253 resultados para 280
Resumo:
本文对我国胶州湾养殖的主要滤食性贝类菲律宾蛤仔的生理生态学进行了系统研究,通过资料收集、现场调查、定点连续观测、现场模拟实验等综合性方法探讨了菲律宾蛤仔养殖对胶州湾生态环境的影响。主要系统调查了不同季节胶州湾自然沉积物中C、N和P的变化;研究了菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积作用的周年变化;同时还研究了不同月份菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率,排泄率的变化。结果如下: 1、综述了滤食性贝类通过滤食、生物沉积和呼吸排泄等作用对海区环境的影响,系统评述了埋栖性贝类生物沉积的测定方法及其生态效应。国际上已有不少研究专门报道了贝类在海区现场的生物沉积作用,而在我国,关于埋栖性贝类生物沉积特征的研究较少。 2、在胶州湾红岛附近养殖海区,从2003年10月到2004年7月以及2005年8月到2005年12月对菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积进行了现场测定。大、中和小规格菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积速率范围分别为121.6~1527.4mg/ind·d,49.5~902.1mg/ind·d,14.2~653.9mg/ind·d。海底自然沉积物OM分别为3.1%和5.7±1.1%。而大、中和小规格菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积物的OM分别为6.2±1.2%、5.9±1.3%和6.1±1.4%。大、中和小菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积物TP含量分别为399±26ppm,372±16ppm,345±15ppm。大、中和小规格蛤子生物沉积物中的OP分别为80±17ppm,92±12ppm和102±10ppm,明显高于对照沉积物的OP。生物沉积物中的OP/TP要明显高于对照沉积物,前者为23~25%,而后者仅为20%。菲律宾蛤仔生物沉积速率呈明显季节性变化,其与软体干重呈异速方程关系,a值的变化范围为0.85~4.50(平均为2.32)。菲律宾蛤仔贝肉的OC和ON含量分别为40.80±7.59%和的10.26±2.19%。贝壳的OM、TP、OP、OC和ON含量分别为3.28±0.47%、109.2±16.6ppm、64±22.9ppm、12.21±0.30%和0.19±0.05%。 3、不同规格菲律宾蛤仔的代谢率呈明显季节变化。7月份,单位个体菲律宾蛤仔耗氧率最高为1.72 g/ind•h;8月份,排氨率和排磷率达到最高,分别为2.44μmol/ind•h、0.58μmol/ind•h。菲律宾蛤仔的O:N在10.7~31.9范围内,O:N和N:P具有明显的季节变化,8月份最大。 4、研究了本湾底质环境特征,测定了自然沉积物的OM、OC、ON、TP和OP的含量。胶州湾站位沉积物的有机质和C、N、P含量季节变化不大,有机质含量大约为3.5%,OC和ON含量大约为0.7%和0.06%。TP含量为285ppm左右,OP含量大约为50ppm。养殖海区沉积物有机质和C、N、P的含量明显高于非养殖海区沉积物含量,其C/N、C/OP和OP/TP一般也比非养殖海区站位高。 夏季,胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔养殖区(平均密度按600ind/m2计算)单位面积(m2)的生物沉积速率平均为176g/m2•d,对于整个海湾,将有1.2万吨的悬浮颗粒物通过贝类排粪作用沉积到海底。通过菲律宾蛤仔的呼吸作用,单位面积(m2)的耗氧量为6.67gO2/m2•d;同时从海底向水体释放大约为16.7μmolN /m2•d和3.3μmolP/m2•d的溶解态N和P;对于整个海湾,菲律宾蛤仔将耗掉水体中的467T/d氧气,同时向水体中释放16.4T/d氨氮和7.2T/d无机磷。对于半封闭的胶州湾,大规模菲律宾蛤仔的滩涂养殖其产生的生物沉积物聚集于海底可能会对海区底部的物理化学和生物环境产生很大影响;而氧的消耗、氨和无机磷的排泄,会对水层中的物理化学环境和营养盐循环产生很大影响。从而由此推测,菲律宾蛤仔高密度大规模的养殖,在整个胶州湾水层-底栖系统耦合作用中可能起着很重要的作用。
Resumo:
