248 resultados para ddc:900


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为了探讨远紫外辐射对植物的损伤机理和紫杉的濒杉机制,本文就远紫外辐射对紫杉幼苗针叶膜脂过氧化及内源保护物质的影响进行了模拟研究,初步得到如下结果:UV-C 辐射紫杉针叶离体叶绿体可使膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,类胡萝卜素含量和光系统II(PS II)电子传递少性下降。UV-BC 辐射紫杉幼苗针叶可使叶绿体超氧离子自由基(O~-_2),单线态氧(~O_2),针叶有机自由基产额和H_2O_2含量有不同程度增加。针叶MDA,组织自动氧化速率及质膜相对透性也随辐射时间进程面增加。UV-BC处理初期超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均被诱导增高,21d后SOD活性开始下降,而GSH 含量和CAT活性始终高于对照。维生素C(ASA),类胡萝卜素(Car),叶绿素(chl),PS II 电子传递活性在处理期间始终呈下降趋势,其中ASA下降最明显。可溶性蛋白21d前变化不大,之后开始下降。外源活性氧清除剂苯甲酸钠和抗坏血酸对针叶膜脂过氧化有抑制作用;甲基紫精和DDC 对针叶膜脂过氧化有促进效果。根据上述结果推测,紫杉的UV-BC伤害可能是由于活性氧产生过剩和清除系统水平下降,而引起的膜脂过氧化损伤。

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大气中CO2、CH4和其它温室气体浓度升高导致的全球气候变化引起了人们对全球碳循环和碳收支的关注,植被与大气间CO2通量的长期测定能够加深对陆地生态系统在全球碳循环作用的科学理解。本文以我国北方典型的温带植被类型长白山阔叶红松林为研究对象,利用观测塔上的涡动相关系统对长白山阔仆卜红松林进行长期的CO2通量监测,并分析CO2通量的周年动态,估算森林净生态系统生产力;同时基于测树学方法,进行群落调查,根据已有的经验公式,估算森林净生态系统生产力,综合评价长白山阔汗卜红松林碳收支,为森林碳收支的研究提供基础。主要结论有:(1)FSAM模型的分析结果表明,观测塔上40m高度的涡动相关仪器测量的信息中,76%来自于西北至西南方相对均质的阔叶红松原始林,其中footprint最大的源区在塔西南方100m-400m范围内。因此,森林群落调查选择在此区内进行,使得涡动相关法和测树学方法估算的生产力具有可比性。(2)2003-2004年碳通量季节变化趋势基本一致,从年初到4月上旬该森林生态系统保持较弱的正的碳通量(释放CO2),5月开始表现为净的碳吸收,且吸收量迅速增加,到6月达到最大值,然后又逐渐减小;9月末到10月末随着生长季的结束,净生态系统COZ交换(NEE)开始由负转为正,11-12月NEE为正,生态系统以呼吸为主。净生态系统COZ交换的年累计量表明长白山阔叶红松林为明显的碳汇,2003年和2004年净生态系统生产力NEP分别为-217±75gcm-2a-1和-190±85gcm-2a-1,相当于-2.17±0.75tCha-1a-1和-1.90±0.85tCha-1a-1。(3)根据经验公式和材积法得到阔汗卜红松林的生物量在343.9-362.3tha-l之间,应用两种方法得到2003一2004年群落的净初级生产力在10.22-10.40tCha-1a-1之间,净生态系统生产力在2.50±1.12tCha-1a-1-2.68±1.20tCha-1a-1之间。(4)测树学方法与涡动相关法测得的净生态系统生产力略有差异,但在误差有效范围内基本一致。

