41 resultados para 5-38
Resumo:
Nanocrystalline materials are characterized by a typical grain size from 1 to 100nm. In order to study the nanocrystalline properties of nanocrystalline materials, we chose nanocrystalline coppers as the research object. The uniaxial tensile deformation of computer produced nanocrystalline coppers is simulated by using molecular dynamics with Finnis-Sinclair potential. The mean grain size of simulated nanocrystalline coppers is varied within the 5.38 to 1.79 nm range. The strength, Young's modulus and stress-strain are strongly depended on the grain size and nanocrystalline structure. The simulated nanocrystalline coppers show a reverse Hall-Petch effect.
Resumo:
Nanocrystalline (nc) materials are characterized by a typical grain size of 1-100nm. The uniaxial tensile deformation of computer-generated nc samples, with several average grain sizes ranging from 5.38 to 1.79nm, is simulated by using molecular dynamics with the Finnis-Sinclair potential. The influence of grain size and temperature on the mechanical deformation is studied in this paper. The simulated nc samples show a reverse Hall-Petch effect. Grain boundary sliding and motion, as well as grain rotation are mainly responsible for the plastic deformation. At low temperatures, partial dislocation activities play a minor role during the deformation. This role begins to occur at the strain of 5%, and is progressively remarkable with increasing average grain size. However, at elevated temperatures no dislocation activity is detected, and the diffusion of grain boundaries may come into play.
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本文回顾了粉尘爆炸实验的各种装置.按粉尘颗粒和气流的运动方式进行分类.同时,对每一类实验装置的优缺点及各类实验装置所得到结果的合理性进行了分析.
Resumo:
东灵山地区年均降水量659.7mm,单次降水以雨量小、雨强低的降水为主。水汽压(年均17.7mb)、相对湿度(年均66%)的季节变化呈现生长季高、冬季低的趋势。年均蒸发量1019.5mm;气温、风速、日照时间和水压与月蒸发量和日蒸量相关显著;气温、日照时间和水压分别在11-6月、7-8月和9-10月为决定蒸发量的首要因子。枯枝落叶层、土壤层湿度主要受前十日降水量和坡向影响。 植物体含水量生长季节较高,冬季较低;含水量随径级的增大而降低。六个灌木树种的平均含水量大小顺序为:毛榛(48.62%)最高荆条(36.32%)最低;七个乔木树种水分含量为油松,56.14%;蒙椴,54.19%;华北落叶松,52.91%;五角枫,43.64%;辽东栎,41.87%;棘皮桦,41.13%;大叶白腊,37.79%。几种植被类型的储水量为:辽东栎林,82.08mm;华北落叶松林,47.35mm;混交林,34.60mm;油松林,31.33mm;灌丛,12.40mm。各树种叶片日最低水势的季节均值为:辽东栎,-16.1bar;五角枫,-15.8bar;大叶白腊,-15.1bar;糠椴,-13.4bar;棘皮桦,-12.3bar;蒙椴,-12.2bar。叶片水势的日间变化均呈一“V”形曲线;光照在叶片水势的日间变化中起着决定性作用。 96年各树种平均单株树干茎流量为辽东栎,30.3mm(4.19%);华北落叶松,16.1mm(2.22%);油松,8.9mm(1.23%);棘皮桦,2.9mm(0.40%)。两个生长季各林分冠层的水量平衡为:辽东栎林,树干流茎量101.87mm(9.18%),穿透降水量823.08mm(74.15%),截留量185.05mm(16.67%);华北落叶松林,树干径流量66.88mm(6.03%),穿透降水量836.92mm(75.40%),截留量206.20mm(18.58);混交林,树干径流量50.13(4.52%),穿透降水量846.78mm(76.29%),截留量212.20mm(19.12%);油松林,树干径流量33.90mm(3.05%),穿透降水量934.88mm(84.22%),截留量141.22mm(12.72%)。