虾青素是良好的着色剂,具有超强的抗氧化、捕获自由基、抗癌变,抗紫外线辐射、增强免疫等功能,在医疗、水产、食品和化妆品等生产领域有着广泛的市场。雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)是一种单细胞的绿藻,在逆境条件下可积累高达4%干重的虾青素,是目前已知的天然虾青素含量最高的生物资源,规模化培养雨生红球藻是获取天然虾青素的最佳途径。 目前实验室研究和规模化培养使用的藻株多为出发株,存在一些缺陷:养殖过程中易被其它微藻、变形虫、原生动物、细菌等污染;只适合低温培养,28℃以上生长受抑制;生长相对较慢,培养周期长;尽管雨生红球藻是已知的天然虾青素含量最高的生物资源,但其含量仍然需要提高以适合规模化生产。因此筛选出温度适应范围广、生长速率快、虾青素含量高的雨生红球藻株一直是努力的方向。 本研究选用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)和叠氮钠(NaN3)以及物理诱变剂紫外线(UV)分别处理雨生红球藻,测定各种诱变剂的致死率,及对红球藻生长和虾青素积累的影响,根据实验结果确定合适的诱变剂量和诱变时间,通过初筛、复筛、再次诱变等分离、筛选出生长速度快、虾青素含量高的单一藻株并进一步利用高压液相色谱等方法进行鉴定。 实验结果表明:浓度为0.2%-1.0%EMS处理4h,雨生红球藻H2的死亡率7%-35%;紫外线照射2min-10min,雨生红球藻H0的死亡率10%-98%;叠氮钠30mg/L-270 mg/L处理24h,雨生红球藻H0的死亡率为20%-100%。各种诱变剂诱变结束后立即观察发现死亡细胞的形态相似但存活细胞相态有所不同,死亡细胞呈浅绿色,轮廓模糊,形状不规则,质壁间隙消失,胞内有白色空泡;EMS处理后存活细胞,呈圆球状,部分失去鞭毛和前端突起,游动缓慢,处理后第二天,细胞即恢复游动和分裂,分裂方式与正常细胞相似。紫外线和叠氮钠处理后存活细胞壁加厚,呈深绿色,圆球状,部分失去鞭毛和突起,严重抑制细胞的游动和分裂,出现不动细胞,培养一段时间后才出现分裂细胞,游动的和不动的存活细胞主要是采用不对称无性繁殖,这与正常细胞的不对称无性繁殖有所不同,正常细胞中不对称无性繁殖的母细胞多为不动细胞。紫外线和叠氮钠处理后部分细胞还产生大量的小孢子(配子?),直径较小1-4m,在母细胞内不停摆动,四、五天后逐渐脱离母细胞。这和以前描述的有性繁殖很相似,但由于没观察到后期孢子配对过程和缺乏小孢子的DNA含量和倍性的有关数据,不能确定观察到的小孢子现象为雨生红球藻的有性繁殖。 各种诱变剂处理后,各组存活藻株的生长和虾青素积累情况同对照组相比发生了变化:EMS实验中0.4%EMS组生长速率提高24%,其它组的细胞生长速率有所降低。各组单细胞虾青素含量和积累速率均高于对照组,其中0.4%和0.8%处理组单细胞内虾青素含量分别提高了76%和90%,积累速率分别提高了69%和115%;紫外线实验中4min、6min和10min组生长速率分别提高20%、17%和35%,各组藻细胞虾青素积累速率有不同程度的提高,其中2min组和10min组虾青素积累速率提高幅度最大分别为32%和31%,单细胞内虾青素含量除10min处理组提高48%,其它各组均有不同幅度的降低;叠氮钠实验中60mg/L、120mg/L和180mg/L组细胞生长速率分别提高了13%、20%和9%,各组藻细胞内虾青素含量和虾青素积累速率得到明显的提高。其中60 mg/L和180 mg/L组单细胞内虾青素含量提高幅度最大,分别提高75%和140%。180mg/L和240mg/L组虾青素积累速率提高幅度最大,分别为280%和250%。 诱变后通过固体平板分离,得到一系列单一藻株,其中0.4%浓度EMS处理雨生红球藻H2 4h后分离到H2-419在生物量上比H2高出20%,但虾青素含量提高幅度不大。用UV对突变株H2-419再次诱变得到较稳定的藻株H2-419-4,培养五个月后与H2相比生物总量提高68%,单细胞内虾青素含量提高28%,经高压液相色谱分析证明H2-419-4类胡萝卜素提取物中主要成分仍然为虾青素,和出发株H2相比色素成分没有发生变化,只是各成分比例有所不同。 还分析研究了其它单一藻株,但或是稳定性较差,或虾青素含量高而生长慢。如雨生红球藻H2经0.02%EMS诱变十天,分离得到的E-L-22和出发株相比虾青素产量提高40%,但生物总量上降低了27%;5min紫外线照射雨生红球藻H0后,分离得到的UV-5-16和UV-5-14在生物总量分别提高7%和36%。叠氮钠200mg/L处理24h分离得到的藻株N-2-42生物总量提高43%,但藻株N-2-43生物总量比出发株降低8%。
Resumo:
本研究中运用四种不用的方法提取海带孢子体RNA,通过对比分析,确定了采用CTAB提取液[2% (w/v) CTAB,100 mM Tris-HC1 (pH 8.0), 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.5, 2 M NaCl, 50 mM DTT]提取RNA的方法,该方法的主要改进之处: (1) 高浓度(50 mM)的 DTT作为防止多酚氧化的还原剂加入提取液中;(2) 1/4 体积的乙醇和 1/9 体积的3 M 醋酸钾(pH 4.8)用来沉淀去除多糖;(3) 1/10倍体积的3 mol/L醋酸钠(pH 5.0)和两倍体积的乙醇选择性沉淀RNA;(4) -80℃沉淀30 min沉淀RNA。CTAB改进法提取的海带孢子体RNA质量好(A260/280 =1.96±0.05),产量高(68 μg/g),分离的RNA可用于RT-PCR反应,扩增相关基因片段。该方法提取海带配子体RNA效果也很好。 根据拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、 莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) 、铁线蕨(Adiantum capillus-veneris)、转板藻(Mougeotia scalaris)和无隔藻(Vaucheria frigida)等的蓝光受体蛋白保守序列,设计一系列简并引物,进行RT-PCR扩增,筛选并克隆测序了4条序列片段,通过比对分析,所得序列与已知的蓝光受体基因序列不一致。在所获得的序列中,一条783 bp的序列与肌醇-1-磷酸合成酶基因的片段有较高的相似性,通过RACE法克隆出该基因的3’末端,5’末端克隆没有成功,全长序列有待深入分析。