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群落结构的确定是群落研究的基础。本文立足于个体、种群、群落三级水平,从空间和时间两种概念出发,对贡嘎山麦吊杉(Picea brachytyla)群落的结构进行了研究。经初步统计,在麦吊杉林分布的主要地段共有维管束植物93科、263属、约560种,其中种子植物71科、220属、479种。通过种子植物区系地理成份的分析表明,麦吊杉群落的区系组成具有区系成分复杂、特有现象明显和成分古老的特点。在生活型组成上,麦吊杉群落的高位芽植物所占比例最大,其中小高位芽植物最多,而在叶级谱中小叶类型占有较明显的优势。通过种—面积曲线和重要值—面积曲线两种方法求得的麦吊杉群落的最小面积在800-900平方米之间,实际应用时可选用1000平方米的保守面积。在物种的综合特征分析中,群落表现出优势种明显的特征,而存在度II占有最大的比例。物种多样性的研究表明,贡嘎山麦吊杉群落的Shannon-Wiener指数在2.33-3.26之间,Simpson指数在0.43-0.70之间,种间相遇(PIE)在0.42-0.79之间,而以Shannon-Wiener指数为基础的均匀度在34.45%-62.90%之间。麦吊杉群落的垂直结构较为复杂,分层明显。一般可划分出乔木层、灌木层、草本层和活地被层四个基本层次,乔木层通常还可划分为2-3个亚层,由高海拔至低海拔成层现象有逐渐复杂的趋势。构成麦吊杉群落的层片类型较多,其中以常绿针叶大高位芽植物为其建群层片。麦吊杉林中的层外植物较丰富,种子植物、蕨类植物、以及苔藓植物和地衣植物皆可构成其空中层片,其中苔藓植物生长繁茂,反映出群落结构的完整性。麦吊杉群落结构的水平分化较明显,经研究,其密度值在0.32-0.41之间,平均距离在1.56-1.41之间。应用Raunkiaer的频度指数方法对整个麦吊杉群落的种群频度进行调查后表明,其频度分布情况与Raunkiaer的频度定律基本上是符合的,即A>B> C