多元回归分析表明,树干流茎量S与降水量P和前24小时降水量P_1呈显著正相关关系;穿透降水量T与降水量P和最大雨强M正相关显著。附加截留量与降水时间成正比。 枯枝落叶层的生物量为:油松林,25.56t/hm~2;华北落叶松林20.01t/hm~2;辽东栎林,8.31t/hm~2;混交林,7.98t/hm~2。枯枝落叶层的平均实际持水量和有效持水量均以油松林最大,其次是华北落叶松林,而混交林和辽东栎林较低;枯枝落叶层的实际持水量和有效持水量的季节变化分别与前十日降水量P10成正相关和负相关关系。枯枝落叶层的截留量为油松林>华北落叶松林>辽东栎林>混交林;油松林(145.632mm和90.800mm)混交林(61.816mm和54.504mm)。油松林、辽东栎林、混交林和华北落叶松林去除枯枝落叶层后,土壤入渗量比对照平均降低100mm以上;表层土壤含水量分别比对照土壤下降了6.26、18.26、15.06和15.07个百分点。地表径流量分别增加了,辽东栎林34.299mm(603%)和15.816mm(525%);油松林14.593mm(732%)和10.584mm(1321%);混交林12.004mm(181%)和7.275mm(364%);华北落叶松林3.555mm(118%),3.275mm(229%)。96年生长季,各土壤流失量分别增加了:油松林172.751t/hm~2(124倍);辽东栎林836.500t/hm~2(119倍);混交林172.499t/hm~2(47倍);华北落叶松林11.557t/hm~2(11倍)。表层土壤容重分别增加了:油松林15.0%和20.6%,辽东栎林18.4%和28.2%,混交林11.5%和38.5%,华北落叶松林4.3%和17.1%。 0-60cm深度土壤容重平均值的大小顺序为:草地>灌丛>辽东栎林>油松林>混交林>华北落叶松林;而土壤孔隙度的大小顺序为华北落叶松林>混交林>油松林>辽东栎林>灌丛>草地。两个生长季为土壤实际储水量的均值:油松林,124.45mm,78.62mm;辽东栎林,131.23mm,87.72mm;混交林,180.41mm,113.90mm;华北落叶松林,165.53mm,127.95mm;灌丛,172.50mm,89.81mm;草地,152.92mm,89.59 mm分别比干旱年份97年高出45.83mm、43.51mm、51.63mm、37.58mm、82.69mm和63.33mm。两个生长季的地表径流量为草地,30.930mm(2.79%);灌丛,16.321mm(147%);油松林,2.911mm(0.26%);辽东栎林,8.703mm(0.78%);混交林,8.625mm(0.78%);华北落叶松林,4.447mm(0.40%)。油松林、混交林和华北落叶松林地表径流量与降水量P(mm)和最大雨强(mm/h)正相关显著;而辽东栎林、灌丛和草地的地表径流量则与降水量P(mm)、平均雨强Q(mm/hr)和最大雨强M(mm/hr)三者之间呈显著正相关关系。与草地相比(1220.093kg/hm~2,100%),灌丛、辽东栎林、混交林、油松林和华北落叶松林96年生长季的土壤流失量分别降低了85.05%、94.26%、96.99%、98.86和99.14%。 降水量是影响小流域径流量时间变化的主要因素;南沟和马牙石沟96年的径流量分别是97年的8.19倍和7.87倍,而径流深(46.25mm,52.75mm)分别比97年(5.65mm,6.70mm)高出40.60mm和46.05mm。两个小流域由于面积的差异而使南沟两年的径流量分别比马牙石沟高出2773.136m~3(13.15%)和235.434m~3(8.79%)。96年和97年马牙石沟径流深比南沟高出6.5mm(14.05%)和1.05mm(18.58%)。在地处大陆性季风气候区的东灵山地区,用0.010m~3/min/km~2/hr能较好地分割小流域的洪峰和基流。在五次暴雨水文曲线中,马牙石沟的快速径流量分别比南沟高出25.00%到143.33%。五次洪水水文响应R的平均值南沟为0.218%,马牙石沟为0.404%;与海洋性气候地区相比,东灵山地区小流域的R值要低一到两个数量级。马牙石沟洪峰流量Qp的平均值为418.772L/min要比南沟(281.191L/min)大48.9%。东灵山地区小流域的洪水径流过程可分为三种类型。
Resumo:
时空尺度和生态系统的健康状况是影响生态系统服务功能的重要因素。锡林河流域天然草地关键的地理位置和独特的生境条件使其具有十分重要的生态意义和经济价值。评估锡林河流域天然草地在不同时空尺度及生态系统健康状况的生态系统服务功能的价值,不仅能够全面客观的评价该流域天然草地的生态服务功能,而且还能够为当地经济政策的制定,经济的建设发展提供科学依据。 本研究以锡林河流域天然草地为例,通过对草地生态系统服务功能价值评估和计算机情景模拟,研究了不同空间尺度及放牧影响锡林河流域天然草地生态系统服务功能价值。对于不同空间尺度下草地生态系统服务价值的研究,根据草地的产草量和退化程度将锡林河流域天然草地划分成5个级别,利用Costanza等的基本思路和方法,进行了价值评估。结果表明锡林河流域草地生态系统每年的服务价值为76.154×108元。受各级草场的生产量和放牧强度的综合影响,健康程度不同的各等级天然草地的单位面积生态系统服务功能的价值存在着很大差异,从1级草地到5级草地,单位面积服务价值比重从38.1%下降到4.8%。参考国际、国内和锡林浩特当地三种不同的生态系统服务单价,计算得出这三种不同空间尺度下锡林河流域天然草场生态系统服务价值分别为:88.199×108元/年、76.154×108元/年、14.236×108元/年,并且各项服务功能在总价值中所占的比例也随空间尺度变化。以气体调节为例,服务价值的比重分别占3.7%、11.0%和7.9%,这说明生态系统服务功能的价值与空间尺度有关。 通过草地生态系统服务功能当量因子得到不同类型草地生态系统单位面积服务价值,研究放牧影响下各类型草地生态系统单位面积服务价值以及年平均累积服务价值。草地生态系统服务功能当量因子说明生态系统各项服务功能不仅与生态系统的生物量有关,同时受到生态系统内环境因子、生物因子、生态系统过程多方面因素的共同作用。最大直接经济价值放牧率大于生态系统服务功能最大时的放牧率,但是获得经济利润小于生态系统服务功能最大时的价值。同时,在各类草地生态系统中单位面积服务价值以贝加尔针茅草原最高为2242.347元/公顷,克氏针茅草原最低为1655.413元/公顷。草地生态系统的累积服务价值在时间范围一定时随放牧率变化明显,并且时间范围越大变化越大。重牧状态下的草地生态系统累积服务价值最低,且随时间的增加而减少;无牧、轻牧和中牧状态下草地生态系统的累积服务价值则随时间的延续而增长。以上结果说明放牧对草地生态系统服务功能有显著影响,以经济利益为目的获得最大利润的放牧方式带来的经济价值是短期的,从长远看,只有科学管理,合理放牧,才能使草地生态系统长期稳定的提供最佳的生态系统服务功能。