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能量代谢指动物在进行生理活动(如摄食、消化以及动物的活动等)时所消耗能量的总和,一般以动物的呼吸率利排泄率来估计动物的能量代谢。其主要研究内容是闸明生物能量代谢的基木规律以及与环境闪子的关系。菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphil ippmarum)是我国一种重要的养殖贝类,关于其能量代谢的研究却较少,这种状况妨碍了菲律宾蛤仔养殖生态理论的完善和养殖技术的提高。本研究主要对菲律宾蛤仔呼吸率和排泄率的基本规律(能量代谢与体重的关系、能量代谢的昼夜变化)及其与环境因子(饵料浓度、水温、栖息底质环境)的关系进行探讨。研究结果如下:1.不同体重菲律宾蛤仔代谢率小同。实验川菲律宾蛤仔分三种大小:l(干肉重为0.07-0.14g)、ll(干肉重0.27-0.34g)、III(干肉重0.45~0.63g)。温度包括:26℃(八月)、20℃(十月)、1 5℃(十二月)、9℃(一月)。实验共设四个饵料浓度:2.28±0.25,6.454±0.44,10.284±0.82,15.414±1.56mgTPM/L(TPM,总颗粒物),饵料中POM(颗粒有机物)含量都为4.68±1.64 mg/L。常温下菲律宾蛤仔代谢率随着体重的增大而增大。15℃、20~C、26℃时蛤仔呼吸率与干肉重呈明显的幂函数关系R=aW~b,a值变动范围为0.1076-0.3309;b值变动范围为0.239l~0.8381;蛤仔排泄率与干肉重也呈明显的幂函数关系N=aW~b,a值变动范围为14.213~68.362:b值变动范围为0.3673-1.1 532。9℃(饵料浓度为2.28±0.25mgTPM/L)、20℃(饵料浓度为10.284-0.82mgTPM/L)、26℃(饵料浓度为6.454±0.44mgTPM/L)时不同体重蛤仔氧氮比差异显著,其它情况下不同体重蛤仔氧氮比差异不显著。2.常温下菲律宾蛤仔代谢率受饵料浓度的影响,不同大小蛤仔受饵料浓度的影响程度不同。I组蛤仔呼吸率受饵料浓度的显著影响,II组III组蛤仔呼吸率只在9℃(一月)和26~C(八月)时受饵料浓度的显著影响。26℃时影响最显著,26℃时I组蛤仔在饵料浓度为2.28±0.25,6.45±0.44,l0.28±0.82,15.4l±1.56mgTPM/L时呼吸率分别是O.086,0.146,0.073,0.093(mlO_2/h);ll组蛤仔在上述浓度饵料中呼吸率分别是0.138,0.214,0.J 26,0.12l(mlO_2/h);III组蛤仔在上述浓度饵料中呼吸率分别是0.129,0.266,0.186,0.192(mlO_2/h)。菲律宾蛤仔呼吸率在饵料浓度为6.45±0.44 mgTPM/L时最高,蛤仔呼吸率在其它饵料浓度时都会降低。菲律宾蛤仔排泄率在饵料浓度为10.28±0.82 mgTPM/L和15.4l士1.56mgTPM/L时显著高于其它浓度组,9℃时这种趋势更明显,9℃时饵料浓度为2.28±0.25,6.454±044,lO.284±0.82,15.41±1.56mgTPM/L中I组蛤仔排泄率分别是4.297,2.874,8.003,6.658(μgNH_3-N/h);II组蛤仔在上述浓度饵料中排泄率分别是4.011,3.609,10.427,12.732(μgNH_3-N/h);III组蛤仔在上述浓度饵料中排泄率分别是2.28 l,6.452,10.283,15.417(μgNH_3-N/h)。3.菲律宾蛤仔代谢率受自然温度的显著影Ⅱ向。I组蛤仔在9℃、15℃、20℃、26℃时呼吸率平均为0.057,0.085,0.039,O.099;II组蛤仔在上述四个温度中呼吸率平均为0.08,O.128,0.089,0.149(mlO_2/h),I组和II组蛤仔在9℃和20~C时呼吸率较低,在26℃时呼吸率最高。III组蛤仔在上述四个温度中呼吸率平均为0.09,O.1 59,O.143,O.193(mlO_2/h),在9℃时llI组蛤仔呼吸率显著低于其它温度组。温度为9℃、15℃、20℃、26℃时l组蛤仔排泄率平均为5.458,13.169,4.946,11.138(μgNH_3-N/h):II组蛤仔在上述温度中排泄率平均为7.695,23.578,8.319,23.90l(μgNH_3-N/h);III组蛤仔在上述温度中排泄率平均为11.738,27.443,15.658,35.407(μgNH_3-N/h),蛤仔排泄率在15℃和26℃时均高于9℃和20℃。4.摄食状态与饥饿状态菲律宾蛤仔代谢率有明显不同。