58 resultados para Haller, Johannes, 1487-1531.


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An accurate method which directly accounts for the interactions between different microcracks is used for analyzing the elastic problem of multiple cracks solids. The effective elastic moduli for randomly oriented cracks and parallel cracks are evaluated for the representative volume element (RVE) with microcracks in infinite media. The numerical results are compared with those from various micromechanics models and experimental data. These results show that the present method is simple and provides a direct and efficient approach to dealing with elastic solids containing multiple cracks.

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从分析气体分子的悬浮和静水中Brown微粒的悬浮之机理出发,论述了重力场中粒子(分子、微粒等)的悬浮不一定需要其它外力,粒子本射的任何形式的无规则运动,达到一定强度后都能使粒子弥散悬浮。河流中的泥沙颗粒和气(水)力输送管道中的颗粒的悬浮也主要靠颗粒物的无规则运动,作用于颗粒的升力和其它力可改变颗粒悬浮沿高度的分布,但仅用这些力9若无任何无规则运动)无法解释颗粒的弥散悬浮状态。讨论了颗粒对流动阻力的…

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Cylindrical cellular detonation is numerically investigated by solving two-dimensional reactive Euler equations with a finite volume method on a two-dimensional self-adaptive unstructured mesh. The one-step reversible chemical reaction model is applied to simplify the control parameters of chemical reaction. Numerical results demonstrate the evolution of cellular cell splitting of cylindrical cellular detonation explored in experimentas. Split of cellular structures shows different features in the near-field and far-field from the initiation zone. Variation of the local curvature is a key factor in the behavior of cell split of cylindrical cellular detonation in propagation. Numerical results show that split of cellular structures comes from the self-organization of transverse waves corresponding to the development of small disturbances along the detonation front related to detonation instability.

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Fatigue testing was conducted using a kind of triangular isostress specimen to obtain the short-fatigue-crack behaviour of a weld low-carbon steel. The experimental results show that short cracks continuously initiate at slip bands within ferrite grain domains and the crack number per unit area gradually increases with increasing number of fatigue cycles. The dispersed short cracks possess an orientation preference, which is associated with the crystalline orientation of the relevant slip system. Based on the observed collective characteristics, computer modelling was carried out to simulate the evolution process of initiation, propagation and coalescence of short cracks. The simulation provides progressive displays which imitate the appearance of experimental observations. The results of simulation indicate that the crack path possesses a stable value of fractal dimension whereas the critical value of percolation covers a wide datum band, suggesting that the collective evolution process of short cracks is sensitive to the pattern of crack site distribution.

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进气道的起动能力决定着冲压发动机可能的工作范围,针对由于来流马赫数引起的进气道不起动现象,采用CFD技术开展了高超声速二维进气道起动与不起动过程的数值计算,并检验了一种改善进气道起动性能的边界层抽吸法.结果表明,进气道不起动的主要原因是非定常过程引起的内收缩段边界层分离和分离激波,进气道性能变化的突跃点为起动和不起动的分界点,边界层抽吸可以明显改善进气道的起动性能.

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We investigate the carrier-wave Rabi flopping effects in an asymmetric semiparabolic semiconductor quantum well (QW) with few-cycle pulse. It is found that higher spectral components of few-cycle ultrashort pulses in the semiparabolic QW depend crucially on the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of the few-cycle ultrashort pulses: continuum and distinct peaks can be achieved by controlling the CEP. Our results demonstrate that by adjusting the CEP of few-cycle ultrashort pulses, the intersubband dynamics in the asymmetric semiparabolic QW can be controlled in an ultrashort timescale with moderate laser intensity. (c) 2008 Optical Society of America.

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栎属(Quercus L.)按落叶习性可自然分为落叶类型和常绿类型,我国落叶栎类共有20个种和9个变种。落叶栎是栎属中较为进化的一个类群,源于横断山区和云贵高原;除新疆外,全国各省都有落叶栎的天然分布,一些亲缘关系密切的树种之间呈现出较为明显的地理替代分布格局。本研究的目的在于:(1)应用BIOCLIM模型模拟预测落叶栎类植物的潜在分布区,分析其目前的分布格局以及下一步的发展趋势;(2)分析造成落叶栎树地理替代分布格局的主导气候因子,探讨气候因子对不同落叶栎树种地理分布格局的制约作用。 本文以16个在中国具有成片天然分布区的落叶栎树种(包括变种)为研究对象,利用已核对的标本数据以及13个栅格化环境变量图层(分辨率为1km×1km),按照分类(全国广布型、南方广布型、南方狭域型和北方狭域型)和不分类(全部16种)两种处理方式,通过BIOCLIM模型模拟得出了它们的潜在核心分布区和潜在边缘分布区。在运行模型之前,除必选的海拔高程图层外,采用了主成分分析(PCA)的方法从30个候选的气候变量图层中筛选出对相应落叶栎树种的地理分布格局有较大影响的12个图层作为输入图层。然后,本文通过比较两种处理所得模拟结果的ROC(Receiver Operator Characteristic)曲线下方面积AUC(Area Under the Curve),同时结合文献分析来推测不同落叶栎树种地理分布格局的稳定性及发展趋势。结果表明,在无人类活动干扰且种源传播不受阻碍的情况下,全国广布型和南方广布型落叶栎目前的分布格局在维持稳定的基础上有向周边地区扩展的趋势;南方狭域型和北方狭域型落叶栎的分布格局则基本保持稳定,短期内发生扩散的可能很小。 论文中计算了每个落叶栎树种所在分布范围的气候指标(共11个),以便进行下一步的研究。以蒙古栎(Q. mongolica)、辽东栎(Q. wutaishanica)与槲栎(Q. aliena)、锐齿槲栎(Q. aliena var. acuteserrata)、北京槲栎(Q. aliena var. pekingensis)这两组地理替代系列为研究对象,分别采用独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析的方法,分析了气候因子对其地理替代分布格局的主导作用。结果表明,冬季的低温、较高的气温年较差和大陆度是蒙古栎向东北替代辽东栎的主要原因;槲栎向北被北京槲栎和锐齿槲栎替代的主要原因是生长季高温和冬季高温对其分布的双重制约;除最暖月(7月)最高温外,北京槲栎的各项水热指标与另两种槲栎均存在极显著差异,对冬季低温和较大的年较差的适应可能是限制其向南分布的主要原因。 本研究最后部分的内容是对不同类型落叶栎分布区的气候参数进行的主成分分析。结果表明,生长季温度是制约落叶栎分布的最主要的气候因子;寒冷程度和冬季的低温则对其在大尺度范围的扩散有较大影响;另外,降水、年较差与大陆度对落叶栎的向北分布也起着重要的作用。