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株高是农作物的重要农艺性状之一,适度矮化有利于农作物的耐肥、抗倒、高产等。20世纪50年代,以日本的赤小麦为矮源的半矮秆小麦的培育和推广,使得世界粮食产量显著增长,被誉为“绿色革命”。迄今为止,已报到的麦类矮秆、半矮秆基因已达70多个,但由于某些矮源极度矮化或者矮化的同时伴随不利的农艺性状,使得真正运用于育种实践的矮源较少。因此,发掘和鉴定新的控制麦类作物株高的基因,开展株高基因定位、克隆及作用机理等方面的研究,对实现麦类作物株高的定向改良,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。簇毛麦(Dasypyrum villosum,2n=14,VV)是禾本科簇毛麦属一年生二倍体异花授粉植物,为栽培小麦的近缘属。本课题组在不同来源的簇毛麦杂交后代中发现了一株自然突变产生的矮秆突变体。观察分析了该突变体的生物学特性,对矮秆性状进行了遗传分析,对茎节细胞长度、花粉的活力进行了细胞学观察,考察了该突变体内源赤霉素含量及不同浓度外施赤霉素对突变体的作用,分析了赤霉素生物合成途径中的内根贝壳杉烯氧化酶(KO)和赤霉素20氧化酶(GA20ox)的转录水平,对赤霉素20氧化酶和赤霉素3-β羟化酶(GA3ox)进行了克隆和序列分析,并对GA20ox进行了原核表达和表达的组织特异性研究。主要研究结果如下:1. 该突变体与对照植株在苗期无差异,在拔节后期才表现出植株矮小,相对对照植株,节间伸长明显受到抑制,叶鞘长度基本不变。在成熟期,对照植株的平均株高为110cm,而突变株的平均株高为32cm,仅为对照植株的1/3 左右。除了株高变矮以外,在成熟后期,突变株还表现一定程度的早衰和雄性不育。I2-KI染色法观察花粉活力结果表明,对照植株花粉90%以上都是有活力的,而突变植株的花粉仅20%左右有活力。2. 突变株与对照植株的杂交F1代均表现正常株高,表明该突变性状为隐性突变。F1代植株相互授粉得到的168株F2代植株中,株高出现分离,正常株高(株高高于80cm)与矮秆植株(株高矮于40cm)的株数比为130:38,经卡方检验,其分离比符合3:1的分离比,因此推测该突变体属于单基因的隐性突变。3. 用ELISA方法检测突变株和对照植株的幼嫩种子中内源性生物活性赤霉素(GA1+3)含量,结果表明突变株的赤霉素含量为36 ng/ml,而对照植株的赤霉素含量为900 ng/ml。对突变株外施赤霉素,发现矮秆突变株的株高和花粉育性均可得到恢复。这些结果表明该突变株为赤霉素缺陷型突变。4. 用荧光定量PCR方法比较突变株与对照植株中内根贝壳杉烯氧化酶和赤霉素20氧化酶的转录水平,结果表明突变株的KO转录水平比对照植株分别提高了6倍(苗期)和16倍(成熟期),突变株的GA20ox转录水平与对照植株在苗期无明显差异,在成熟期突变株较对照植株则提高了10倍左右。这些结果表明该矮秆突变体与赤霉素的生物合成途径密切相关,而且极有可能在赤霉素的生物合成途径早期就发生了改变。5. 以簇毛麦总基因组为模板,同源克隆了GenBank登录号为EU142950,RT-PCR分离克隆了簇毛麦的GA3ox基因cDNA全长序列,分析结果表明该cDNA全长1206bp,含完整编码区1104bp,推测该序列编码蛋白含368个氨基酸残基,分子量为40.063KD,等电点为6.27。预测的氨基酸序列含有双加氧酶的活性结构,在酶活性中心2个Fe离子结合的氨基酸残基非常保守。该序列与小麦、大麦和水稻的GA3ox基因一致性分别为98%、96%、86%。基因组序列与cDNA序列在外显子部分一致,在478-715bp和879-1019bp处分别含238bp和140bp的内含子。6. 通过RT-PCR技术克隆了簇毛麦的GA20ox基因全长,命名为DvGA20ox,GenBank登录号为EU142949。该基因全长1080个碱基,编码359个氨基酸,具有典型的植物GA20ox基因结构。该基因编码的蛋白质与小麦、大麦、黑麦草等GA20ox蛋白的同源性分别为98%,97% 和91%。该序列重组到原核表达载体pET-32a(+)上,将获得的重组子pET-32a(+)-DvGA20ox转化大肠杆菌BL21pLysS后用IPTG进行诱导表达。SDS-PAGE分析表明,DvGA20ox基因在大肠杆菌中获得了高效表达,融合蛋白分子量为55kDa。定量PCR分析表明,该基因在簇毛麦不同器官中的表达差异明显:叶片中表达水平最高,根部表达水平次之,茎部和穗中表达较弱。在外施赤霉素后,该基因的表达水平在两小时以后急剧下降,表明该基因的表达受自身的反馈调节。本研究结果认为,(1)该簇毛麦矮秆突变体为单基因的隐性突变;(2)该矮秆突变体为赤霉素敏感突变,内源赤霉素含量检测表明突变体的内源性赤霉素含量仅为对照植株的1/30;(3)荧光定量PCR结果表明突变株的赤霉素生物合成途径的关键酶基因表达水平比对照植株高,而且突变植株的赤霉素生物合成改变很可能发生在赤霉素生物合成途径的早期;(4)GA20ox有表达的组织特异性,且受到自身产物的反馈调节。 Plant height is an impotrant agronomic trait of triticeae crops.Semi-dwarf cropcultivars, including those of wheat, maize and rice, have significantly increased grainproduction that has been known as “green revolution”. The new dwarf varieties couldraise the harvest Index at the expense of straw biomass, and, at the sametime, improvelodging resistance and responsiveness to nitrogen fertilizer. Moreover, dwarf traits ofplant are crucial for elucidating mechanisms for plant growth and development aswell. In many plant species, various dwarf mutants have been isolated and theirmodles of inheritance and physiology also have been widely investigated.The causesfor their dwarf phenotypes were found to be associated with plant hormones,especially, gibberellins GAs.Dasypyrum villosum Candargy (syn.Haynaldia villosa) is a cross-pollinating,diploid (2n = 2x = 14) annual species that belongs to the tribe Triticeae. It is native toSouthern Europe and West Asia, especially the Caucasuses, and grows underconditions unfavorable to most cultivated crops. The genome of D. villosum,designated V by Sears, is considered an important donor of genes to wheat for improving powdery mildew resistance, take-all, eyespot, and plant and seed storageprotein content. A spontaneous dwarf mutant was found in D. villosum populations.The biological character and modles of inheritance of this dwarf mutant are studied.The cell length of stem cell is observed. The influence of extraneous gibberellin tothe dwarf mutant is also examined; the transcript level of key enzyme of gibberellinbiosynthesis pathway in mutant and control plants is compared. GA3ox and GA20oxare cloned and its expression pattern is researched.1. The dwarf mutant showed no