Photoluminescence of organic-inorganic hybrid SiO2 xerogels

Organic-inorganic hybrid SiO2 xerogels were prepared by the sol-gel method under various preparation conditions and compositions by using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (A-PS), (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPS), organic acid (CH3COOH) and inorganic acids (HCl, HNO3, H2SO4) as the main precursors. Luminescence and FT-IR spectra were used to characterize the resulted hybrid SiO2 xerogels. The result of FT-IR spectrum shows that the xerogels are composed of non-crystalline -Si-O-Si- networks containing some organic groups such as -NH, -CH and -OH. Under the excitation of 365 nm, all the hybrid xerogels exhibit strong luminescence in the blue region, but the emission intensity and position depend on the starting precursor compositions to a large extent. Suitable amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG500 and PEG10000) in the hybrid xerogels can enhance the emission intensity. Additionally, the emission intensity of the hybrid xerogels increases with heat treatment temperature in the range of ambient to 200degreesC, and vacuum condition is also able to enhance the emission intensity.

Electrochemical study of isopoly- and heteropoly-oxometallates film modified microelectrodes .6. Preparation and redox properties of 12-molybdophosphoric acid and 12-molybdosilicic acid modified carbon fiber microelectrodes

The redox behaviours of 12-molybdophosphoric acid (12-MPA) and 12-molybdosilicic acid (12-MSA) in aqueous acid media are characterized at the carbon fiber (CF) microelectrode. The preparation of CF microelectrode modified with 12-MPA or 12-MSA monolayer and the oxidation-reduction properties of the modified electrode in aqueous acid media or 50% (v/v) water-organic media containing some inorganic acids are studied by cyclic voltammetry. 12-MPA or 12-MSA monolayer modified CF microelectrode with high stability and redox reversibility in aqueous acidic media can be prepared by simple dip coating. The cyclic voltammograms of 12-MPA and 12-MSA and their modified CF microelectrodes in aqueous acid solution exhibit three two-electron reversible waves with the same half-wave potentials, which defines that the species adsorbed on the CF electrode surface are 12-MPA and 12-MSA themselves. The acidity of electrolyte solution, the organic solvents in the electrolyte solution, and the scanning potential range strongly influence on the redox behaviours and stability of 12-MPA or 12-MSA monolayer modified electrodes. On the other hand, the catalytic effects of the 12-MPA and 12-MSA and chlorate anions in aqueous acidic solution on the electrode reaction processes of 12-MPA or 12-MSA are described.