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1980年—1985年7—8月在水温30℃,溶氧8mg/L以上,pH值7—8,光照度2800lx的限制摄食量条件下,鲢、鳙鱼种对微囊藻干物质的消化率分别为29.45±4.37、26.07±2.15%;蛋白质消化率分别为39.20±3.44、33.71±2.93%;脂肪消化率分别为34.03±5.38、30.29±2.16%;碳水化合物消化率分别为36.61±4.15、30.39±2.81%。鱼种对微囊藻日需量分别为其体重的54.44和60.53%。鱼的生长与其生活水体中藻类的初始浓度有密切关系:(1)藻类
Resumo:
Background: Some triploid and tetraploid clones have been identified in the gynogenetic gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch, by karyotypic and cytologic analyses over many years. Further, 5-20% males and karyotypic diversity have been found among their natural and artificial populations. However, the DNA contents and the relation to their ploidy level and chromosome numbers have not been ascertained, and whether normal meiosis occurs in spermatogenesis needs to be determined in the different clones. Methods: The sampled blood cells or sperms were mixed with blood cells from chicken or individual gibel carp and fixed in 70% pre-cooled ethanol overnight at 4degreesC. The mixed cell pellets were washed 2-3 times in 1x phosphate buffered saline and then resuspended in the solution containing 0.5% pepsin and 0.1 M HCl. DNA was stained with propidium iodide solution (40 mug/mL) containing 4 kU/ml RNase. The measurements of DNA contents were performed with Phoenix Flow Systems. Results: Triploid clones A, E, F, and P had almost equal DNA content, but triploid clone D had greater DNA content than did the other four triploid clones. DNA content of clone M (7.01 +/- 0.15 pg/nucleus) was almost equal to the DNA content of clone D (5-38 +/- 0.06 pg/nucleus) plus the DNA content of common carp sperm (1.64 +/- 0.02 pg/nucleus). The DNA contents of sperms from clones A, P, and D were half of their blood cells, suggesting that normal meiosis occurs in spermatogenesis. Conclusions: Flow cytometry is a powerful method to analyze genetic heterogeneity and ploidy level among different gynogenetic clones of polyploid gibel carp. Through this study, four questions have been answered. (a) The DNA content correlation among the five triploid clones and one multiple tetraploid clone was revealed in the gibel carp, and the contents increased with not only the ploidy level but also the chromosome number. (b) Mean