25 resultados para Phospholipase-d
em Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación - Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad del País Vasco
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Sphingolipids are essential components of cell membranes, and many of them regulate vital cell functions. In particular, ceramide plays crucial roles in cell signaling processes. Two major actions of ceramides are the promotion of cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis. Phosphorylation of ceramide produces ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P), which has opposite effects to ceramide. C1P is mitogenic and has prosurvival properties. In addition, C1P is an important mediator of inflammatory responses, an action that takes place through stimulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2, and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin formation. All of the former actions are thought to be mediated by intracellularly generated C1P. However, the recent observation that C1P stimulates macrophage chemotaxis implicates specific plasma membrane receptors that are coupled to Gi proteins. Hence, it can be concluded that C1P has dual actions in cells, as it can act as an intracellular second messenger to promote cell survival, or as an extracellular receptor agonist to stimulate cell migration.
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Sphingolipids are major constituents of biological membranes of eukaryotic cells. Many studies have shown that sphingomyelin (SM) is a major phospholipid in cell bilayers and is mainly localized to the plasma membrane of cells, where it serves both as a building block for cell architecture and as a precursor of bioactive sphingolipids. In particular, upregulation of (C-type) sphingomyelinases will produce ceramide, which regulates many physiological functions including apoptosis, senescence, or cell differentiation. Interestingly, the venom of some arthropodes including spiders of the genus Loxosceles, or the toxins of some bacteria such as Corynebacterium tuberculosis, or Vibrio damsela possess high levels of D-type sphingomyelinase (SMase D). This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of SM to yield ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P), which promotes cell growth and survival and is a potent pro-inflammatory agent in different cell types. In particular, C1P stimulates cytosolic phospholipase A2 leading to arachidonic acid release and the subsequent formation of eicosanoids, actions that are all associated to the promotion of inflammation. In addition, C1P potently stimulates macrophage migration, which has also been associated to inflammatory responses. Interestingly, this action required the interaction of C1P with a specific plasma membrane receptor, whereas accumulation of intracellular C1P failed to stimulate chemotaxis. The C1P receptor is coupled to Gi proteins and activates of the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK1-2 pathways upon ligation with C1P. The proposed review will address novel aspects on the control of inflammatory responses by C1P and will highlight the molecular mechanisms whereby C1P exerts these actions.
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Fecha: 6-10-1898 (>1970 reproducción) / Unidad de instalación: Carpeta 25 - Expediente 23-1 / Nº de pág.: 2 (manuscritas)
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Fecha: 15-3-1935 (>1970 reproducción) / Unidad de instalación: Carpeta 25 - Expediente 23-2 / Nº de pág.: 1 (mecanografiada)
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The aim of this paper is to analyze how active R&D policies affect the growth rate of an economy with endogenous growth and non-renewable resources. We know from Scholz and Ziemens (1999) and Groth (2006) that in infinitely lived agents (ILA) economies, any active R&D policy increases the growth rate of the economy. To see if this result also appears in economies with finite lifetime agents, we developed an endogenous growth overlapping generations (OLG) economy à la Diamond which uses non-renewable resources as essential inputs in final good’s production. We show analytically that any R&D policy that reduces the use of natural resources implies a raise in the growth rate of the economy. Numerically we show that in economies with low intertemporal elasticity of substitution (IES), active R&D policies lead the economy to increase the depletion of non-renewable resources. Nevertheless, we find that active R&D policies always imply increases in the endogenous growth rate, in both scenarios. Furthermore, when the IES coefficient is lower (greater) than one, active R&D policies affect the growth rate of the economy in the ILA more (less) than in OLG economies.
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[ES] El presente trabajo tiene por objeto llegar a un diagnóstico de la capacidad, por parte de las empresas del Territorio Histórico de Bizkaia, de absorber los resultados de I+D generados por universidades y otros centros de investigación. Para ello, en primer lugar, mediante una revisión de la literatura teórica y empírica existente sobre el tema, se identifican las características empresariales vinculadas a dicha capacidad de absorción; a continuación, se analiza el grado de presencia de tales características en dos muestras de empresas: una muestra de 26 empresas vizcaínas avanzadas en gestión, y una muestra más general de empresas vizcaínas de más de 10 trabajadores; por último, se identifican las características en las que las empresas de Bizkaia manifiestan suficiente capacidad para absorber resultados de I+D externa, frente a aquellas otras que resulta necesario desarrollar, pues en ellas todavía no se han alcanzado niveles satisfactorios.
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[ES] En el entorno actual, la obtención de innovaciones en la gestión, en el producto y en el proceso, resulta una herramienta competitiva fundamental para las empresas. Éstas, para garantizarse fuentes de innovación, deben recurrir a mecanismos de captación y generación de conocimiento. Un mecanismo fundamental a este respecto es la captación de conocimientos del exterior, en especial los de tipo científico y tecnológico.
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209 p. : graf.
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224 p. : il. col.
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La creación, consolidación y proliferación de empresas de spin-offs académicas requiere que se cumplan una serie de requisitos previos:inversión en I+D que contribuya a crear nuevas oportunidades tecnológicas; capital-riesgo para financiar las primeras etapas de desarrollo de una spin-off; una cultura favorable al emprendizaje en el entorno universitario; programas específicos de apoyo a la creación de spin-offs; un marco regulatorio-institucional que favorezca la I+D, la protección de la propiedad intelectual y la aproximación de los investigadores al mundo empresarial. En este artículo se pretende analizar la actividad de I+D+I universitaria española. Se trata de resaltar las principales características diferenciadoras de la situación española con respecto a la Unión Europea, a algún país europeo significativo y a Estados Unidos, como país de referencia en la transferencia de tecnología a través de spin-off académicas.
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La creación de empresas de base tecnológica en un determinado país o región requiere que se cumplan una serie de requisitos previos: inversión en I+D, capital-riesgo, una cultura emprendedora, programas específicos de apoyo a la creación de este tipo de empresas, un marco regulatorio-institucional favorable y un sistema social en red en el que las empresas compitan entre sí, pero al mismo tiempo aprendan unas de otras. En este trabajo se pretende evaluar la posición española en la actividad de I+D+I comparándola con el promedio de la Unión Europea, con algún país europeo significativo y con Estados Unidos, como país de referencia en este campo. Para ello, las principales fuentes de datos utilizadas son el Eurostat, la OCDE, la Comisión Europea, el INE, el Banco de España y la Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas.
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160 p. (Bibliogr. 141-160)
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1 carta (manuscrita) ; 225X160mm. Ubicación: Caja 1 - Carpeta 6
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This study investigated the generation of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) by the bacterivorous flagellate Rhynchomonas nasuta when feeding on abundant prey. Specifically, it examined whether this flagellate protist exhibits a chemosensory response towards those amino acids. The concentrations of glycine and the and D-enantiomers of glutamate, serine, threonine, alanine, and leucine were determined in co-cultures of the flagellate and bacteria. Glycine, L- and D-alanine, and L-serine were found to accumulate under these conditions in amounts that correlated positively with flagellate abundance, suggesting that protists are involved in their generation. Investigations of the chemotactic response of young and old foraging protists to the same amino acids, offered in concentrations similar to those previously generated, showed that glycine elicited the strongest attraction in both age groups. Young protists were strongly attracted to all the assayed amino acids, whereas older protists maintained a high level of attraction only for glycine. These results suggest that glycine generated by protists actively grazing in bacterially enriched patches functions as an infochemical, signaling to foraging protists the presence of available prey in the aquatic environment.
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228 p.