贵州省遵义市大气降水中有机和无机地球化学特征研究

正确认识降水中的化学组分是评价酸雨和大气环境质量的重要途径，降水中低分子有机酸的研究是认识C、H、O等元素生物地球化学循环和酸雨成因的重要内容。贵州省遵义市作为我国酸雨高发地区，是降水化学组成尤其是低分子有机酸地球化学循环研究的典型区域。我们在遵义市进行了为期一年(2006年5月~2007年4月)的降水采集(共76个样品)，对pH值、电导率和主要的阴离子(包括有机和无机)、阳离子进行了测定，并进行了分析和讨论。 (1) pH和电导率的雨量加权平均值分别为4.11(范围：2.30~ 6.04)和62.10 μs•cm-1 (范围：6.60 ~ 1630.00 μs•cm-1)，酸雨频率高达93.2%，pH存在着显著的季节变化，其中冬季pH值最低，表明遵义市酸雨污染较为严重，冬季为最。 (2) 遵义市监测期间离子浓度的大小顺序为SO42-> Ca2+> H+> NH4+> NO3-> Cl-> F->HCOO-> Mg2+> K+> CH3COO-> Na+> (COO)22-> PO43-> NO2-，其中SO42-、Ca2+、H+、NH4+、NO3-是最主要离子，浓度分别为148.15 μmol•L-1、81.89 μmol•L-1、77.74 μmol•L-1、43.80 μmol•L-1和31.50μmol•L-1，它们分别占离子总量的31.97%、17.67%、16.78%、9.45%和6.54%；遵义市大气降水中主要的致酸物质是SO42-和NO3-，主要的缓冲物质是Ca2+和NH4+，大气污染类型属硫酸钙型。相对酸度和中和因子结果表明降水中仅有77%的降水酸度被碱性物质(以Ca2+和NH4+为主)中和；因子分析中H+、NO3-、nss-SO42-(非海源性硫酸根)、NH4+归为一组，再次表明SO42-和NO3-对降水酸度的重要贡献。富集系数和源的贡献分析表明，SO42-和NO3-主要来自人为活动的贡献，SO42-来源主要包括工业、民用的燃煤燃烧释放的SO2，NO3-主要是遵义市电厂和其它工厂向大气中排放的NOx的化学转化而成。Ca2+主要来自于遵义市的土壤及水泥厂等的排放；Mg2+主要来自陆源输入，部分来自海水的贡献。氮肥生产、大面积农田化肥的使用以及生物排放源很可能是该地区降水中NH4+的主要污染源。值得注意的是，作为海盐性离子的Cl-，在遵义市降水中重要的部分还是人为活动，主要是遵义工厂(如碱厂和钛厂)向大气中排放的HCl和Cl2转化而成。无机离子浓度的季节变化表明，对于遵义市，需要逐步改变能源结构尤其是冬季工业、居民燃煤的使用，才能有效地改善遵义市当前的环境污染。 (3) 遵义市降水中含量较高的常见有机酸是[HCOO-]T、[CH3COO-]T和[(COO)22-]T，它们的雨量加权平均值各为9.29 μmol•L -1、6.47 μmol•L-1和5.06 μmol•L-1；遵义市区降水中有机酸总浓度为22.28 μmol•L-1，占阴离子总量的9.39 %；遵义市降水中四季的有机酸浓度由高到低分别为：春季>冬季>秋季>夏季。以上结果表明，遵义市的有机酸是降水中的重要组成部分，其浓度存在明显的季节性变化。在一次降雨事件中，有机酸的浓度一般随降雨时间的延长而降低，但在降雨中后期有时会出现上升的现象，表明有机酸主要来自云下淋滤作用，少数情况下来自大气远距离的传输。 (4) 相关性分析发现甲酸和乙酸具有强烈的正相关(r= 0.86)，表明甲酸和乙酸具有共同的来源。有机酸与降水中的主要无机离子NO3-、nss-SO42-、K+、Na+、Ca2+等存在着中度相关，表明有机酸的来源与人为活动有着重要的关系。应用气液平衡的原理，提出了降水中甲酸、乙酸比值(F/A)aq的有机酸来源判定方法。发现遵义降水中的有机酸春季和冬季主要来自人类活动的释放，其中春季主要来自遵义市南郊的工业污染，由南方水汽(占春季总量的54%)将其污染物传输至遵义市中心城区，冬季主要是大量燃煤的燃烧释放；夏季和秋季则主要来自植物的释放，其中秋季中的部分有机酸也受到华中和华东地区(其气团占秋季总量的45%)的远距离影响。而遵义市区的山间盆地地形、高湿度、高静风率和低风速、以尘埃为主的大气污染物和有机酸的短生命周期(几小时~几天)为有机酸来源于当地创造了有利条件。 (5) 根据热力学平衡计算新方法，发现遵义市pH≤5的降水中甲酸和乙酸对自由酸度的贡献分别为14.79% (范围：0.42~91.14%)、3.66% (范围：0.02~31.55%)。对比显示，遵义市的有机酸贡献量低于边远地区，主要由于遵义市降水的低pH值和高无机酸度所致。在春、夏、秋、冬季节，降水中的有机酸对自由酸度的平均贡献值分别为31.95%、26.16%、8.02%、11.17%，表明有机酸酸度有着明显的季节性差异，春季有机酸的高贡献量主要受降水中的有机酸高含量、低水温和高pH值的共同作用，夏季受高pH值的影响，而秋季和冬季的低贡献量主要受降水的低pH值所控制。 (6) 在遵义市的沉降通量中，无机离子的湿沉降通量占所有离子湿沉降总量的94%，并存在明显的季节性变化。SO42-、Ca2+、H+、NH4+、NO3-为最主要的贡献者，分别为90.1、49.8、47.3、26.0和19.2 mmol•m-2•yr-1。对比显示，SO42-、Ca2+、H+的沉降量均属于我国的高值区，而NO3-的沉降量属于我国中值区，NH4+的沉降量属我国低值水平。营养元素总无机氮TIN(TIN= NH4+ -N+ NO3- -N+ NO2- -N)的湿沉降总量为45.7 mmol•m-2•yr-1，其中NH4+和NO3-分别占TIN的57.0%和41.9%，遵义地区高TIN值当地氮肥的施用量和工业NOx的释放量密不可分；营养元素P的沉降量为1.97 mmol•m-2•yr-1，由于P的来源较少，促使P的湿沉降通量较低。有机酸占湿沉降总量的6%，其四季的湿沉降量顺序由高到低依次为：春>秋>冬>夏，这是有机离子的浓度和四季的降雨量共同作用的结果。根据气液平衡理论可知，挥发性有机酸(HCOO-、CH3COO-和CH3CH2COO-)的干沉降量占总沉降量的47.2%，表明遵义市有机酸沉降方式包括干湿沉降两种。因此在研究遵义市的污染物尤其是有机酸类对生态系统和城市建设的影响时，有必要同时收集气样和水样。