DNA content was 0.052 pg in six extra chromosomes of clone D, which was higher than that of each chromosome in clones A, E, F, and P (about 0.032 pg/ chromosome). This means that the six extra chromosomes are larger chromosomes. (c) Normal meiosis occurred during spermatogenesis of the gibel carp, because DNA contents of the sperms from clones A, P, and D were almost half of that in their blood cells. (d) Multiple tetraploid clone M (7.01 +/- 0.15 pg/nucleus) contained the complete genome of clone D (5.38 +/- 0.06 pg/nucleus) and the genome of common carp sperm (1.64 +/- 0.02 pg/nucleus). Cytometry Part A 56A:46-52, 2003. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Resumo:
紫花苜蓿是水蚀风蚀交错带重要的人工种植牧草,具有较强的耐寒、耐旱性。自然条件下的模拟土柱试验在陕北神木试验站进行,采用抑制蒸腾法定量分析了水蚀风蚀交错带土壤-苜蓿系统水流阻力、水容等瞬态水流参数变化过程。结果表明:不同生育期内瞬态水流阻力及水容有明显差异:开花旺盛期平均水流阻力最小0.22×108Mpa.s.m-3,约为干枯老化期的1/9;平均水容最大5.38×10-4m3/Mpa;是现蕾期的4倍多。该研究结果有助于揭示紫花苜蓿体内水分调节作用及抗旱机制,对干旱半干旱地区植被恢复有重要指导意义。
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以22年定位试验为基础,研究黄土高原长期种植紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativaL.)情况下土壤硫、钙、镁组分的变化。结果表明:长期施P使苜蓿连作耕层土壤总硫、有效硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫、HCl可溶性硫、总无机硫和有机硫含量分别增加9.41%、62.41%、47.51%、30.07%、2.25%、5.38%和17.54%;长期施NPM使苜蓿连作耕层土壤总硫、有效硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫、HCl可溶性硫、总无机硫和有机硫含量分别增加20.89%、98.31%、68.44%、57.34%、8.07%、12.54%和37.69%。长期施P使苜蓿连作耕层土壤全钙、有效钙、水溶态钙、交换态钙和酸溶态钙含量增加分别增加4.64%、4.27%、11.66%、4.05%和8.59%,但残余态钙含量降低2.21%;长期施NPM使苜蓿连作耕层土壤全钙、有效钙、水溶态钙、交换态钙和酸溶态钙含量增加分别增加8.69%、8.30%、51.59%、6.73%和27.77%,但残余态钙含量降低26.23%。长期施NPM使苜蓿连作耕层土壤全镁、有效镁、水溶态镁、交换态镁、酸溶态镁和残余态镁含量分别增加7.38%、61.98%、63.16%...
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目的探讨小鼠胚胎体外发育中的最佳培养方案。方法将从超排的ICR雌鼠输卵管内收集的1-细胞放入无糖CZB中培养,分别于2-细胞、4-细胞、桑椹胚阶段更换入含3.0 mmol/L葡萄糖(最适浓度)的CZB中,以及胚胎培养全程均在含糖CZB中更换1次培养液、胚胎培养全程均在含糖CZB中不更换培养液,对照组胚胎培养全程均在无糖CZB中,观察记录胚胎的发育情况。结果2-细胞、4-细胞阶段换入含糖CZB中的序贯培养及培养全程在含糖CZB中单一培养,囊胚率均高于对照组(P<0.05);桑椹胚阶段换入含糖CZB中的序贯培养,囊胚率与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2-细胞、4-细胞阶段换入含糖CZB中的序贯培养与全程在含糖CZB中的两步法单一培养及一步法单一培养,囊胚率分别为46.5%、38.4%、41.7%、56.6%,其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在小鼠早期胚胎体外发育中,2-细胞至桑椹胚前对葡萄糖存在依赖性;尽管序贯培养是有效的,但并不一定优于一步单一培养。
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硅基波导型光电探测器作为一类重要的光电探测器,由于其能与标准的CMOS工艺兼容以及制备工艺简单等性能,因而在光电子单片集成方面具备广阔的市场应用前景.文章着重阐述了通过离子注入引入深能级、Ge/Si自组装岛、SOI波导共振腔增强和AlGaInAs-Si混合集成等四种方式来制备硅基光电探测器的研究现状和研究进展,并对四类器件的结构,制作工艺和光电性能指标进行了详细地介绍.
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试验证明 ,无论是烤烟还是玉米 ,土壤含水量都是随着保水剂的提高而升高 ,保水效果显著。当土壤中保水剂在 0 .0 5%~ 1%范围内 ,烤烟的移栽缓苗期提前、玉米出苗期与对照相同 ,出苗率、株高、干重均有一定程度增长 ;而保水剂达 3 %时 ,缓苗期及出苗期均延长 ,其它各指标均有一定程度下降。