Conflictos entre el Corregidor y la Provincia de Guipúzcoa por la jurisdicción sobre los bosques durante el siglo XVIII: lo excepcional del caso guipuzcoano

[ES]Si hasta mediados del siglo XVIII la jurisdicción sobre los bosques guipuzcoanos fue acumulativa y a prevención entre las instituciones provinciales, los alcaldes, el Corregidor y las instituciones de Marina, la Real Cédula de 28 de junio de 1749 inauguró un nuevo período en el que la Provincia la detentó de forma privativa y excluyente, lo que provocó un choque frontal con el Corregidor, quien se resistía a dejar de ejercer sus prerrogativas.

Apuntes jurídicos sobre el paisaje lingüístico en Euskal Herria

This paper is a study of place-names and signs in the Basque Country from the point of view of language law. These are matters that relate to both the status and corpus of language and contribute to the formation of the language landscape,» After a brief historical introduction, the author focuses on the factors that bear on signs and the language 1andscape: the cornpetence factor and the language factor. The description of the latter leads the author to a discussion of the existing language system, in which the Spanish and Basque sharing official status does not necessarily entail the obligation to use both languages at the same time. Using this discussion as a frame of reference, the au- thor analyses place-names, traffic signals and signs. As for place-names, the existing rules are deemed rigid and lacking in ambition, in that they do not pursue the dissemination of official Basque forms. In traffic signaIs, Basque has to appear alongside Spanish, which is required by Spanish legislation, although this bilingualism excludes place-names that have an official Basque form only. With regard to signs, the author analyses public premises, companies licensed to provide public services and the private sector. For public premises there is no specific regulation, but the status of Basque as an autochthonous language, together with the identification and informatíon purposes of signs, could support the exclusive use of this language, According to the author , companies licensed to provide public services should observe the same language system as the goverment and therefore promote the use of Basque. Finally, in the private sector, the author upholds the legitimacy of measures to promote Basque language use such as tax allowances and exemptions in advertising and commercial signs.

Astarloaren Discursos filosóficos: iturrak eta axiomak

Astarloa's Discursos filosóficos is the most extensive and detailed apology of the Basque language as the first language of mankind. The text was finished in 1805 but the first edition was published in 1883. In this paper I attempt to sketch the main linguistic and philosophic ideas that could have an influence in Astarloa's thought. Then I deal with Astarloa's characterization of the first language, and the three principles he used to verify that Basque was that first language of human beings.

In the footstep of Hermes: the meaning of the hermeneutics and symbolism

Translated by Michael Marder

Aldaera sintaktikoak aditzaren fokalizazioan

2008ko abenduaren 13-14ean, Baionan Aldaketak, aldaerak, bariazioak euskaran eta euskal testugintzan Nazioarteko Mintegia-ren barruan aurkeztua.

Increased opioid dependence in a mouse model of panic disorder

[EN] Panic disorder is a highly prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder that shows co-occurrence with substance abuse. Here, we demonstrate that TrkC, the high-affinity receptor for neurotrophin-3, is a key molecule involved in panic disorder and opiate dependence, using a transgenic mouse model (TgNTRK3). Constitutive TrkC overexpression in TgNTRK3 mice dramatically alters spontaneous firing rates of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons and the response of the noradrenergic system to chronic opiate exposure, possibly related to the altered regulation of neurotrophic peptides observed. Notably, TgNTRK3 LC neurons showed an increased firing rate in saline-treated conditions and profound abnormalities in their response to met5-enkephalin. Behaviorally, chronic morphine administration induced a significantly increased withdrawal syndrome in TgNTRK3 mice. In conclusion, we show here that the NT-3/TrkC system is an important regulator of neuronal firing in LC and could contribute to the adaptations of the noradrenergic system in response to chronic opiate exposure. Moreover, our results indicate that TrkC is involved in the molecular and cellular changes in noradrenergic neurons underlying both panic attacks and opiate dependence and support a functional endogenous opioid deficit in panic disorder patients.

