A hydrogen peroxide biosensor combined HRP doped polypyrrole with ferrocene modified sol-gel derived composite carbon electrode

A novel amperometric biosensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide is described. The biosensor was constructed by electrodepositing HRP/PPy membrane on the surface of ferrocenecarboxylic acid mediated sol-gel derived composite carbon electrode. The biosensor gives response to hydrogen peroxide in a few seconds with detection limit of 5x10(-7) mol (.) L-1 (based on signal : noise=3). Linear range is up to 0.2 mmol (.) L-1.

In-situ microscopic FT-IR spectroelectrochemical investigation of polythiophene film modified electrode

A polythiophene film was electrochemically deposited on a Pt micro-plate electrode and investigated by cyclic voltammetry and in-situ reflection microscopic FTIR spectroscopy. The FTIR analysis showed that the electropolymerization of thiophene on the Pt surface was affected Lv the surface adsorption processes of thiophene molecules. Two adsorption modes were identified. Two structure models of the polythiophene chain were observed simultaneously. It was proposed that the good conductibility of the polythiophene film was originated from a co-vibratory equilibrium of the link part of model I and model II.

In situ infrared spectroelectrochemical studies on adsorption and oxidation of nucleic acids at glassy carbon electrode

The adsorption and oxidation of yeast RNA and herring sperm DNA (HS DNA) at glass carbon (GC) electrode are studied by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and in situ FTIR spectroelectrochemistry. Two oxidation peaks of yeast RNA are obtained by DPV, whose peak potentials shift negatively with increasing pH. The peak currents decrease gradually in successive scans and no corresponding reduction peaks occur, thus indicating that the oxidation process of yeast RNA is completely irreversible. The IR bands in the 1200-1800 cm-l range, attributed to the stretching and ring vibrations of nucleic acid bases, show the main spectral changes when the potential is shifted positively, which gives evidence that the oxidation process takes place in the base residues. The oxidation process of HS DNA is similar to that of yeast RNA. The results both from DPV and in situ FTIR spectroelectrochemistry confirm that the guanine and adenine residues can be oxidized at the electrode surface, which is consistent with the oxidation mechanism of nucleic acids proposed previously. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

A facile approach to immobilize protein for biosensor: self-assembled supported bilayer lipid membranes on glassy carbon electrode

A kind of solid substrate, glassy carbon (GC) electrode. was selected to support self-assembled lipid layer membranes. On the surface of GC electrode. we made layers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPG, a kind of lipid). From electrochemical impedance experiments. we demonstrated that the lipid layers on the GC electrode were bilayer lipid membranes. We immobilized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the supported bilayer lipid membranes (s-BLM) to develop a kind of mediator-free biosensor for H2O2. The biosensor exhibited fine electrochemical response, stability and reproducibility due to the presence of the s-BLM. As a model of biological membrane, s-BLM could supply a biological environment for enzyme and maintain its activity. So s-BLM is an ideal choice to immobilize enzyme for constructing the mediator-free biosensor based on GC electrode. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Surface-renewable cobalt(II) hexacyanoferrate-modified graphite organosilicate electrode and its electrocatalytic oxidation of thiosulfate

Cobalt(II) hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF) was deposited on graphite powder by an in situ chemical deposition procedure and then dispersed into methyltrimethoxysilane-derived gels to prepare a surface-renewable CoHCF-modified electrode. The electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode in different supporting electrolyte solutions was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. In addition, square-wave voltammetry was employed to investigate the pNa-dependent electrochemical behavior of the electrode. The CoHCF-modified electrode showed a high electrocatalytic activity toward thiosulfate oxidation and could thus be used as an amperometric thiosulfate sensor.

Anodic voltammetry of dipyridamole at a glassy carbon electrode

The anodic voltammetric behavior of dipyridamole (DPM) in the presence of various electrolytes was studetd by direct-current voltammetry, differential-pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode. In a medium of 0.01 mol/L HCl, an oxidative peak of dipyridamole was obtained. The peak potential is at about 0.62 V(vs.Ag/AgCl). The peak current is linearly increased with the concentration of dipyridamole over the range of 0.05 similar to 10 mg/L. The method has been used for the direct determination of dipyridamole in tablets. The recoveries of dipyridamole in urine samples are 89%. Experimental results proved that the electrode reaction was diffustion controlled and irreversible.

Amperometric determination of thiosulfate at a surface-renewable nickel(II) hexacyanoferrate-modified carbon ceramic electrode

Graphite powder-supported nickel(II) hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) was prepared by the in situ chemical deposition method and then dispersed into methyltrimethoxysilane-derived gels to form a conductive composite. The composite was used as electrode material to construct a surface-renewable three-dimensional NiHCF-modified carbon ceramic electrode. Electrochemical behavior of the chemically modified electrode was well characterized using cyclic and square-wave voltammetry. The electrode presented a good electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidization of thiosulfate and thus was used as an amperometric sensor for thiosulfate in the photographic waste effluent. In addition, the electrode exhibited a distinct advantage of surface-renewal by simple mechanical polishing, as well as simple preparation, good chemical and mechanical stability. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Formation and characterization of heteropolyacid/polycation multilayer films on gold electrode

Ultrathin multilayer films of a polybasic lanthanide heteropoly tungstate-molybdate complex and a cationic polymer of quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) partially complexed with osmium bis(2,2'-bipyridine) have been fabricated on a gold electrode precoated with a cysteamine self-assembled monolayer. The multilayer films have been characterized by optical spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical methods (cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance). Especially, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is developed to monitor the layer deposition processes. It provides important information such as double-layer capacitance and charge-transfer resistance. All obtained results reveal regular film growth with each layer adsorption. (C) 2001 The Electrochemical Society.