26℃时蛤仔静止状态呼吸率平均为0.336(m102/g干重.h),摄食状态呼吸率平均为0.656(ml0_2干重.h),摄食状态呼吸率比静止状态平均升高了0 32(ml0_2/g干重.h);26℃时蛤仔静止状态排泄率平均为39.471(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h),摄食状态排泄率平均为88.08(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h),摄食状态排泄率比静止状态排泄率平均升高了48.6(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h)。摄食状态代谢率平均是静止状态的2~3倍。根据摄食引起的呼吸率和排泄率升高量得出每氧化产生lμgNH_3-N需0_2量平均为7.05μl。5.人工控制温度对菲律宾蛤仔代谢率有明显影响。不同大小蛤仔受温度的影响程度不同。在温度5℃、10℃、l 5℃、20℃、26℃,I组和II组蛤仔呼吸率都随着温度的升高而升高,在10℃~l5℃和20℃~26℃这二个温度变化范围内呼吸率变化最大,在20℃~26℃时I组蛤仔呼吸率变动范围为O.85~1.04(m10_2/g干重.h)、II组蛤仔变动范围为0.57~0.86(ml0_2/g干重.h)。III组蛤仔呼吸率只在5℃~l0℃时明显增高,变动范围为0.09~0.5l(m10_2/g干重.h),在10℃~26℃范围内变化不大。I组和II组蛤仔排泄率随着温度的升高而升高,变动幅度较大,在5℃~26℃范围内其排泄率变动范围为10.32~81.53(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h);而 III组蛤仔排泄率只在5℃~15℃时随着温度的升高而升高,其排泄率变动范围为6.75~23.77(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h),在15℃~26℃范围内几乎不变。III组蛤仔的适温范围比I组和II组蛤仔广。菲律宾蛤仔在5℃和10℃时氧氮比变化明显,变动范围为2.76~11.44,在15~26℃时变化不大。6.菲律宾蛤仔代谢率有明显的日节律性,呈正弦曲线型变化。蛤仔夜问代谢率明显升高。I组蛤仔夜间呼吸率平均为0.867(m10_2/g干重.h),白天呼吸率平均为O.504(m10_2/g干重.h);II组蛤仔夜间呼吸率平均为0.438(m10_2/g干重.h),白天呼吸率平均为0.36l(m102/g干重.h);III组蛤仔夜间呼吸率平均为0.409(m10_2/g干重.h),白天呼吸率平均为0.252(m102/g干重.h)。在22:00-23:00菲律宾蛤仔呼吸率最高。7.底质环境对菲律宾蛤仔的代谢率有明显影响。在饥饿状态下菲律宾蛤仔在泥沙底质中呼吸率平均为l 406(m10_2/g干重h),在无泥沙环境中呼吸率平均为O.963(ml0_2/g干重.h);摄食状态下菲律宾蛤仔在泥沙底质中呼吸率平均为1.59l(m102/g干重.h),在无泥沙环境中呼吸率平均为1.115(m10_2/g干重.h)。在饥饿状态下菲律宾蛤仔在泥沙底质中排泄率平均为78.934(μgNH_3-N/g 干重.h),在无泥沙环境巾排泄率平均为45.043(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h);摄食状态下菲律宾蛤仔在泥沙底质中排泄率平均为87.12l(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h),在无泥沙底质中排泄率平均为58.354(μgNH_3-N/g干重.h)。蛤仔在泥沙环境中呼吸率和排泄率都明显升高。
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Sea water samples were collected in the East China Sea in March and April, 2005, and three-dimensional fluorescence of dissolved organic matter was measured by fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy. The position, number and intensity of fluorescence peak in the spectra and the relations of the peaks were analyzed to determine the type, distribution and origin of the fluorescence dissolved organic matter. Seven types of fluorescence peaks were detected from the samples. There are protein-like fluorescence peaks B with Ex(max)/Em(max) = 275/300 nm, D with Ex(max)/Em(max) = 225/295-305 nm, T with Ex(max)/Em(max) = 280/345 