Investigation on moleculare and crystal structures of metal complexes with aminopolycarboxylic acids (VII) - Syntheses and structure determination of Na-3[Hg (I) (edta) C1] center dot 6H(2)O

In this paper we describe the moleculare and crystal structures of the Na-3[Hg( II )(edta)Cl] . 6H(2)O (edta=ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate). The crystal data are as follows: orthorhombic, a=8. 083 (2) Angstrom , b=13. 870(3) Angstrom , c=38. 617(5) Angstrom , v=4329. 4 (13) Angstrom(3) , Z=8, Dc= 1. 798 g . cm(-3), mu=5. 564 mm(-1), P(000)=2280, R=0. 0317 and R-w=0. 0731 for 3883 unique reflections. In complex, the complex anion [Hg ( II ) (edta)Cl](3-) has a seven-coordination structure like a mono-capped trigonal-prism (C-2v-MTP) in which the edta(4-) acts as a hexadentate ligand with four O atoms and two N atoms and a Cl- caps a quadrilateral face as a seventh ligand. It can be known that the Hg2+ which has a d(10) electronic structure can form a high-coordinate compound with a hexadentate ligand (edta) because it has a big ionic radius.

Photorefractive performance of a novel multifunctional inorganic-organic hybridized nanocomposite sensitized by CdS nanoparticles

A novel multifunctional inorganic-organic photorefractive (PR) poly(N-vinyl)-3-[p-nitrophenylazolcarbazolyl-CdS nanocomposites with different molar ratios of US to poly(N-vinyl)-3-[p-nitrophenylazo]carbazolyl (PVNPAK) were synthesized via a postazo-coupling reaction and chemically hybridized approach, respectively. The nanocomposites are highly soluble and could be obtained as film-forming materials with appreciably high molecular weights and low glass transition temperature (T,) due to the flexible spacers. The PVNPAK matrix possesses a highest-occupied molecular orbital value of about -5.36 eV determined from cyclic voltammetry. Second harmonic generation (SHG) could be observed in PVNPAK film without any poling procedure and 4.7 pm/V of effective second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility is obtained. The US particles as photosensitizers had a nanoscale size in PVNPAK adopting transmission electron microscopy. The improvement of interface quality between US and polymer matrix is responsible for efficient photoinduced charge generation efficiency in the nanocomposites. An asymmetric optical energy exchange between two beams on the polymer composites PVNPAK-CdS/ECZ has been found even without an external field in two-beam coupling (TBC) experiment, and the TBC gain and diffraction efficiency of 14.26 cm(-1) and 3.4% for PVNPAK-5-CdS/ECZ, 16.43 cm(-1) and 4.4% for PVNPAK-15-CdS/ECZ were measured at a 647.1 nm wavelength, respectively.