difference with control plants at seedlingstage.At mature stage, the average height of control plants were 110cm and the dwarfplants were 33cm. The height of the mutant plant was only one third of the normalplants due to the shortened internodes. Cytology observation showed that theelongation of stem epidermal and the parenchyma cells were reduced. The dwarfmutant also shows partly male sterile. Pollen viability test indicates that more than80% of the pollen of the mutant is not viable.2. The inheritance modle of this dwarf mutant is studied. All The F1 plantsshowed normal phenotype indicating that the dwarfism is controlled by recessivealleles. Among the 168 F2 plants, there are 130 normal plants and 30 dwarf plants, thesegregation proportion accord with Mendel’s 3:1 segregation. We therefore proposethat this dwarf phenotype is controlled by a single recessive gene.3. Quantitative analyses of endogenous GA1+3 in the young seeds indicated thatthe content of GA1+3 was 36ng/ml in mutant plants and 900ng/ml in normal plants.The endogenous bioactive GA1+3 in mutant plants are only about 1/30 of that innormal plants. In addition, exogenously supplied GA3 could considerably restore themutant plant to normal phenotype. These results showed that this mutant wasdefective in the GA biosynthesis.4. More than ten enzymes are involved in GA biosynthesis. KO catalyzes thefirst cytochrome P450-mediated step in the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway and themutant of KO lead to a gibberellin-responsive dwarf mutant. GA20ox catalyze therate-limited steps so that their transcript level will influence the endogenous GAbiosynthesis and modifies plant architecture. The relative expression levels of genesencoding KO and GA20ox were quantified by real time PCR to assess whether thechanges in GA content correlated with the expression of GA metabolism genes andwhere the mutant occurred during the GA biosynthesis pathway. In mutant plants,the transcript levels of KO increased about 6-fold and 16-fold at the seedling stage and elongating stage respectively comparing with the normal plants. For theseedlings, there was no notable difference in the expression of GA20ox betweenmutant and normal plants. At the elongating stage, GA20ox transcript increased 10times in mutant plants, suggesting that the GA biosynthesis pathway in mutant plantshad changed from the early steps rather than the late steps.5. A full length cDNA of D. villosum gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase homology(designated as DvGA3ox) was isolated and consisted of 1206bp containing an openreading frame of 1104bp encoding 368 predicted amino acid residues. Identityanalysis showed that the gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase nucleotide sequence shared 98%,96% and 86% homology with that of wheat, barley and rice. The predicted peptidecontained the active-site Fe of known gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase and the regionhomologous to wheat, barley and Arabidopsis. The genomic clone of gibberellin3β-hydroxylase has two introns.6. The full-length cDNA of D. villosum gibberellin 20 oxidase (designated asDvGA20ox) was isolated and consisted of 1080-bp and encoded 359 amino acidresidues with a calculated mol wt of 42.46 KD. Comparative and bio-informaticsanalyses revealed that DvGA20ox had close similarity with GA20ox from otherspecies and contained a conserved LPWKET and NYYPXCQKP regions. Tissueexpression pattern analysis revealed DvGA20ox expressed in all the tissues that wereexamined and the highest expression of DvGA20ox in expanding leaves followed byroots. Heterologous expression of this cDNA clone in Escherichia coli gave a fusionprotein that about 55KD. Transcript levels of DvGA20ox dramatically reduced twohours after application of biologically active GA3, suggesting that the biosynthesis ofthis enzymes might be under feedback control.