nm, and S with Ex(max)/Em(max) = 225-240/320-350 nm, two humic-like peaks A with Ex(max)/Em(max) = 250-255/410-455 nm and C 335-345/410-440 ran, and marine humic peak M with Ex(max)/Em(max) = 305 nm/400-420 nm. Peaks B, S and A appeared in all surveyed area. Peaks T and D appeared in the north of the surveyed area. Peaks M and C only appeared in a few stations. In the surface layer, the source of the fluorescence dissolved organic matter might be the fresh water outflow of the Yangtze River, while the fluorescence dissolved organic matter in the middle layer had double sources from the Yangtze River and the phytoplankton. The good correlationships of different fluorescence peaks showed the same source or some relationship between the protein-like and the humic-like fluorescence dissolved organic matter.
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Fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy (EEMS) was employed to analyze the 3-dimensional fluorescence of dissolved organic matter in the East China Sea after diatom red tide dispersion. The relationships between fluorescence peak intensity, and salinity and chlorophyll-a were discussed. The centers of protein-like fluorescence peaks dispersed at Ex(max)/Em(max) = 270-280/290-315 nm (Peak B), 220-230/290-305 nm (Peak D), 230-240/335-350 nm(Peak S)and 280/320 nm(Peak T). Two humic-like peaks appeared at 255-270/435-480 nm (Peak A) and 330-350/420-480 nm(Peak C). High tyrosine-like intensity was observed in diatom red tide dispersion area, and tryptophan-like fluorescence was also found which was lower. High FIB/FIS showed that diatom red tide produced much tyrosine-like matter during dispersion. Peaks S, A and C had positive correlation with one another, and their distributions were similar, which decreased with distance increasing away from the shore. Good negative correlations between peaks S, A and C and salinity suggested that Jiangsu-Zhejiang coastal water was the same source of then-L Correlations between fluorescence peak intensity and chlorophyll-a were not remarkable enough to clear the relationship between fluorescence and living algal matter. It was supposed that the living algal matter contributed little to the fluorescence intensity of algal dispersion seawater.