Technique for determination of gold electrode area and its application of characterization in self-assembling process

Underpotential deposition(UPD) of copper at polycrystal gold surface under different concentrations has been studied, and its reversibility and stability in high concentration (0.2M CuSO4+0.IM H2SO4) have been demonstrated by cyclic voltermmetry and EQCM. A Valid approach to determine the gold electrode area in presence of adsorbed species has been provided by using Cu UPD method. Further, the growth kinetics of decane thiol on gold has also been investigated based on such a Cu UPD technique.

Cobalt(II)hexacyanoferrate film modified glassy carbon electrode for construction of a glucose biosensor

An amperometric glucose biosensor was constructed based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with a Cobalt(II)hexacyanoferrate film which catalyzes electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide. Gelatin was used as immobilization matrix. Interference could be effectively eliminated by the combination of low detection potential with a Nafion coating. A low applied potential can avoid oxidation of interferences such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, p-acetyl-aminophenol, etc.. Nafion coating prevents interferences from access to the electrode surface by electrostatic repulsion. A wide linear range of detection was obtained. Analytical performance parameters are given and kinetic analysis discussed.

Oxidation of NADH by dopamine incorporated in lipid film cast onto a glassy carbon electrode

Stable lipid film was made by casting lipid in chloroform onto a glassy carbon electrode. This model of a biological membrane was used to investigate the oxidation of dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by dopamine. After this electrode had been immersed in dopamine solution for 10 h, it was found that some dopamine had been incorporated in the film. The cyclic voltammogram was obtained for the oxidation of 2.0 X 10(-3) mol 1(-1) NADH with dopamine incorporated in the films. All electrochemical experiments were performed in 0.005 mol 1(-1) phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.1 mol 1(-1) NaCl without oxygen. The oxidation current increased gradually with successive sweeps and reached steady state. It was a different phenomenon from previous results. The anodic overpotential was reduced by about 130 mV compared with that obtained at a bare glassy carbon electrode. The diffusion coefficient for 2.0 X 10(-3) mol 1(-1) NADH was 6.7 X 10(-6) cm(2) s(-1). (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Chemiluminescent determination of luminol and hydrogen peroxide using hematin immobilized in the bulk of a carbon paste electrode

A new method for immobilization of a chemiluminescent reagent is presented. It is based on immobilizing hematin, a catalyst for luminol reaction, in the bulk of a carbon paste electrode. Bulk-immobilization allows renewal of the surface by simple polishing or cutting to expose anew and fully active surface in the case of fouling or deactivation by other means. By using a hematin-modified carbon paste electrode, the applied potential shifted negatively compared with that of unmodified carbon paste electrode or a glassy carbon electrode. The shift in potential changed the reaction processes and effectively stabilized the chemiluminescent signal during successive measurements. Under this condition, the signal was stable during 3 hours of continuous operation. The log-log plots of the emitted light intensity vs. luminol concentration and hydrogen peroxide concentration were linear over the region 10(-8)-10(-3) mol L-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and 3.9 x 10(-6)-10(-3) mol L-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.994, respectively. Application of this method for other chemiluminescent and bioluminescent systems is suggested.

Voltammetric behavior of tetracine on glassy garbon electrode and its application

The anodic voltammetric behavior of anaesthetic tetracine and its application were studied. In 0.1 mol/L HClO4 solution, the potential of anodic peak for tetracine is 1.04 V(vs. Ag/AgCl) at a glassy carbon electrode. A linear relationship between the peak height and the concentration of tetracine in the range of 5 x 10(-4) similar to 1 x 10(-1) g/L was obtained. The peak current decreases with the decreasing acidity of the solution. the mehtod has been used for the direct determination of tetracine in injections. The average recoveries of tetracine in urine samples were 98.5%. The mechanism of the electrode reaction was also discussed.

Electrochemical preparation and characterization of silicotungstic heteropolyanion monolayer electrostatically linked aminophenyl on carbon electrode surface

In this paper, an organic-inorganic composite film of heteropolyanion was Formed by attaching a Keggin-type heteropolyanion, SiW12O404-, on carbon electrode surface derivatized by 4-aminophenyl monolayer. The composite film thus grafted on carbon electrode surface has good stability because of the ionic bonding character between SiW12O404- and surface aminophenyl groups. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the composite film. Compared with SiW12O404- electrodeposited on a bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE), the composite film gives three more sharp and well-defined redox couples attributed to two one- and two-electron processes, and the analyses of the voltammograms of SiW12O404- anion in the composite film modified on GCE shows that its surface coverage is close to a closest packing monolayer. STM characterization shows that a two-dimensional order heteropolyanion monolayer was formed on HOPG substrate. The composite film provides a favorable environment for electron and proton transfer between SiW12O404- ion and electrode surface, which may make it suitable for various applications in sensors and microelectronics devices.

Atomic force microscopy imaging of molybdenum oxide film electrodeposited on a carbon electrode

Non-stoichiometric mixed-valent molybdenum(VI, V) oxide film was grown on carbon substrates by the electrodeposition method. Responses of the prepared molybdenum oxide thin films to potential and to different solution acidities were studied by cyclic voltammetry, and the corresponding morphological changes of the film were monitored by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM images of the molybdenum oxide film show that the characteristic domed structure on the film surface increased during the transition from the oxidized state to the reduced state without signification change in the KMS surface roughness value. Furthermore, AFM studies show that the solution acidity has great effect on the morphology of the films, and the films undergo a homogenizing process with increasing pH of the solutions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.