Nonvolatile memory devices based on gold nanoparticle and poly (N-Vinylcarbazole) composite

A rewritable polymer memory device based on gold nanoparticle doped poly (N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), which can be easily fabricated by simple spin coating, has been described. An electrical bistable phenomenon is observed in the current-voltage characteristics of this device, and it is found that the electrical bistability is repeatable by proper writing voltage and erasing voltage. The unique behavior of the devices provides an interesting approach such that doping nanoparticles in polymer can be used to realize high performance nanovolatile polymer memory devices.

High efficiency tandem organic light-emitting devices with Al/WO3/Au interconnecting layer

An interconnecting layer of Al (2 nm)/WO3 (3 nm)/Au (16 nm) was studied for application in tandem organic light-emitting devices. It can be seen that the Al/WO3/Au structure plays the role of an excellent interconnecting layer. The introduction of WO3 in the connection unit significantly improves the device efficiency as compared to the case of Al/Au. Thus, the current efficiency of the two-unit tandem devices is enhanced by two factors with respect to the one-unit devices. The green two-unit tandem device of indium tin oxide/MoO3/4,4(')-N,N-'-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino]biphenyl(NPB)/tris(8-hydroxylquinoline) aluminum (Alq(3)):10-(2-benzothiazolyl)-1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H,11H-[1]benzopyrano[6,7,8-ij]quinolizin-11-one (C545T)/Alq(3)/LiF/Al/WO3/Au/MoO3/NPB/Alq(3):C545T/Alq(3)/LiF/Al showed a maximum current efficiency of 33.9 cd/A and a power efficiency of 12.0 lm/W.

Improved electron injection in organic light-emitting devices with a lithium acetylacetonate [Li(acac)]/aluminium bilayer cathode

Lithium acetylacetonate [Li(acac)] covered with aluminium was used as an efficient electron injection layer in organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) consisting of NPB as the hole transport layer and Alq(3) as the electron transport and light emitting layer, resulting in lower turn- on voltage and increased current efficiency. The turn- on voltage (the voltage at a luminance of 1 cd m(-2)) was decreased from 5.5 V for the LiF/Al and 4.4 V for Ca/Al to 4.0 V for Li(acac)/Al, and the device current efficiency was enhanced from 4.71 and 5.2 to 7.0 cd A(-1). The performance tolerance to the layer thickness of Li(acac) is also better than that of the device with LiF. LiF can only be used when deposited as an ultra- thin layer because of its highly insulating nature, while the Li(acac) can be as thick as 5 nm without significantly affecting the EL performance. We suppose that the free lithium released from Li(acac) improves the electron injection when Li(acac) is covered with an Al cathode.

Improved efficiency by a fluorescent dye in red organic light-emitting devices based on a europium complex

By doping a fluorescent dye in the emissive layer, we realized high efficient red organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on a europium complex. The OLEDs realized by this method showed pure red emission at 612 nm with a full width at half maximum Of 3 nm. The Commission International de L'Eclairage Coordination keeps approximately the same as the emission of pure Eu3+. The maximum brightness and EL efficiency reached 2450 cd/m(2) at 20 V and 9.0 cd/A (6.0 lm/w) at a current density of 0.012 mA/cm(2), respectively. At the brightness of 100 cd/m(2), the current efficiency reached 4.4 cd/A.

Novel soluble N-phenyl-carbazole-containing PPVs for light-emitting devices: Synthesis, electrochemical, optical, and electroluminescent properties

Novel PPV derivatives (PCA8-PV and PCA8-MEHPV) containing N-phenyl-carbazole units on the back-bone were successfully synthesized by the Wittig polycondensation of 3,6-bisformyl-N-(4-octyloxy-phenyl)carbazole with the corresponding tributyl phosphonium salts in good yields. The newly formed and dominant trans vinylene double bonds were confirmed by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. The polymers (with (M) over bar (w) of 6289 for PCA8-PV and 7387 for PCA8-MEHPV) were soluble in common organic solvents and displayed high thermal stability (T(g)s are 110.7 degreesC for PCA8-PV and 92.2 degreesC for PCA8-MEHPV, respectively) because of the incorporation of the N-phenyl-carbazole units. Cyclic voltammetry investigations (onsets: 0.8 V for PCA8-PV and 0.7 V for PCA8-MEHPV) suggested that the polymers possess enhanced hole injection/transport properties, which can be also attributed to the N-phenyl-carbazole units on the backbone. Both the single-layer and the double-layer light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that used the polymers as the active layer emitted a greenish-blue or bluish-green light (the maximum emissions located 494 nm for PCA8-PV and 507 nm for PCA8-MEHPV, respectively).

Novel hole-transporting materials based on 1,4-bis(carbazolyl)benzene for organic light-emitting devices

Novel hole-transporting molecules containing 1,4-bis(carbazolyl)benzene as a central unit and different numbers of diphenylamine moieties as the peripheral groups have been synthesized and characterized. These compounds are thermally stable with high glass transition temperatures of 141-157 degreesC and exhibit chemically reversible redox processes. Their amorphous state stability and hole transport properties can be significantly improved by increasing the number of diphenylamine moieties in the outer part and by controlling the symmetry of the carbazole-based molecules. These compounds can be used as good hole-tran sporting materials for organic electroluminescent (EL) devices. The device performance based on tri- and tetra-substituted carbazole derivatives is comparable to that of a typical 4,4'-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino] biphenyl (NPB)-based device.