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A survey was carried out in the central and north part of the Huanghai Sea (34.5degrees similar to 37.0degreesN, 120.5degrees similar to124.0degreesE) during June 12 similar to 27, 2000. It was found that the abundance of marine flagellate ranged from 45 to 1278 cell/ml, 479 cell/ml in average. Flagellate was more abundant in the central part than in the north part of Huanghai Sea, and the abundance decreased with the increasing distance from the coast, showing a similar distribution pattern with isotherm. Vertically, high density of flagellate was always presented in the bottom of thermocline, and formed a dense accumulation in the central area of the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass. The effects of physical and biological factors on the distribution of marine flagellate in early summer were discussed. Water temperature (especially the existence of thermocline) rather than salinity showed significant effect on the distribution pattern of marine flagellate in the Huanghai Sea in early summer. When comparing the abundance of marine flagellate with that of other microorganisms, it revealed a comparatively stable relationship among these organhisms, with a ratio of heterotrophic bacteria: cyanobacteria: flagellate: dinoflagellate: ciliate being 10(5) 10(3):10(2):10(1):10(0).
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The area of the southwestern Nansha Trough is one of the most productive areas of the southern South China Sea. It is a typical semi-deep sea area of transition from shoal to abyssal zone. To understand distributions and roles of nitrogen forms involved in biogeochemical cycling in this area, contents of nitrogen in four extractable forms: nitrogen in ion exchangeable form (IEF-N), nitrogen in weak acid extractable form (WAEF-N), nitrogen in strong alkali extractable form (SAEF-N) and nitrogen in strong oxidation extractable form (SOEF-N), as well as in total nitrogen content (TN) in surface sediments were determined from samples collected from the cruise in April-May 1999. The study area was divided into three regions (A, B and C) in terms of clay sediment (< 4 mu m) content at < 40%, 40%-60% and > 60%, respectively. Generally, region C was the richest in the nitrogen of all forms and region A the poorest, indicating that the finer the grain size is, the richer the contents of various nitrogen are. The burial efficiency of total nitrogen in surface sediments was 28.79%, indicating that more than 70% of nitrogen had been released and participated in biogeochemical recycling through sediment-water interface.
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The present work is first reporting the hemolytic activity of venom from jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum Kishinouye extracted by different phosphate buffer solutions and incubated at different temperature according to the orthogonal test L6(1) x 3(6). Of the seven controllable independent variables, incubated temperature and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) had strongest effect on the hemolytic activity. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The title compound, 2-(methoxybenzoyl)-N-phenyt-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)thioacetamide was synthesized by several reactions from 4-methoxyacetophenone, triazole and phenyl isothiocyanate. The structure was identified by elemental analysis, H-1 NMR, MS and IR. The single crystal structure of 2-(methoxybenzoyl)-N-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)thioacetamide was determined with X-ray diffraction. The preliminary bioassays show that the title compound exhibits weak antifungal activities and plant-growth regulatory activity.