Water quality assessment and characterisation of chlorophyll-a variability related to river discharges, within the southeastern Bay of Biscay : evaluation and development of chlorophyll-a algorithms for MODIS and MERIS imagery

222 p. : il.

Genero indarkeria euskal literaturan

[EUS] Artikulu honek egun indar betean dagoen kezka eta diskurtsoa dakar orrialde hauetara. Kapituluak bi alde nabarmen ezberdin izango ditu. Hasteko, genero indarkeriaren inguruan eraikitako marko kontzeptuala landuko da. Etxeko indarkeria, genero indarkeria, familiako indarkeria, emakumearen kontrako indarkeria. Kontzeptu horietan generoaren erabilpena edo parte hartzea ikusiko da.Bigarren partean, alderdi literarioa landuko da, eta horrek bi atal izango ditu. Batetik, biolentzia nolabait modu mikroskopikoan ikusi ahal izateko, edota eszenifikatu ahal izateko, narratologiaz baliatuko gara. Pertsonaia protagonista femeninoak aztertuko dira. Horretarako, ahotsen kudeaketa ikusiko da, eta koadro aktantzialean indarkeria nola kudeatzen den irudikatuko da. Indarkeriaren kudeaketa pertsonaiengan, ez ezik, espazioetan ere nola kokatzen den ikusiko da. Bestetik, indarkeriaren alderdi semantikoa neurtu nahi izan da eta horretarako indarkeria sinbolikoaren sorrera neurtu da, hizkuntza sexista aztertuz

Marinelei abisua : izen ondoko datibo sintagmak izenburuen sintaxian

[EUS] Lan honetan izen ondoko datibo sintagmak izango ditugu mintzagai. Datibo sintagma horiek izen ondoko postposizio sintagmekin konparatuko ditugu, datiboaren muineko izaera ezagutzen lagunduko digutelakoan (1 atala). Hitz hurrenkera ez ezik (1.3 atala), batzuk zein besteek –ko lotura hizkiarekin (1.2 atala) eta –(r)en kasu markarekin (2. atala) duten harremana ere aztertuko dugu. Horretarako, gaur egungo datuak erabiltzeaz gain, iturri historikoetara ere joko dugu bereziki bi idazle aztertuz : Lardizabal lehenik (3.1) eta Etxeberri Ziburukoa (3.2) ondoren. Izenburuetan, ergatibo sintagmen erabilera ere ikusiko dugu azkenik (4. atala

Bokal sudurkariak gaurko lapurteran

[EUS] Erkidego elebidunetan bi hizkuntzek elkarri nola eragiten dioten ikusiz (funtsean, gure kasuan, hizkuntza nagusiak —gaztelaniak edo frantsesak— euskaran nola eragiten duen), hizkuntza hartzailearen jokamoldeak neur ditzakegu, hark baliatzen dituen bilakaerak eta baliabideak azaltzeko. Ipar Euskal Herriko hizkera batean ikusi nahi izan dugu, oraingoan, hori nola gertatzen den. Ez da lan honen helburua Iparraldeko gaur egungo euskaran frantsesezko maileguak hartzerakoan joera nagusiak zein diren aztertzea, baina bai fonologia ezaugarri jakin baten bitartez gertatzen ari den berrikuntza bat azaltzea: frantsesak bokal ahokariez gain bokal sudurkariak ere badituenez, ikusi nahi izan dugu frantsesezko hitzak mailegatzerakoan euskaraz —lapurteraz— bokal sudurkariak gordetzen diren edo, berezkoa zaion sistemaren arabera, bokal horiek ahokari bihurtzen dituen.

El proceso de deshumanización del morir en la literatura hispánica medieval

354 p.