Negative differential resistance effect in organic devices based on an anthracene derivative

The authors observed a negative differential resistance (NDR) in organic devices consisting of 9,10-bis-(9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-anthracene (DPFA) sandwiched between Ag and indium tin oxide electrodes. The large NDR shown in current-voltage characteristics is reproducible, resulting in that the organic devices can be electrically switched between a high conductance state (on state) and a low conductance state (off state). It can be found that the currents at both on to off states are space-charge limited and attributed to the electron traps at the Ag/DPFA interface. The large and reproducible NDR makes the devices of tremendous potential in low power memory and logic circuits.

White organic light-emitting devices with a phosphorescent multiple emissive layer

A phosphorescent multiple emissive layer, in which a blue emissive layer is sandwiched between red and green ones, is employed in a white organic light-emitting device (OLED). This OLED has a maximum luminance of 48 000 cd/m(2) at 17 V, a maximum power efficiency of 9.9 lm/W at 4 V, and a color rendering index of 82. In addition, the emission color of this device is fairly stable at high luminances: its Commission Internationale de l(')Eclairage coordinate slightly changes from (0.431, 0.436) to (0.400, 0.430) when the luminance ranges from 2000 to 40 000 cd/m(2).

Memory devices based on lanthanide (SM3+, EU3+, Gd3+) complexes

Memory effects in single-layer organic light-emitting devices based on Sm3+, Gd3+, and Eu3+ rare earth complexes were realized. The device structure was indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/3,4-poly(ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT)/Poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (PVK): rare earth complex/LiF/Ca/Ag. It was found experimentally that all the devices exhibited two distinctive bistable conductivity states in current-voltage characteristics by applying negative starting voltage, and more than 10(6) write-read-erase-reread cycles were achieved without degradation. Our results indicate that the rare earth organic complexes are promising materials for high-density, low-cost memory application besides the potential application as organic light-emitting materials in display devices.

Synthesis and characterization of new carbazole/fluorene-based derivatives for blue-light-emitting devices

2,7-Bis(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)-9,9-di(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene and a segmented copolymer composed of the same chromophores alternated with hexamethylene fragments were synthesized. The obtained materials possess good solubility in common organic solvents, high thermal stability with 1% weight loss temperature of 350-370 degrees C, and suitable glass transition temperatures. Both derivatives show blue fluorescence in dilute solutions as well as in solid state, demonstrating that excimers are not formed in the thin films. The fluorescence spectra of the materials do not show any peaks in the long-wavelength region even after annealing at 200 degrees C in air. An organic LED with the configuration of ITO/copolymer/Al generates blue electroluminescence with the maximum peak at 416 nm, rather low turn-on voltage (4.0 V), and brightness of about 400 cd/m(2). The heterostructure device based on model derivative emitted stable blue light with low operation voltage (100 cd/m(2) at similar to 11 V) and demonstrated luminescence efficiency of 0.8 cd/A.

Performance improvement by charge trapping of doping fluorescent dyes in organic memory devices

We studied the memory effect in the devices consisting of dye-doped N, N'-di(naphthalene-1-yl)-N, N'-diphenyl-benzidine sandwiched between indium-tin oxide and Ag electrodes. It was found that the on/off current ratio was greatly improved by the doped fluorescent dyes compared with nondoping devices. A mechanism of charge trapping was demonstrated to explain the improvement of the memory effect. For the off state, the conduction process is dominated by the trapping current, which is a characteristic of the space-charge limited current, whereas the on state is dominated by the detrapping current, and interpreted by Poole-Frenkel emission.

Effect of dye-doped concentration on the charge carrier recombination in molecularly doped organic light-emitting devices

The effect of the concentration of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl- 9-enyl)-4H-pyran(DCJTB) as dopant in tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq(3)) on the charge carrier recombination was studied by transient electroluminescence (EL). The electron-hole recombination coefficient (gamma) was determined from the long-time component of the temporal decay of the EL intensity after a rectangular voltage pulse was turned off. It was found that the coefficient monotonically decreased with an increase in the DCJTB-doping concentration. The monotonic decrease is attributed to concentration quenching on the excitons and coincided well with the reduction of the EL efficiency.

Investigation of charge-carrier injection characteristics in NPB/Alq3 heterojunction devices

The effect of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and LiF interfacial layers on the charge-carrier injection in NN'-di(naphthalene-l-yl)N,N'-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB)/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq(3)) organic heterojunction devices have been studied through the analysis of current-voltage characteristics. The investigation clearly demonstrated that the hole injection into NPB from anode is Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling and the electron injection into Alq3 from cathode is Richardson-Schottky (RS) thermionic emission. The barrier heights obtained from the FN and RS models proved that the band alignments for charge-carrier injection are greatly improved by the CuPc and LiF interfacial layers, which should fully clarify the role of the interfacial layer on the improvement of device performance.

Highly efficient red electroluminescence from stacked organic light-emitting devices based on a europium complex

Stacked organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) based on a europium complex Eu(TTA)(3) (Tmphen) (TTA = thenoyltrifluoroacetone,Tmphen = 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) were fabricated. In this stacked OLEDs, Li:BCP/V2O5 was used the intermediate charge generation layer sandwiched between two identical emissive units consisting of TPD/CBP:DCJTB:Eu(TTA)(3)(Tmphen)/BCP. As expected, the brightness and electroluminescent (EL) current efficiency were approximately enhanced by double times that of conventional single-unit devices. The stacked OLEDs showed the maximum luminance up to 3000 cd/m(2) at a current density of 190 mA/cm(2) and a current efficiency of 14.5 cd/A at a current density of 0.08 mA/cm(2). At the brightness of 100 cd/m(2), the current efficiency reached 10 cd/A at a current density of 1.6 mA/cm2.