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以新合成的1-萘基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(NMP)为柱前衍生试剂,采用毛细管区带电泳模式考察并优化了糖类衍生物的分离条件。实验采用58.5cm×50μmi.d.毛血管(有效柱长50cm),55mmol/L硼酸盐缓冲溶液(pH9.46),柱温20℃,分离电压22kV,进样10s,在不加任何添加剂的情况下,高效、快速地实现了9种糖的基线分离,并在最优化条件下进行了唐古特白刺实际样品的分离分析,结果令人满意。
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扁蕾(Gentianopsis barbata)具有鲜艳的花和显著的腺体,并且花开放的前5d柱头和花药始终处于不同的位置(雌雄异位),这些花综合征表明该植物应为异花传粉。为检验这一假设,我们对青藏高原植物扁蕾的海北站种群进行了3年的传粉生物学研究实验。与花综合征所表明的繁育系统相反,两年的野外观察发现昆虫的访花频率十分低,不去雄并隔离昆虫处理也能产生大量种子,说明这一种群的繁殖主要是依赖于白花传粉。尽管利用种子结实评价的柱头可授性从花开放4d后开始下降,但随着花的发育进程,雄蕊的伸长能使得花药与柱头完全接触。实验也证明,柱头可授性和花粉活力都超过5d,说明花药和柱头的接触能够发生白花授粉。扁蕾的这种白花传粉机制应属于典型的延迟自交类型。白花授粉发生在单花花期快要结束前,自交之前仍然保持异交传粉机制,这种延迟自交避免了自交与异交竞争造成的花粉或者种子折损,并为扁蕾在青藏高原极端环境下由于访花昆虫缺乏造成的异交失败提供了繁殖保障。
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目的建立了青海地区唐古特大黄药材的HPLC指纹图谱.方法采用反相高效液相色谱法,乙腈-水(0.04%的磷酸)为流动相,梯度洗脱,体积流量1.0 mL/min,检测波长为280 nm,柱温为40 C.结果精密度、重现性、稳定性试验中共有峰面积和保留时间的RSD均小于5%.青海不同采集地唐古特大黄的平均相似度为0.925.结论该方法简便、实用、可靠,可用于以青海果洛地区为主产地不同海拔唐古特大黄药材质量标准的分析检测,也为栽培大黄代替野生大黄提供理论基础.
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采用两两遭遇法确定雄性根田鼠的社会等级,然后以新鲜尿作气味源,在行为选择箱中观察不同社会等级雄性根田鼠对自身气味和非自身气味的行为响应模式,结果表明:种群中从属个体对自身尿液存在明显偏好,其对自身尿液的接近潜伏期显著短于非自身尿液,而访问时间、自我修饰频次都显著高于非自身尿液;种群中优势个体则优先访问非自身尿液,其对非自身尿液的访问时间、嗅舔时间、自我修饰及反标记均显著高于自身尿液;对怍自身尿液,不同社会等级雄性个体之间存在明显不同的行为反应模式。这说明,不同社会等级雄性根田鼠具有自我识别的能力且模式不同,同时其对非自身尿气味响应模式的差异也与自身的社会等级有关。
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Potentilla fruticosa scrub, Kobresia humilis meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow are widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the grass exuberance period from 3 July to 4September, based on close chamber-GC method, a study on CO2 emissions from different treatments was conducted in these meadows at Haibei research station, CAS. Results indicated that mean CO2emission rates from various treatments were 672.09+152.37 mgm-2h-1 for FC (grass treatment); 425.41+191.99 mgrn-2h-1 for FJ (grass exclusion treatment); 280.36+174.83 mgrn-2h-1 for FL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); 838.95+237.02 mgm-2h-1 for GG (scrub+grass treatment); 528.48+205.67 mgm-2h-1for GC (grass treatment); 268.97 ±99.72 mgm-2h-1 for GL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); and 659.20±94.83 mgm-2h-1 for LC (grass treatment), respectively (FC, FJ, FL, GG, GC, GL, LC were the Chinese abbreviation for various treatments). Furthermore, Kobresia humilis meadow, Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow differed greatly in average CO2 emission rate of soil-plant system, in the order of GG>FC>LC>GC. Moreover, in Kobresia humilis meadow,heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 42% and 58% of the total respiration of soil-plant system respectively, whereas, in Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 32% and 68% of total system respiration from G-G; 49% and 51%from GC. In addition, root respiration from Kobresia humilis meadow approximated 145 mgCO2m-2h-1,contributed 34% to soil respiration. During the experiment period, Kobresia humilis meadow and Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow had a net carbon fixation of 111.11 grn-2 and 243.89 grn-2,respectively. Results also showed that soil temperature was the main factor which influenced CO2 emission from alpine meadow ecosystem, significant correlations were found between soil temperature at 5 cm depth and CO2 emission from GG, GC, FC and FJ treatments. In addition, soil moisture may be the inhibitory factor of CO2 emission from Kobresia tibetica meadow, and more detailed analyses should be done in further research.