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研究了230MeV的208Pb27+辐照Al2O3样品及随后在600,900,1100K高温条件下退火后的光致发光特性。从辐照样品的测试结果可以清楚地看到在波长为390,450nm处出现了强的发光峰。辐照量为1×1013ions/cm2时,样品的发光峰最强。经过600K退火2h后测试结果显示,380nm发光峰剧烈增强,而其他发光峰显示不明显。在900K退火条件下,380nm的发光峰开始减弱,而在360,510nm出现了明显的发光峰,至到1100K退火完毕后380nm的发光峰完全消失,而360,510nm的发光峰相对增强。从被辐照样品的FTIR谱中看到,波数在460~510cm-1间的吸收是振动模式,经过离子辐照后,吸收带展宽,随着辐照量的增大,Al2O3振动吸收峰消失,说明Al2O3振动模式被完全破坏。1000~1300cm-1之间为Al—O—Al桥氧的伸缩振动模式,辐照后吸收带向高波数方向移动,说明其振动模式受到影响。辐照剂量较小的样品,损伤程度相对较低,经退火晶化后,振动模式基本恢复到单晶状态;辐照剂量较高的样品,损伤程度大,退火处理后表面变得较粗糙,振动模式并未出现,说明结构破坏严重。

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分析了高能Pb27+辐照预注入12C+的和未预注入12C+ 4H-SiC样品在,退火前后傅立叶变换红外光谱和拉曼散射光谱的变化。从傅立叶变换红外光谱可以知道,900℃以上的退火使损伤层发生显著恢复;在拉曼散射光谱中可以看到1200℃退火后有石墨相的存在。实验结果说明,高温退火有利于损伤的恢复,使注入到碳化硅中的碳原子发生聚集并引起相变。

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简要介绍了研制的快前置放大电路,该电路是一个完全的直流放大器,具有较高的电压增益(Ar≥900),较快的上升沿(tr≤4ns),低噪声(等效输入噪声电压VN≤14μV),电路中引入贝塞尔滤波电路和反相求和电路,有效抑制了直流漂移,使电路具有极好的直流稳定性和增益稳定性,该电路主要适用于快探测器,如硅雪崩光电二极管探测器,也可用于加速器束流诊断系统,放大来自束流位置探针、相位探针的微弱信号。

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CSR(cooling storage ring)按计划将于2005年底建成调束,届时从~(12)C到~(238)U的重离子将可以分别被加速到900和400MeV的能量。HIRFL(兰州重离子加速器Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou)将用作CSR的注入器。为了CSR的屏蔽设计,本文利用现有的实验数据计算了由于束流损失产生的中子及其能谱、角分布,同时也估算了屏蔽体外表面的中子剂量、环境中子剂量及天空返照中子剂量。在源项计算中使用了400MeV/u~(12)C+Cu反应的中子产额、能谱、角分布的实验数据。计算表明,CSR对环境剂量影响最大的是天空返照中子。

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IEECAS SKLLQG

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利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型研究了中能重离子碰撞中同位旋分馏过程。研究结果表明自由粒子中质比与碎片中质比的比值即同位旋分馏强度灵敏地依赖于对称势,而对同位旋相关核子-核子碰撞截面的依赖很弱。同位旋分馏对对称势的灵敏主要来自于气相部分,而液相部分对对称势不够灵敏。气相部分灵敏地依赖于对称势是直接造成同位旋分馏强度对对称势灵敏的主要原因。同时还讨论了各种液相部分的取法,其结果表明不同取法对以上结论的影响不大。因此理论结果与实验数据可以直接比较从而提取对称势的知识。并对引发同位旋分馏的动力学的起因进行了分析和讨论。