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本文选取不同放牧率下的优势植物为研究对象,主要从植物解剖结构和化学成分方面,对内蒙古典型草原和北美混合普列里草原的放牧演替机制进行探讨,这将有助于进一步揭示放牧演替过程及其主要植物对放牧的适应机理。具体研究结果如下: 1. 长期不同放牧率的放牧(内蒙古典型草原区放牧15年和混合普列里草原放牧19年)对所有物种(IMGERS的羊草(Leymus chinensis)、冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)、扁蓿豆(Melissitus rutenica)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)、冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)和星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)和CGREC的Artemisia frgida ,Poa pratensis, Agropyron smithii,Solidago rigida, Helianthus rigidus和Symphoricarpos occidentalis)叶片的角质层厚度、表皮细胞面积、叶肉细胞面积、栅栏/海绵组织厚度、叶片厚度、中脉厚度均产生显著影响;放牧显著影响了两个研究区不同生活型功能群植物叶片的角质层厚度、表皮细胞面积、叶肉面积、栅栏/海绵组织和中脉厚度。内蒙古典型草原研究区草本植物功能群的叶片下角质层厚度、栅栏/海绵组织厚度显著大于灌木功能群,而美国混合普列里草原研究区,草本植物功能群的叶片下角质层厚度、表皮细胞面积、叶肉细胞面积、栅栏/海绵组织厚度、叶片厚度、中脉厚度均显著大于灌木功能群。 2. 内蒙古典型草原研究区放牧率显著影响了糙隐子草和小叶锦鸡儿的比叶面积(SLA);在美国混合普列里草原研究区,放牧率显著影响了冷蒿SLA。但对生活型功能群的SLA影响不显著。 3. 内蒙古典型草原研究区放牧对物种叶片叶绿素含量、纤维素含量影响显著,放牧仅显著增加了扁蓿豆叶片的含氮量。美国混合普列里草原研究区物种叶片的全碳、干物质、酸性洗涤纤维、叶绿素a+b含量受放牧率的显著影响。两研究区放牧率对叶片叶绿素a+b含量影响显著。放牧率也显著影响了不同生活型功能群的全碳含量和叶绿素a+b含量。 4. 两研究区叶片表皮细胞面积和叶肉细胞面积无牧和重牧下显著正相关,表皮细胞面积和叶片厚度在轻牧下显著正相关,叶肉细胞面积和叶片厚度在无牧、中牧和重牧下显著正相关,比叶面积和叶绿素a+b含量在轻牧下显著正相关。扁蓿豆叶片的表皮细胞面积和叶肉细胞面积间存在显著的正相关,其全碳含量和叶绿素a+b含量间存在显著的正相关;Artemisia frgida叶片的角质层厚度和叶片厚度间显著正相关,Poa pratensis叶片的角质层厚度和表皮细胞面积间显著负相关,Solidago rigida叶片表皮细胞面积和光合速率显著正相关。Helianthus rigidus叶片叶肉细胞面积和叶片厚度显著负相关。

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An antimicrobial peptide named odorranain-HP was identified from skin secretions of the diskless odorous frog, Odorrana grahami. It is composed of 23 amino acids with an amino acid sequence of GLLRASSVWGRKYYVDLAGCAKA. By BLAST search, odorranain-HP had si

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利用稀释法结台平板分离培养法将采自滇池水华中的铜绿微囊藻进行了成功的 分离纯化对比纯化培养前后,发现纯化后该藻的生长速度明显加快,密度大为提高,约为纯化前 的5倍用乙醇乙醚混合液剐该藻作预处理后,破坏了其胶质被.再经常规方法提取总DNA,其得 率提高3 4倍

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云南马关矮马和普通马血清蛋白多态性与类缘关系的研究云南省畜牧兽医科学研究所解德文中科院昆明动物研究所刘爱华,林世英蛋白质多态性的研究是指从分子水平阐明群体中基因频率变化的有效手段,能较客观地反映不同品种马的遗传差异 ̄[1]。本文采用淀粉凝胶电泳技术测...