A business plan development: the case of a paint company in Douala Camroon by Bomboy & Friends

This paper presents a business plan to create a new company Bomboy & Friends regarding the Exclusive Distribution of a fully Eco Friendly Water-Soluble Anti- Corrosive Prime named Life Guard Active Rust Primer Paint abbreviated as “L.G.A.R.P Paint” in Douala Cameroon and the C.E.M.A.C Region. The lack of quality paint in Cameroon has given the opportunity for a company like Bomboy & Friends to nurture its existence and be part of a fast growing economy, providing a high quality paint competition, very economical, easy to prepare, environmentally friendly, compatible with other brands and accessible to medium and small size companies.

Etymological notes on Aleut (III). With methodological notes on (Eskimo-Aleut) historical linguistics

[EN] The goal of this contribution is twofold: on the one hand, to review two relatively recent contributions in the field of Eskimo-Aleut historical linguistics in which it is proposed that Eskimo-Aleut languages are related genealogically to Wakashan (Holst 2004) and?/or Nostratic (Krougly-Enke 2008). These contributions can be characterized by saying that their authors have taken little care to be diligent and responsible in the application of the comparative method, and that their familiarity with the languages involved is insufficient. Eskimo-Aleut languages belong to a very exclusive group of language families that have been (and still are) used, sometimes compulsively, in the business of so-called “long-range comparisons”. Those carrying out such studies are very often unaware of the most basic facts regarding the philological and linguistic traditions of those languages, as a result of what mountains of very low quality works with almost no-relevancy for the specialist grow every year to the desperation of the scientific community, whose attitude toward them ranges from the most profound indifference to the toughest (and most explicit) critical tone. Since Basque also belongs to this group of “compare-with-everything-you-come- across” languages, it is my intention to provide the Basque readership with a sort of “pedagogical case” to show that little known languages, far from underrepresented in the field, already have a very long tradition in historical and comparative linguistics, i.e. nobody can approach them without previous acquaintance with the materials. Studies dealing with the methodological inappropriateness of the Moscow School’s Nostratic hypothesis or the incorrectness of many of the proposed new taxonomic Amerindian subfamilies (several of them involving the aforementioned Wakashan languages), that is to say, the frameworks on which Krougly-Enke and Holst work, respectively, are plenty (i.a. Campbell 1997: 260-329, Campbell & Poser 2008: 234-96), therefore there is no reason to insist once more on the very same point. This is the reason why I will not discuss per se Eskimo-Aleut–Wakashan or Eskimo-Aleut–Nostratic. On the contrary, I will focus attention upon very concrete aspects of Krougly-Enke and Holst´s proposals, i.e. when they work on “less ambitious” problems, for example, dealing with the minutiae of internal facts or analyzing certain words from the sole perspective of Eskimo-Aleut materials (in other words, those cases in which even they do not invoke the ad hoc help of Nostratic stuff). I will try to explain why some of their proposals are wrong, demonstrate where the problem lies, and fix it if possible. In doing so, I will propose new etymologies in an attempt at showing how we may proceed. The main difference between this and handbook examples lies in the reality of what we are doing: this is a pure etymological exercise from beginning to end. I will try to throw a bit of light on a couple of problematic questions regarding Aleut historical phonology, demonstrating how much work should be done at the lowest level of the Eskimo-Aleut pyramid; it is technically impossible to reach the peak of the pyramid without having completed the base. As far as Aleut is regarded, I will mainly profit not only from the use of the traditional philological analysis of Aleut (and, eventually, of Eskimo) materials, but also of diachronic typology, bringing into discussion what in my opinion seems useful, and in some cases I think decisive, parallels. It is worth noting that this paper makes up yet another part of a series of exploratory works dealing with etymological aspects of the reconstruction of Proto-Eskimo-Aleut, with special emphasis on Aleut (vid. i.a. Alonso de la Fuente 2006/2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2010a), whose main goal is to become the solid basis for an etymological dictionary of the Aleut language, currently in progress.