着AFM纳米操作的效率。以目前最为先进的AFM纳米操作方法—增强现实技术为例，尽管该技术可以为操作者提供实时的视觉反馈，但是这种视觉反馈并不代表纳米操作场景的真实变化，而是根据离线模型计算得到的一种图形仿真，因而视觉反馈是否可信取决于模型的准确程度，然而受纳米尺度下各种非线性力的影响，如毛细力、范德华力、静电力等等，很难建立完全精确的物理模型，模型误差将导致错误的视觉反馈并引起纳米操作的失败。此外，受PZT非线性和温漂的影响，基于AFM的纳米操作还缺乏在任务空间内对探针进行精确定位的能力，导致操作过程中AFM探针无法有效接触到纳米物体，使得机器人学中“从A点运动到B点”最为基本的任务难以实现，这些缺点都严重阻碍着AFM纳米操作的效率和效果。本论文针对上述问题，以机器人学中的感知、决策、行为理论和监控方法为基础，具体开展了以下几方面的工作： 1、视觉反馈缺乏可信度是基于增强现实AFM纳米操作面临的主要问题，由于操作者无法对视觉反馈可信度作出评断，经常会在错误视觉反馈的指引下进行无效的纳米操作，从而浪费大量的时间，降低了AFM纳米操作的效率。为了克服上述问题，本文在研究信息诊断与反馈理论基础上，提出了基于Kalman滤波的视觉反馈可信度在线监控方法，实现了视觉反馈错误的实时检测，避免了无效纳米操作的发生，提高了AFM纳米操作的效率。 2、错误视觉反馈被检测出后，需要对其修正以保证纳米操作任务的成功完成。然而传统修正方法需要中断纳米操作进行重新扫描成像，这往往需要耗费几分钟的时间，严重降低了AFM纳米操作的效率。针对该问题，本文提出一种基于局部扫描的在线修正方法，通过扫描轨迹的优化，该方法能够对真实纳米操作结果进行实时感知，从而不需要中断纳米操作就能实现错误视觉反馈的修正，并使得整个修正过程对于操作者透明。这保证了实时可视监控信息的真实性，显著提升了AFM纳米操作的效率。 3、PZT非线性和随机漂移是影响AFM探针精确定位的主要因素，针对该问题本文提出了一种基于路标的探针定位方法，其核心思想是不再采用距离为测度方式进行探针位置描述，而是将作业区域的特定形貌特征定义为参考路标，通过探针对特征形貌的主动感知实现基于路标地图的探针定位，有效消除PZT非线性和随机漂移引起的定位误差，提高探针在任务空间内的定位精度。 4、研究了机器人化纳米操作系统任务空间实时反馈的构建技术，具体包括高灵敏度纳米操作力的感知方法，系统结构误差的产生原因和补偿策略，面向探针实时运动控制的系统结构设计，系统的软硬件实现方案等内容，并利用该实验平台开展了大量实验研究，验证了本论文所提出理论方法的正确性，同时演示性地组建了基于单根CNT和DNA的纳电子器件，实验结果表明AFM纳米操作的效率和效果得到了极大提升。本文的研究工作丰富了基于AFM的机器人化纳米操作理论，为基于AFM的纳米制造技术发展提供了具有一定指导意义的理论方法和研究途径。

Kinetics and Force Dependence of P-selectin/PSGL-1 Interactions Measured by AFM

Leukocytes roll along the endothelium of postcapillary venules in response to inflammatory and thrombotic processes. The rolling under hydrodynamic shear forces is a first step in directing leukocytes out of the blood stream into sites of inflammation and is mediated by the selectins, a family of extended, modular, and calcium-dependent lectin receptors. The interactions between P-, E-or L-selectins and their count.

Multi-scale analysis of AFM tip and surface interactions

Thoroughly understanding AFM tip-surface interactions is crucial for many experimental studies and applications. It is important to realize that despite its simple appearance, the system of tip and sample surface involves multiscale interactions. In fact, the system is governed by a combination of molecular force (like the van der Waals force), its macroscopic representations (such as surface force) and gravitational force (a macroscopic force). Hence, in the system, various length scales are operative, from sub-nanoscale (at the molecular level) to the macroscopic scale. By integrating molecular forces into continuum equations, we performed a multiscale analysis and revealed the nonlocality effect between a tip and a rough solid surface and the mechanism governing liquid surface deformation and jumping. The results have several significant implications for practical applications. For instance, nonlocality may affect the measurement accuracy of surface morphology. At the critical state of liquid surface jump, the ratio of the gap between a tip and a liquid dome (delta) over the dome height (y(o)) is approximately (n-4) (for a large tip), which depends on the power law exponent n of the molecular interaction energy. These findings demonstrate that the multiscale analysis is not only useful but also necessary in the understanding of practical phenomena involving molecular forces. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

AFM针尖压入测量中的非线性效应

根据AFM(Atomic-Force Microscope原子力显微镜)实验得到的典型压入曲线给出了一种标定电压-挠度转化系数的方法。对压入曲线进行常规的数据处理,结果显示在起始段和末段各有5nm左右的名义压入深度。然而,有限元计算结果表明上述名义压入深度并非真正的针尖压入样品的深度。通过悬臂梁响应、光线传播、四象限接收器等几个方面的非线性效应分析,得到了实验中各部分非线性效应对实验结果的影响方式和误差范围,从而发现压入实验中四象限接收器上光斑相对移动引起的非线性效应是造成错误判读压入深度的重要原因。最后,对如何减小测量误差和如何在一定误差范围内得到可靠的实验结果给出了一些建议.